CN106902638B - 一种凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳-聚偏氟乙烯纳米复合超滤膜及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳-聚偏氟乙烯纳米复合超滤膜及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN106902638B CN106902638B CN201710239020.8A CN201710239020A CN106902638B CN 106902638 B CN106902638 B CN 106902638B CN 201710239020 A CN201710239020 A CN 201710239020A CN 106902638 B CN106902638 B CN 106902638B
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- attapulgite
- carbon nitride
- phase carbon
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- class graphite
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种凹凸棒石‑类石墨相氮化碳‑聚偏氟乙烯纳米复合超滤膜及其制备方法。本发明通过将凹凸棒石‑类石墨相氮化碳复合材料同时引入到聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维超滤膜本体以及膜内、外表面,既可以利用凹凸棒石独特的纳米纤维结构与聚偏氟乙烯形成的三维网状结构从而有效改善纯聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜的结构和强度,增强膜压密性能,又利用凹凸棒石的高亲水性提高膜的渗透性与亲水性,同时更为重要的是能利用处于超滤膜内、外表面和本体的类石墨相氮化碳的光催化性能,实现膜抗污染及自清洁,提升膜分离过程的经济性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳-聚偏氟乙烯纳米复合超滤膜及其制备方法,属于膜分离材料技术领域。
背景技术
膜分离技术作为一种集浓缩和分离于一体的高效无污染净化技术,具有操作简单、维护方便、能耗低、适应性强等特点,已广泛应用于化工、电子、食品、医疗和环境保护等领域。膜材料的化学性质和膜结构决定了分离效果,聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)是一种新兴的、综合性能优良的膜材料,机械强度高,耐酸碱等苛刻环境条件和化学稳定性好,具有突出的介电性、生物相容性、耐热性、高分离精度和高效率的特点,在膜分离领域具有广阔的应用前景。但是聚偏氟乙烯具有较低的表面能和较强的疏水性,致使其水渗透阻力比较高,限制了其在水相分离体系的应用;同时疏水性也导致膜容易遭受污染,劣化其分离性能,并直接影响到膜分离过程的经济性。因此,对聚偏氟乙烯膜进行亲水性改性,提高其渗透性能和抑制污染能力,是改善聚偏氟乙烯膜性能的简便而有效的途径。
共混改性是一种最常用也是最实用的高分子膜改性方法。近年来,将无机纳米粒子与传统高分子膜材料共混,制备亲水性分离膜的方法引起人们的重视,由于无机纳米粒子亲水但不溶于水,可以避免其从膜材料中流失,得到持久的改性效果。无机纳米粒子共混改性以其操作方便、工艺简单亦被广泛应用,通过加入无机纳米粒子提高膜的亲水性,降低膜污染;此外,由于在有机网络中引入无机质点,改善了网络结构,增强了高分子膜的机械性能,提高了热稳定性,使其兼具了高分子膜的韧性和无机膜的耐高温性。目前,用于共混改性的无机纳米粒子如Al2O3、TiO2、ZrO2 和SiO2等均为颗粒状,这些纳米级的无机颗粒在膜制备和使用过程中会发生脱落,而影响膜的性能和改性效果。相比之下,碳纳米管等一维纳米材料具有超强的力学性能、高的长宽比和高比表面,而且分散在高分子膜中的一维纳米材料,通过高分子链的螺旋缠绕可以有效提高其在膜材料中的稳定性。然而,碳纳米管等人工合成一维纳米材料制备成本高,纯度和产量低下,难以分散,这大大限制了其在膜共混改性中的规模化应用。CN104209018A公开了将纳米凹凸棒石引入高分子膜制备凹凸棒石/聚偏氟乙烯纳米复合超滤膜及其制备方法。通过将纳米凹凸棒石引入聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜,利用凹凸棒石独特的纳米纤维结构及其与聚偏氟乙烯形成的三维网状结构有效改善聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜的结构和强度,同时利用凹凸棒石高亲水特性提高聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜的渗透性、亲水性和抗污染能力。
近年发展起来的将光催化和膜分离耦合的技术能利用光催化剂对污染物质进行氧化降解使得膜污染引起的膜通量下降问题得以解决或者减轻,赋予膜自清洁性能。在众多光催化剂中类石墨相氮化碳g-C3N4作为一种廉价、稳定、具有良好可见光响应的聚合物半导体光催化剂,越来越受到人们的广泛关注。但是,在现有的g-C3N4 光催化体系中,都需要催化剂分散在溶剂中并与目标物充分接触,活性粒子经催化剂表面作用于目标物,所以g-C3N4 的比表面积和微观形貌也影响了其光催化性能。将g-C3N4聚合物通过化学键合作用牢固负载在其它载体上,可获得高效、稳定的耦合型g-C3N4复合材料。CN106179447A公开了一种强耦合型凹凸棒土-KHX-g-C3N4复合材料的制备方法,强耦合型凹凸棒土-KHX-g-C3N4复合材料具有良好的催化性能。在共混改性中,由于纳米颗粒被包裹在高分子膜材料中,严重影响其光催化性能的发挥,而相比于共混改性,利用纳米颗粒原位植入对超滤膜表面进行改性能使纳米颗粒曝露在膜表面,与污染物质直接作用,但是纳米颗粒的植入只改变了超滤膜的表面形貌,对其断面、底面的结构和性能没有改善。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳-聚偏氟乙烯纳米复合超滤膜,利用凹凸棒石独特的纳米纤维结构作为载体,能够使类石墨相氮化碳在其表面进行均匀负载,通过共混、原位改性技术将其制备在超滤膜内、外表面和本体,能够更好地提高类石墨相氮化碳的光催化性能,实现膜抗污染及自清洁,提升膜分离过程的经济性。
为解决上述问题,采用了如下技术手段:
本发明的第一个方面:
一种凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳-聚偏氟乙烯纳米复合超滤膜,在聚偏氟乙烯膜的内部和表面都分布有凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料;所述的凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳是指以凹凸棒石为载体,在其表面负载类石墨相氮化碳。
所述的凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料的重量是聚偏氟乙烯膜的重量的的0.5~15%(优选6.7~10%)。
凹凸棒石的纤维长度为500~2000nm,直径为30~70nm,凹凸棒石含量不小于95wt%。
类石墨相氮化碳通过化学键合作用固载在凹凸棒石表面,类石墨相氮化碳质量为凹凸棒石的2~50%。
本发明的第二个方面:
一种凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳-聚偏氟乙烯纳米复合超滤膜的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
将凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料加入有机溶剂中,使混合体系均匀化,再加入聚偏氟乙烯树脂和有机添加剂搅拌溶解后得铸膜液,静置脱泡,采用浸没沉淀相转化和热致相转化耦合工艺制备得到超滤膜。
所述的凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料的制备方法是:首先将凹凸棒石进行表面硅烷偶联剂改性,再将三聚氰胺在其表面接枝反应,经过空气或氧气气氛下的烧结之后,使凹凸棒石的表面生成类石墨相氮化碳。
所述的有机溶剂选自N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、四氢呋喃、二甲基亚砜、四甲基脲、酰胺类溶剂、酯类溶剂或者内酯类溶剂。
所述的酰胺类溶剂选自二甲基乙酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺等;所述的酯类溶剂选自磷酸三甲酯或者磷酸三乙酯等;所述的内酯类溶剂选自γ-丁内酯等;最优选为磷酸三乙酯。
所述的添加剂选自聚乙二醇、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸、聚乙二醇、氯化锂、氯化钠、氯化钙、硝酸锂、甲醛 或者甲酰胺;优选聚乙二醇。
均匀化的过程中的温度控制在75~85℃。
搅拌溶解的时间为24~36小时。
静置脱泡的时间为12~24小时;静置脱泡的温度为75~85℃。
相转化法中采用凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳水悬浮液为凝固浴。
相转化法中采用纺丝法。
纺丝法中的工艺参数是:空气干程为0~30cm;铸膜液流速为2~10mL/min;芯液为去离子水,其流速为2~6mL/min;凝固浴的水温在5~30℃。
本发明的第三个方面:
凹凸棒石作为类石墨相氮化碳的载体在提高类石墨相氮化碳掺杂的聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜自清洁效果或者光催化效果中的应用。
本发明的第四个方面:
一种聚合物制备过程中的凝固液组合物,包括有按重量百分比计的凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料0.01~5wt%、水95~99.99wt%。
本发明的第五个方面:
凝固液组合物在相转化法制备超滤膜的应用。
凝固液组合物在将凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料负载于超滤膜表面中的应用。
凝固液组合物在提高超滤膜的自清洗性或者光催化性能中的应用。
本发明的第六个方面:
凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳-聚偏氟乙烯纳米复合超滤膜在处理含有机物废水中的应用。
有益效果
1. 利用凹凸棒石优异的载体性能,通过化学键合作用将类石墨相氮化碳分散固载在凹凸棒石表面上,避免了类石墨相氮化碳的团聚及难分离等不足,而且均匀分散固载在凹凸棒石表面的类石墨相氮化碳具有光催化性能,处于超滤膜表面和本体的类石墨相氮化碳使所制膜具有光催化性能,实现光催化过程与膜分离的耦合,使膜具有抗污染及自清洁性能,提升膜分离过程的经济性。
2. 即通过共混将凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料引入超滤膜本体,同时通过分散在凝固浴中的凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料粉体原位植入超滤膜内、外表面,使超滤膜本体和表面同时引入凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料粉体,大大提高聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜的抗污染及自清洁性能。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施方式对本发明作进一步详细说明。但本领域技术人员将会理解,下列实施例仅用于说明本发明,而不应视为限定本发明的范围。实施例中未注明具体技术或条件者,按照本领域内的文献所描述的技术或条件或者按照产品说明书进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者,均为可以通过市购获得的常规产品。
本文使用的近似语在整个说明书和权利要求书中可用于修饰任何数量表述,其可在不导致其相关的基本功能发生变化的条件下准许进行改变。因此,由诸如“约”的术语修饰的值并不局限于所指定的精确值。在至少一些情况下,近似语可与用于测量该值的仪器的精度相对应。除非上下文或语句中另有指出,否则范围界限可以进行组合和/或互换,并且这种范围被确定为且包括本文中所包括的所有子范围。除了在操作实施例中或其他地方中指明之外,说明书和权利要求书中所使用的所有表示成分的量、反应条件等等的数字或表达在所有情况下都应被理解为受到词语“约”的修饰。
以范围形式表达的值应当以灵活的方式理解为不仅包括明确列举出的作为范围限值的数值,而且还包括涵盖在该范围内的所有单个数值或子区间,犹如每个数值和子区间被明确列举出。例如,“大约0.1%至约5%”的浓度范围应当理解为不仅包括明确列举出的约0.1%至约5%的浓度,还包括有所指范围内的单个浓度(如,1%、2%、3%和4%)和子区间(例如,0.1%至0.5%、1%至2.2%、3.3%至4.4%)。
纳米凹凸棒石(nanoattapulgite)是一种层链状结构的镁铝硅酸盐矿物,其外形呈纤维状或棒状,具有纳米尺度的晶体直径,直径30~70nm,长度约0.5~5μm,属于典型的一维纳米材料。天然纳米凹凸棒石在形态、尺寸等外观特征上具有一维的纳米尺寸结构,且其来源广、成本低。
本发明通过利用凹凸棒石优异的载体性能,通过化学键合作用将类石墨相氮化碳分散固载在凹凸棒石表面上,使类石墨相氮化碳均匀分散固载在凹凸棒石表面,再通过共混将凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料引入超滤膜本体,可以避免类石墨相氮化碳在PVDF制膜液团聚及难分离等不足,同时通过分散在凝固浴和内芯液中的凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料粉体原位植入超滤膜表面,使超滤膜本体和表面同时引入凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料粉体,处于超滤膜表面和本体的类石墨相氮化碳使所制膜具有光催化性能,实现光催化过程与膜分离的耦合,大大提高聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜的抗污染及自清洁性能,提升膜分离过程的经济性。
该膜制备方法简单、膜孔径可控,适用于如今的污水处理、工业废水处理、中水回用、农村饮用水等实际应用中。以下实施例中采用的纳米凹凸棒石的纤维长度为500~2000nm,直径为30~70nm,凹凸棒石含量不小于95%。
在本发明中提供的超滤膜,是以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)作为基材,在它的内部和外表面都分布有凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料,凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料是以凹凸棒石作为载体,在其表面负载类石墨相氮化碳复合材料;凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料的重量是聚偏氟乙烯膜的重量的的0.5~15%(优选6.7~10%)。
凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料的制备方法,可以是参阅专利文献CN106179447A:首先将凹凸棒石进行表面硅烷偶联剂改性,再将三聚氰胺在其表面接枝反应,经过空气或氧气气氛下的烧结之后,使凹凸棒石的表面生成类石墨相氮化碳,其中氮化碳的重量为凹凸棒石的2~50%。
该超滤膜的制备方法可以采用常见的相转化的方法所得到,例如浸没沉淀相转化和热致相转化耦合工艺,首先将凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料、PVDF、有机溶剂混合、分散之后,得到铸膜液,再将铸膜液在凝固液中发生相转化之后,可以得到具有微孔结构的超滤膜。
此处,有机溶剂是指溶解聚偏氟乙烯树脂的物质,可以列举:例如,N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、四氢呋喃、二甲基亚砜、四甲基脲;二甲基乙酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺等酰胺;磷酸三甲酯、磷酸三乙酯、γ-丁内酯等酯或内酯;以及它们的混合溶剂。
上述方法中,凝固液作为非溶剂,可以列举:例如,水;己烷、戊烷、三氯乙烯等脂肪族烃;苯、甲苯等芳香族烃等;以及它们的混合溶剂等。在将聚偏氟乙烯用作聚合物原料的情况下,作为凝固浴的非溶剂,通常优选使用水,然而只要是不溶解聚偏氟乙烯的物质即可,没有特别的限定,同时为了将凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料粉体原位植入到超滤膜表面,故使用凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料水悬浮液为凝固浴和内芯液。
另外,铸膜液的组分中也可以含有用于调节所得微多孔性支持膜的孔径、孔隙度、亲水性、弹性模量等的有机添加剂。作为用于调节孔径和孔隙度的添加剂,可以列举醇类,聚乙二醇、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸等水溶性高分子或者它们的盐,还有氯化锂、氯化钠、氯化钙、硝酸锂等无机盐,甲醛、甲酰胺等,但是并不局限于此。以下实施例中采用聚乙二醇400作为扩孔剂。
表征方法:
本发明中,采用截留分子量对超滤膜性能进行表征,截留分子量是膜的去除率能够达到90%时的溶质的分子量。截留分子量的测定如下。首先,用膜来过滤每种含有多种不同分子量的水溶性聚合物(葡聚糖等)作为各自的溶质的稀溶液,并且求得对每种水溶性聚合物的去除率。接下来,以水溶性聚合物的分子量作为横轴、以去除率作为纵轴作图,绘制近似曲线,并且将与去除率为90%的交叉点的分子量作为截留分子量。
本发明中,采用断裂强度来表征超滤膜的机械性能。方法:从膜上切取5 cm长的样品,将该样品以使样品的长度方向为拉伸方向的方式设置在初始夹头间距设定为2 cm的自动绘图仪上,在环境温度为25℃、拉伸速度为20 cm/分钟的条件下拉伸至样品断裂为止。测定样品断裂时的断裂强度。
本发明中,采用终端过滤装置对膜纯水通量进行测试,先将膜在0.2MPa的压力下预压30min,再改用0.1MPa的操作压力进行测试,运行时间为30min。
本发明中,采用过滤装置对膜的抗污染自清洁性能进行考察。步骤如下,在室温和0.15MPa的压力下,膜面流速0.3m/s,用质量浓度为15mg/L的腐殖酸溶液代替纯水进行抗污染自清洁性能测定,过滤试验时,料液从管程经过,渗透进中空纤维的内层,分别于无光照和500W氙灯照射下在不同时间测定其渗透通量,通量稳定后,测定其通量衰减率,衰减率=(1-稳定渗透通量/初始纯水通量)×100%。
实施例1 凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料的制备
称取3.02g 硅烷偶联剂改性凹凸棒石分散在1000mL的去离子水中,超声分散;然后加入6.01g三聚氰胺,搅拌,80℃冷凝回流2h;接着冷冻干燥48h,研磨后加入到石英舟中,将石英舟置于管式炉中,在空气气氛下管式炉中程序升温,升温的程序为:室温0.5 h升温至500℃,500℃保持2 h后继续2 min升温至520℃,保持2 h后自然降温,充分研磨至粉状,得凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料(制备方法参阅专利文献CN106179447A)。
实施例2 凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料掺杂超滤膜的制备
将1克凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料加入到80克磷酸三乙酯之中,经过剧烈机械搅拌和超声处理均匀后,加入20克聚偏氟乙烯粉体于80℃下搅拌溶解24小时,再加入5克聚乙二醇搅拌12小时得铸膜液,于80℃下静置脱泡24小时,采用浸没沉淀相转化和热致相转化耦合工艺,条件为:空气干程为0cm;铸膜液流速为2mL/min;芯液为凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料水悬浮液,内芯液中凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料的质量百分数为0.01%其流速为2mL/min;凝固浴为凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料水悬浮液,凝固浴中凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料的质量百分数为0.01%水温在5~30℃,制得凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳-聚偏氟乙烯纳米复合超滤膜,膜厚度约200 μm,外径约1.0 mm。
经测定,在0.1MPa 和20℃下的纯水通量为198 L/ (m2• h);用葡聚糖为标定物,其截留分子量为150000 Da;膜平均孔径约23 nm;断裂强度约3.4 MPa,在无光照和500W氙灯照射下过滤腐殖酸溶液的通量衰减分别为68%和40%。
实施例3
与实施例1的区别在于:凝固浴采用的是去离子水。
将1克凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料加入到80克磷酸三乙酯之中,经过剧烈机械搅拌和超声处理均匀后,加入20克聚偏氟乙烯粉体于80℃下搅拌溶解24小时,再加入5克聚乙二醇搅拌12小时得铸膜液,于80℃下静置脱泡24小时,采用浸没沉淀相转化和热致相转化耦合工艺,条件为:空气干程为0cm;铸膜液流速为2mL/min;芯液为凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料水悬浮液,内芯液中凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料的质量百分数为0.01%其流速为2mL/min;凝固浴为去离子水,水温在5~30℃,制得凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳-聚偏氟乙烯纳米复合超滤膜,膜厚度约200 μm,外径约1.0 mm。
经测定,在0.1MPa 和20℃下的纯水通量为180L/ (m2• h);用葡聚糖为标定物,其截留分子量为160000 Da;膜平均孔径约26 nm;断裂强度约3.2 MPa,在无光照和500W氙灯照射下过滤腐殖酸溶液的通量衰减分别为73%和46%。通过实施例2和实施例3对比可以看出,在凝固浴中加入凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料可以有效地使超滤膜的表面也负载有复合材料,提高超滤膜的抗污染和自清洁性能。
实施例4
分别将0.1、0.5、1、1.5、2克凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料加入到85克磷酸三乙酯其中,经过剧烈机械搅拌和超声处理均匀后,加入15克聚偏氟乙烯粉体于80℃下搅拌溶解24小时,再加入5克聚乙二醇搅拌12小时得铸膜液,于80℃下静置脱泡24小时,采用浸没沉淀相转化法,条件为:空气干程为0cm;铸膜液流速为2mL/min;芯液为去离子水,其流速为2mL/min;凝固浴为去离子水,水温在20~30℃,制得凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳-聚偏氟乙烯纳米复合超滤膜。在不同的凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料加入量的条件下,膜性能数据如下表所示:
从表中可以看出,控制凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料的加入量可以较好地得到通量大的复合超滤膜,在0.5~1.5g的加入量的范围内,通量较优;而且具有较小的截留分子量,具有良好的分离性能。
实施例5
将1克凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料加入到80克有机溶剂中(分别采用N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、γ-丁内酯、磷酸三乙酯、二甲基甲酰胺),经过剧烈机械搅拌和超声处理均匀后,加入20克聚偏氟乙烯粉体于80℃下搅拌溶解24小时,再加入4克聚乙二醇搅拌12小时得铸膜液,于80℃下静置脱泡24小时,采用浸没沉淀相转化法,条件为:空气干程为30cm;铸膜液流速为2mL/min;芯液为凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料水悬浮液,内芯液中凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料的质量百分数为0.01%,其流速为6mL/min;凝固浴为凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料水悬浮液,凝固浴中凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料的质量百分数为0.01%,水温在5~30℃,制得凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳-聚偏氟乙烯纳米复合超滤膜。膜性能参数如下:
对照例1
与实施例2的区别在于:未在铸膜液、凝固浴和内芯液中加入凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料,制备得到的共混PVDF超滤膜。
在80克磷酸三乙酯之中加入20克聚偏氟乙烯粉体于80℃下搅拌溶解24小时,再加入5克聚乙二醇搅拌12小时得铸膜液,于80℃下静置脱泡24小时,采用浸没沉淀相转化和热致相转化耦合工艺,条件为:空气干程为0cm;铸膜液流速为2mL/min;芯液为去离子水,其流速为2mL/min;凝固浴为去离子水,水温在5~30℃,制得聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维超滤膜,膜厚度约200 μm,外径约1.0 mm。经测定,在0.1MPa 和20℃下的纯水通量为86 L/ (m2• h);用葡聚糖为标定物,其截留分子量为200000 Da;断裂强度约3.2 MPa,过滤腐殖酸溶液的通量衰减约90%。通过实施例1与对照例1可以看出,通过在铸膜液中加入纳米凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料之后,可以利用其三维结构和亲水性使超滤膜的表面产生亲水性,水通量更大,而且利用了类石墨相氮化碳的光催化性能能够减轻膜污染,提高过滤过程的通量。
对照例2
与实施例2的区别在于:未在凝固浴加入凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料。
在80克磷酸三乙酯之中加入20克聚偏氟乙烯粉体于80℃下搅拌溶解24小时,再加入5克聚乙二醇搅拌12小时得铸膜液,于80℃下静置脱泡24小时,采用浸没沉淀相转化和热致相转化耦合工艺,条件为:空气干程为0cm;铸膜液流速为2mL/min;内芯液中凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料的质量百分数为0.01%,其余为去离子水,其流速为2mL/min;凝固浴为去离子水,水温在5~30℃,制得聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维超滤膜,膜厚度约200μm,外径约1.0mm。经测定,在0.1MPa 和20℃下的纯水通量为180 L/ (m2• h);用葡聚糖为标定物,其截留分子量为200000 Da;断裂强度约3.4 MPa,在无光照和500W氙灯照射下过滤腐殖酸溶液的通量衰减分别为73%和56%。通过对照例2与实施例1相比较可以看出,在有光照条件下,通过共混和表面原位植入法联合制得的凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳/聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜的光照下通量衰减率显著降低,表明共混和表面原位植入法联合制得的凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳-聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜的抗污染自清洁性能优于单纯共混制得的凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳-聚偏氟乙烯纳米复合超滤膜,通过光照可以有效减轻膜面污染。
对照例3
与实施例2的区别在于:在铸膜液中未加入凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料,而是用折算的相同重量类石墨相氮化碳的纳米颗粒加入。
经测定,在0.1MPa 和20℃下的纯水通量为142L/ (m2• h);用葡聚糖为标定物,其截留分子量为190000 Da;膜平均孔径约31 nm;断裂强度约2.4 MPa,在无光照和500W氙灯照射下过滤腐殖酸溶液的通量衰减分别为70%和51%。通过实施例2和对照例3对比可以看出,凹凸棒石在应用于含有类石墨相氮化碳的超滤膜时,可以利用其作为载体的性能使类石墨相氮化碳更好的分散均匀,可以有效地使超滤膜的抗污染和自清洁性能得到提高。
Claims (1)
1.凹凸棒石作为类石墨相氮化碳的载体在提高类石墨相氮化碳掺杂的聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜在过滤15mg/L的腐殖酸溶液过程中的自清洁效果中的应用,其特征在于,过滤时料液从管程经过,渗透进中空纤维的内层,并且在氙灯照射下;
所述的应用中,还包括如下步骤:
将凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料加入有机溶剂中,使混合体系均匀化,再加入聚偏氟乙烯树脂和有机添加剂搅拌溶解后得铸膜液,静置脱泡,采用浸没沉淀相转化和热致相转化耦合工艺制备得到超滤膜;
所述的凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料的制备方法是:称取3 .02g 硅烷偶联剂改性凹凸棒石分散在1000mL的去离子水中,超声分散;然后加入6 .01g三聚氰胺,搅拌,80℃冷凝回流2h;接着冷冻干燥48h,研磨后加入到石英舟中,将石英舟置于管式炉中,在空气气氛下管式炉中程序升温,升温的程序为:室温0 .5 h升温至500℃,500℃保持2 h后继续2min升温至520℃,保持2 h后自然降温,充分研磨至粉状,得凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳复合材料;
所述的有机溶剂选自磷酸三乙酯;所述的添加剂选自聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸、聚乙二醇、氯化锂、氯化钠、氯化钙、硝酸锂、甲醛 或者甲酰胺;均匀化的过程中的温度控制在75~85℃;搅拌溶解的时间为24~36小时;静置脱泡的时间为12~24小时;静置脱泡的温度为75~85℃;相转化法中采用质量百分数为0 .01%凹凸棒石-类石墨相氮化碳水悬浮液为凝固浴;相转化法中采用纺丝法;纺丝法中的工艺参数是:空气干程为0~30cm;铸膜液流速为2~10mL/min;芯液为去离子水,其流速为2~6mL/min;凝固浴的水温在5~30℃。
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