CN106920975B - 一种三维网络状碳化钨-碳纳米管复合材料的制备方法 - Google Patents

一种三维网络状碳化钨-碳纳米管复合材料的制备方法 Download PDF

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CN106920975B
CN106920975B CN201710233351.0A CN201710233351A CN106920975B CN 106920975 B CN106920975 B CN 106920975B CN 201710233351 A CN201710233351 A CN 201710233351A CN 106920975 B CN106920975 B CN 106920975B
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施梅勤
黄丽珍
陈赵扬
江叶坤
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Zhejiang University of Technology ZJUT
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种三维网络状碳化钨‑碳纳米管复合材料的制备方法:在微波管中将钨源溶于溶剂,搅拌均匀后,将微波管置于微波合成仪,在160~180℃下反应40~60min,得到具有氧缺陷的W18O49;将所述的W18O49置于管式炉中,在碳源气氛下,在700~900℃碳化,然后在氮气保护气氛下冷却至室温,得到WC‑CNTs颗粒。本发明操作简单易行,以具有氧缺陷的钨氧化物作为前驱体,促进原子扩散,有利于渗碳过程,同时在钨基上原位生长碳纳米管,形成了以WC小颗粒为支点,碳管为骨架的复杂三维网络结构,可以有效的将WC颗粒进行分散,保证了WC与Pt拥有更多的接触面,整体提升复合材料的导电性,更好地发挥三者共同作用,提高了电催化效果。

Description

一种三维网络状碳化钨-碳纳米管复合材料的制备方法
(一)技术领域:
本发明涉及一种三维网络状碳化钨-碳纳米管复合材料的制备方法。
(二)背景技术:
直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)电池结构简单,具有较高的比能量密度,而且燃料甲醇来源丰富、易于运输和储存。这使得直接甲醇燃料电池非常适合用于车载和便携式设备电源,成为当下研究的热点。燃料电池所使用的催化剂以Pt和Pt系贵金属催化剂为主,但Pt系贵金属资源稀少,价格昂贵,而且甲醇阳极氧化产物CO易使其中毒。上述这些问题使得甲醇燃料电池无法进行大规模的商业化应用与推广,严重制约了燃料电池的应用与发展。因此,开发非贵金属催化剂,改善燃料电池催化剂的催化性能,降低催化剂成本具有重要意义。
早在上世纪70年代,就有科学家发现碳化钨(WC)具有与Pt族金属相似的电子层结构,随后有研究表明在很多反应中碳化钨具有类铂的催化活性,同时具有抗CO中毒的特性,在酸性、碱性体系中具有较高的稳定性,良好的催化活性。碳化钨虽具有类铂催化性能和较强的抗CO中毒能力,但其分散性较差,比表面积较小,极易团聚,而且导电性能较差,催化活性也不理想,与铂等贵金属催化剂相比仍存在较大的差距。
催化剂载体也是影响催化剂催化活性的重要因素。碳纳米管(CNTs)是目前在DMFC中经常使用的载体材料。纳米碳管由于拥有优越的电子性能、纳米级管状结构、大的比表面积、类石墨的多层管壁等特点,作为载体能很好地提高负载活性组份的分散性,同时增强材料的导电性。将碳化钨纳米颗粒复合到碳纳米管上制备WC-CNTs复合材料是提高碳化钨催化活性的有效方法之一。研究表明,WC-CNTs复合材料对甲醇的电催化性能明显强于纯碳化钨。
目前最常用的合成WC-CNTs复合材料的方法有:负载法和原位合成法。负载法是先合成碳纳米管,再在其上负载碳化钨。因为碳纳米管表面微孔较少,缺乏活性位,Pt贵金属颗粒很难在其表面均匀的沉积附着,导致贵金属颗粒团聚。如果要获得较好的分散性,通常需要将碳纳米管在强氧化性酸溶液(如浓HNO3/H2SO4)处理,使其管的末端开口增加接触面积,同时也可以使其表面产生更多的活性位(即在其表面形成含氧官能团)以增强与金属颗粒的作用。虽然用强氧化性酸溶液进行表面氧化的方式比较简单,但是其控制性较差,很难在CNTs的整个表面上产生均匀而足够的含氧官能团。使得WC在CNTs上很难负载,即使负载成功,负载量也很少且不均匀,而且在还原碳化过程中易烧结。原位合成法是在钨源中加入催化剂Fe,Co,Ni等催化剂,在金属颗粒表面原位催化合成碳纳米管。原位合成法步骤简单,可以在前驱体颗粒表面直接生长出CNTs,使WC具有良好的分散性。但是会难以避免的引入其他催化剂杂质。Lee等人用W(CO)6做催化剂,C2H2为碳源通过气相沉积法(CVD)生成了碳纳米管,表明钨基材料对碳纳米管的合成具有一定的催化活性。但是,该方法目标产物为碳纳米管,而非三维网络状碳化钨-碳纳米管。且该制备方法中选用的W(CO)6价格昂贵,CVD法操作复杂,需有专业设备。
(三)发明内容:
为解决WC材料在制备时易团聚,对甲醇催化活性不高的问题,本发明提供了一种碳化钨-碳纳米管复合材料的制备方法。采用具有氧缺陷的钨氧化物作为前驱体,促进原子扩散,形成以WC小颗粒为支点,碳管为骨架的复杂三维网络结构。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用的技术方案如下:
本发明的一种具有三维网络结构的碳化钨-碳纳米管复合材料的制备方法,所述方法按如下步骤进行:
(1)在微波管中将钨源溶于溶剂,搅拌均匀后,将微波管置于微波合成仪,在160~180℃下反应40~60min,反应结束后,反应产物经后处理得到具有氧缺陷的W18O49;所述钨源为WCl6
(2)将步骤(1)所得W18O49置于管式炉中,在碳源气氛下,在700~900℃下碳化,然后在氮气保护气氛下冷却至室温,得到碳化钨-碳纳米管颗粒。
进一步,所述步骤(1)中,所述溶剂为无水乙醇。
进一步,所述步骤(1)中,溶剂的体积用量以钨源质量计为50~200mL/g。
进一步,所述步骤(1)中,微波反应的压力13~15bar。
再进一步,所述步骤(1)的后处理方法为:待反应结束后,用去离子水和无水乙醇离心洗涤后,放入50~60℃真空烘箱中干燥6~8h得到具有氧缺陷的W18O49
进一步,所述步骤(2)中,所述碳源为一氧化碳或乙炔。
再进一步,所述步骤(2)中,碳化温度为900℃,碳化时间为180分钟。
进一步,所述步骤(2)中所述碳源的气体流量为100mL/min。
更进一步,所述步骤(2)中所述碳源为乙炔时,所述的碳源采用乙炔与氢气、氩气的混合气的形式提供,所述的乙炔与氢气、氩气的体积比为3:3:4。
更进一步,本发明所述的方法具体按如下步骤进行:
a在微波管中将钨源溶于溶剂,搅拌均匀后,将微波管置于微波合成仪,在160℃下反应60min,反应结束后,将反应产物冷却至室温,用去离子水和无水乙醇离心洗涤后,放入50℃真空烘箱中干燥6h得到具有氧缺陷的W18O49;所述钨源为WCl6,所述溶剂为无水乙醇,所述溶剂体积用量以钨源质量计为100mL/g,所述的微波反应的压力15bar;
b将步骤a所得W18O49置于管式炉中,在碳源气氛下,在900℃碳化180min,然后在氮气保护气氛下冷却至室温,得到碳化钨-碳纳米管颗粒;所述碳源为乙炔时,采用乙炔与氢气、氩气的混合气,所述乙炔:氢气:氩气体积比=30:30:40;所述混合气的流量为100mL/min。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果在于:
(1)利用微波辅助热还原法替代传统水热法制备W18O49前驱体,减少了反应时间;
(2)采用具有氧缺陷的钨氧化物作为前驱体,促进原子扩散,有利于渗碳过程,同时在钨基上原位生长碳纳米管,制备得到形貌可控的高分散性的碳化钨-碳纳米管材料。
(3)本发明的复合材料的特殊性在于,碳纳米管不仅生长于材料表面,同时在材料的裂隙孔中暴露出的活性金属面上也有碳纳米管的生长,将样品撑开,形成了以WC小颗粒为支点,碳管为骨架的复杂三维网络结构。这种三维网络结构可以有效的将WC颗粒进行分散,保证了WC与Pt拥有更多的接触面。这样的结构也可以使碳纳米管同时接触到WC与Pt,整体提升复合材料的导电性,更好地发挥三者共同作用,提高了电催化效果。
(四)附图说明
图1为实施例1,2,3中不同碳化温度WC-CNTs的XRD图。
图2为实施例1,2,3中不同碳化温度WC-CNTs放大50000倍的SEM图。
图3为实施例1,2,3中不同碳化温度WC-CNTs的TEM图。
图4为实施例1,2,3中不同碳化温度Pt/WC-CNTs的电化学性能图。
图5为实施例3,4,5中不同钨源质量的Pt/WC-CNTs的电化学性能图。
图6为实施例3,6中不同碳源的Pt/WC-CNTs的电化学性能图。
(五)具体实施方式
下面结合具体实例对本发明作进一步详细说明:
实施例1
1.在手套箱里称取0.2g WCl6,溶于20mL无水乙醇,搅拌均匀后放入于InitiatorEXP微波合成仪中,微波反应的反应压力为15bar,在160℃下反应1h。待反应结束后,冷却至室温,用去离子水和无水乙醇离心洗涤3次后,放入50℃真空烘箱中干燥6小时。
2.将上述干燥后的样品放入管式炉中,在100mL/min CO气氛下700℃煅烧3小时,然后在氮气保护气氛下冷却至室温,得到WC-CNTs颗粒,标记为WC-CNTs-700。
由图1A所示的WC-CNTs-700的XRD图中可以得出,在2θ衍射角位置为31.5°,35.6°,48.3°,64.0°,73.1°,75.5°的衍射峰,分别归属于WC的(001),(100),(101),(110),(111),(200)晶面(01-072-0097)。表明该材料由纯相WC组成,结晶性良好。
由图2所示的W18O49(a),WC-CNTs-700(b)的SEM图可以看出,W18O49表面有细长的纳米棒状,整体形貌为海胆状结构。WC-CNTs-700与W18O49的形貌基本一致,表面的纳米棒在碳化后仍然为短粗的纳米棒状,整体结构比前驱体稍有收缩。
实施例2
1.在手套箱里称取0.2g WCl6,溶于20mL无水乙醇,搅拌均匀后放入于InitiatorEXP微波合成仪中,微波反应的反应压力为15bar,在160℃下反应1小时。待反应结束后,冷却至室温,用去离子水和无水乙醇离心洗涤3次后,放入50℃真空烘箱中干燥6小时。
2.将上述干燥后的样品放入管式炉中,在100mL/min CO气氛下800℃煅烧3小时,然后在氮气保护气氛下冷却至室温,得到生长出碳纳米管的WC-CNTs颗粒。标记为WC-CNTs-800。
由图1B所示的WC-CNTs-800的XRD图中可以得出,在2θ衍射角位置为31.5°,35.6°,48.3°,64.0°,73.1°,75.5°的衍射峰,分别归属于WC的(001),(100),(101),(110),(111),(200)晶面(01-072-0097)。表明该材料由纯相WC组成,结晶性良好。与WC-CNTs-700相比,其峰强度增强。
由图2所示的WC-CNTs-800(c)的SEM图可以看出,在微球表面观察到有少量的碳纳米管生成,但是催化剂颗粒仍与W18O49的形貌基本一致。
实施例3
1.在手套箱里称取0.2g WCl6,溶于20mL无水乙醇,搅拌均匀后放入于InitiatorEXP微波合成仪中,微波反应的反应压力为15bar,在160℃下反应1h。待反应结束后,冷却至室温,用去离子水和无水乙醇离心洗涤3次后,放入50℃真空烘箱中干燥6小时。
2.将上述干燥后的样品放入管式炉中,在100mL/minCO气氛下900℃煅烧3小时,然后在氮气保护气氛下冷却至室温,得到生长出碳纳米管的WC颗粒。标记为WC-CNTs-900。
由图1C所示的WC-CNTs-900的XRD图中可以得出,在2θ衍射角位置为31.5°,35.6°,48.3°,64.0°,73.1°,75.5°的衍射峰,分别归属于WC的(001),(100),(101),(110),(111),(200)晶面(01-072-0097)。表明该材料由纯相WC组成,结晶性良好。
由图2所示的WC-CNTs-900(d)的SEM图可以看出碳管不仅在材料表面生长,同时在材料的裂隙孔中暴露出的活性金属面上生长,将样品撑开,形成以WC小颗粒为支点,碳管为骨架的复杂三维网络结构。
对上述制备的WC-CNTs-700,WC-CNTs-800,WC-CNTs-900材料负载10wt%铂。图3a和3b分别为Pt/WC-CNTs-700放大75000和295000倍的TEM图,图3c和3d分别为Pt/WC-CNTs-800放大75000和295000倍的TEM图,图3e和3f分别为Pt/WC-CNTs-900放大15000和590000倍的TEM图,从图3a,3c,3e中可以看出,Pt/WC-CNTs-700并没有碳纳米管的生成,Pt/WC-CNTs-800微球表面观察到有少量的碳纳米管生成,但是并没有将催化剂颗粒分散开来。碳管将Pt/WC-CNTs-900撑开,形成了以WC小颗粒为支点,碳管为骨架的复杂三维网络结构。这与未载铂前的SEM图谱结果一致。从3f可以看出Pt和WC的晶格条纹紧密的联结在一起而形成异质界面。图3g为Pt/WC-CNTs-900的Mapping图,从图中可以看出,C、W和Pt三种元素在复合材料中均匀分布。
对上述制备的Pt/WC-CNTs-700,Pt/WC-CNTs-800,Pt/WC-CNTs-900材料测试其电化学性能。图4为Pt/WC-CNTs-700,Pt/WC-CNTs-800,Pt/WC-CNTs-900和商业Pt/C的电化学性能图。图4a为上述各催化剂在0.5M H2SO4溶液中的循环伏安图,从中可以看出,Pt/WC-CNTs-700,Pt/WC-CNTs-800,Pt/WC-CNTs-900和商业Pt/C都表现出典型的氢吸脱附峰。图4b为上述各催化剂在0.5M H2SO4和0.5M CH3OH中的循环伏安图,电流密度分别为900mA mg- 1Pt,900mA mg-1Pt,1350mA mg-1Pt,480mA mg-1Pt,该方法制备的Pt/WC-CNTs系列催化剂的电流密度均高于商业Pt/C,图4c为各催化剂在0.5M H2SO4溶液中的一氧化碳脱吸附曲线,室温下,扫描速率为20mV/s,从图中可以看出,各Pt/WC-CNTs系列催化剂的起峰电位和峰电位均高于商业Pt/C。其中Pt/WC-CNTs-900催化剂的起峰电位(0.53V)和峰电位(0.64V)比商业Pt/C的起峰电位(0.57V)和峰电位(0.67V)负移40mV和30mV。
图4d为各催化剂在0.5M H2SO4和0.5M CH3OH中的计时电流曲线,阶跃电位为0.65V,温度为50℃。从图中可以看出,各催化剂稳定后的电流密度也高于商业Pt/C。
实施例4
1.在手套箱里称取0.1g WCl6,溶于20mL无水乙醇,搅拌均匀后放入InitiatorEXP微波合成仪中,微波反应的反应压力为15bar,在160℃下反应1h。待反应结束后,冷却至室温,用去离子水和无水乙醇离心洗涤3次后,放入50℃真空烘箱中干燥6小时。
2.将上述干燥后的样品放入管式炉中,在100mL/min CO气氛下900℃煅烧3小时,然后在氮气保护气氛下冷却至室温,得到WC颗粒,标记为WC-0.1-900。
实施例5
1.在手套箱里称取0.4g WCl6,溶于20mL无水乙醇,搅拌均匀后放入InitiatorEXP微波合成仪中,微波反应的反应压力为15bar,在160℃下反应1h。待反应结束后,冷却至室温,用去离子水和无水乙醇离心洗涤3次后,放入50℃真空烘箱中干燥6小时。
2.将上述干燥后的样品放入管式炉中,在100mL/minCO气氛下900℃煅烧3小时,然后在氮气保护气氛下冷却至室温,得到WC颗粒,标记为WC-0.4-900。
对上述制备的WC-0.1-900,WC-0.2-900,WC-0.4-900材料负载10wt%铂,标记为Pt/WC-0.1-900,Pt/WC-0.2-900,Pt/WC-0.4-900。图5为Pt/WC-0.1-900,Pt/WC-0.2-900,Pt/WC-0.4-900和商业Pt/C的电化学性能图。图5a为上述各催化剂在0.5M H2SO4溶液中的循环伏安图,从中可以看出,Pt/WC-0.1-900,Pt/WC-0.2-900,Pt/WC-0.4-900都表现出典型的氢吸脱附峰。图5b为上述各催化剂在0.5M H2SO4和0.5M CH3OH中的循环伏安图。电流密度分别为900mA mg-1Pt,1350mA mg-1Pt,600mA mg-1Pt,480mA mg-1Pt,以不同质量的氯化钨制备的Pt/WC系列催化剂的电流密度均高于商业Pt/C。从起始电位上看,Pt/WC-0.1-900,Pt/WC-0.2-900,Pt/WC-0.4-900的起峰电位比商业Pt/C都负,甲醇更易被氧化。图5c各催化剂在0.5M H2SO4和0.5M CH3OH中的计时电流曲线,阶跃电位为0.65V,温度为50℃。从图中可以看出,由于双电层的快速充电,使得催化剂的初始电流都比较高,在刚开始的几百秒时间内,它们四者的电流密度都是快速衰减的,随着反应的进行,催化剂的电流均趋于稳定,但Pt/WC-0.2-900样品比Pt/WC-0.1-900和Pt/WC-0.4-900衰减得慢,且在最后处于平稳状态时,Pt/WC-0.2-900保持的电流密度也比Pt/WC-0.1-900,Pt/WC-0.4-900和商用Pt/C上的大。
图5d为各催化剂在0.5M H2SO4溶液中的一氧化碳脱吸附曲线,室温下,扫描速率为20mV/s,从图中可以看出各Pt/WC系列催化剂的起峰电位和峰电位均高于商业Pt/C。表明CO在Pt/WC系列催化剂上更容易被氧化除去;同时,从峰电流可以看出,Pt/WC-0.2-900峰电流比商业Pt/C的峰电流高,能吸附并处理更多的CO,从而暴露出更多的铂活性表面。
实施例6
1.在手套箱里称取0.2g WCl6,溶于20mL无水乙醇,搅拌均匀后放入InitiatorEXP微波合成仪中,微波反应的反应压力为15bar,在160℃下反应1h。待反应结束后,冷却至室温,用去离子水和无水乙醇离心洗涤3次后,放入50℃真空烘箱中干燥6小时。
2.将上述干燥后的样品放入管式炉中,在乙炔:氢气:氩气=30:30:40气氛下(总100mL/min)900℃煅烧3小时,然后在氮气保护气氛下冷却至室温,得到WC颗粒,标记为WC-0.2-C2H2
对上述制备的WC-0.2-C2H2和实施例3制备的WC-0.2-CO负载10wt%铂,标记为Pt/WC-0.2-C2H2,Pt/WC-0.2-CO。图6为Pt/WC-0.2-C2H2,Pt/WC-0.2-CO,商业Pt/C的电化学性能图。图6a为上述各催化剂在0.5M H2SO4溶液中的循环伏安图,从中可以看出,WC-0.2-CO表现出典型的Pt的氢吸脱附峰,Pt/WC-0.2-C2H2氢吸脱附峰不怎么明显.图6b为上述各催化剂在0.5M H2SO4和0.5M CH3OH中的循环伏安图.从峰电流上看,CO气氛碳化的样品Pt/WC-0.2-CO的峰电流密度高达1300mA/mg,相比之下,Pt/WC-0.2-C2H2的氧化峰电流密度较小,在900mA/mg左右,仍高于商业Pt/C。从起峰电位上看,Pt/WC-0.2-C2H2与Pt/WC-0.2-CO类似,均比商用Pt/C负。图6c各催化剂在0.5M H2SO4和0.5M CH3OH中的计时电流曲线,阶跃电位为0.65V,温度为50℃。从图中可以看出,由于双电层的快速充电,使得催化剂的初始电流都比较高,在刚开始的几百秒时间内,它们三者的电流密度都是快速衰减的,随着反应的进行,催化剂的电流均趋于稳定。但Pt/WC-0.2-CO样品比Pt/WC-0.2-C2H2衰减得慢,且在最后处于平稳状态时,Pt/WC-0.2-CO保持的电流密度也比Pt/WC-0.2-C2H2和商用Pt/C上的大。
图6d为各催化剂在0.5M H2SO4溶液中的一氧化碳脱吸附曲线,室温下,扫描速率为20mV/s,从图中可以看出各Pt/WC系列催化剂的起峰电位和峰电位均高于商业Pt/C。表明CO在Pt/WC系列催化剂上更容易被氧化除去;同时,从峰电流可以看出,Pt/WC-0.2-CO峰电流比商业Pt/C的峰电流高,能吸附并处理更多的CO,从而暴露出更多的铂活性表面。

Claims (10)

1.一种具有三维网络结构的碳化钨-碳纳米管复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述方法按如下步骤进行:
(1)在微波管中将钨源溶于溶剂,搅拌均匀后,将微波管置于微波合成仪,在160~180℃下反应40~60min,反应结束后,反应产物经后处理得到具有氧缺陷的W18O49;所述钨源为WCl6
(2)将步骤(1)所得W18O49置于管式炉中,在碳源气氛下,在700~900℃下碳化,然后在氮气保护气氛下冷却至室温,得到碳化钨-碳纳米管颗粒。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中所述溶剂为无水乙醇。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)溶剂的体积用量以钨源质量计为50~200mL/g。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中微波反应的压力13~15bar。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)的后处理方法为:待反应结束后,用去离子水和无水乙醇离心洗涤后,放入50~60℃真空烘箱中干燥6~8h得到具有氧缺陷的W18O49
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(2)中所述碳源为一氧化碳或乙炔。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(2)所述的碳化温度为900℃,碳化时间为180分钟。
8.如权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(2)中所述碳源的气体流量为100mL/min。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(2)中所述碳源为乙炔时,所述的碳源采用乙炔与氢气、氩气的混合气的形式提供,所述的乙炔与氢气、氩气的体积比为3:3:4。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述方法按如下步骤进行:
a在微波管中将钨源溶于溶剂,搅拌均匀后,将微波管置于微波合成仪,在160℃下反应60min,反应结束后,将反应产物冷却至室温,用去离子水和无水乙醇离心洗涤后,放入50℃真空烘箱中干燥6h得到具有氧缺陷的W18O49;所述钨源为WCl6,所述溶剂为无水乙醇,所述溶剂体积用量以钨源质量计为100mL/g,所述的微波反应的压力15bar;
b将步骤a所得W18O49置于管式炉中,在碳源气氛下,在900℃碳化180min,然后在氮气保护气氛下冷却至室温,得到碳化钨-碳纳米管颗粒;所述碳源为乙炔时,采用乙炔与氢气、氩气的混合气,所述乙炔:氢气:氩气体积比=30:30:40;所述混合气的流量为100mL/min。
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