CN106879426A - A kind of apple cultivation disease-preventing method - Google Patents
A kind of apple cultivation disease-preventing method Download PDFInfo
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- CN106879426A CN106879426A CN201710241069.7A CN201710241069A CN106879426A CN 106879426 A CN106879426 A CN 106879426A CN 201710241069 A CN201710241069 A CN 201710241069A CN 106879426 A CN106879426 A CN 106879426A
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G29/00—Root feeders; Injecting fertilisers into the roots
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C9/00—Fertilisers containing urea or urea compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/20—Liquid fertilisers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/20—Liquid fertilisers
- C05G5/23—Solutions
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Ecology (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of apple cultivation disease-preventing method, early November full garden plough deeply；Applying organic manure and micro- fertilizer, March, early June proceed by orchard and pour water, and the first tenday period of a month in May carry out orchard green manuring plant in the ranks；Flower thinning is carried out at the florescence, disc flower in reservation removes side flower, 10 15 days after fallen flowers, full tree sprays high calcium liquid fertilizer, and late June starts the summer and cuts, cryopreservation after fruit harvesting, in apple tree rest period, for iron deficiency disease disease disease tree, prevented and treated using the upper hanging bag drip of tree.The method of the present invention greatly reduces apple bitter pit, pox spots disease diseased fruit rate and apple yellows diseased plant rate, and apple production, quality, the output value have and increase substantially.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to apple insect-pest technical field, it is related to a kind of apple cultivation disease-preventing method.
Background technology
With the continuous expansion of apple area, age of tree extension, the reduction of soil trace element and shortage, orchard chronic administration
Destruction of the chemical fertilizer to soil texture, continuous cropping orchard largely occurs, climate change, the factor, apple pest such as planting type change
Species survey and the extent of injury occur in that new change, wherein apple physiology venereal disease evil is on the rise.
According to investigations, the physiological disturbance for occurring in production at present mainly has yellows, little leaf, bitter pit, pox spots disease, water
Disease, cracked fruit, sunscald etc. are boiled, rough estimates, the economic loss caused by the harm every year of these physiological disturbances reaches tens thousand of
Unit.Therefore, apple physiology disease species and the extent of injury are found out in investigation, and major physiological disease is effectively prevented and treated, and are
The current upper technical problem urgently to be resolved hurrily of production.
By investigation, endangered in apple production it is serious have three kinds, be respectively apple bitter pit, apple pox pinta, apple
Iron deficiency disease disease.
Bitter pit is caused by fruit calcium deficiency, is occurred close to the maturity period in fruit, coming across the disease more fruit item calyx it is hollow around, fruit
It is individual bigger, more susceptible disease.Scab is larger, and general diameter dark red (on red fruit face) or dark green occurs in 6~12mm, initial stage fruit face
(on yellowish green fruit face) patch, epidermis is sunk and is formed moth patch with undertissue's browning color, spongy, bitter, later patch discoloration, after
Phase is easily infected by fruit rot bacterium, and what is had also occurs the spongy lesion of brown inside pulp.
Pox spots disease is caused by fruit calcium deficiency, and disease produces the downright bad dry spot of brown depression after occurring in fruit face, and scab is smaller, directly
Footpath is in 2~4mm, and scab is more.Originally fruit dot area discoloration, forms dun dot, around there is purplish red tinge, rear micro- sagging, shape
Into pox spots, the following lesion tissue of epidermis is very shallow, related can be reamed when cutting pericarp.
Iron deficiency disease disease has four kinds of situations to occur：
1st, the yellowing leaf that iron deficiency causes.Happening part is more at the top of young sprout, and leaf color is protected by pale green yellowing, only vein
Green is held, makes blade be in green reticulate pattern, sick leaf diminishes, and the blade of weight of falling ill is in yellow-white, and blade edge starts brown occur
Shrivelled spot, whole leaf scorch is withered when serious comes off.2nd, the yellow that nitrogen stress causes.Occur in young sprout bottom, blade is presented yellow green, old leaf
It is changed into orange red or purple, it is easily caducous.3rd, due to canopy, the yellow that illumination deficiency causes.Blade turns yellow and comes off, mainly
There is the cella in closing tree crown.4th, the yellow caused because arid causes fruit tree water shortage.Make tree crown cella and young sprout base portion
Blade turns yellow and comes off.
Bitter pit and pox spots disease diseased fruit rate are general 20% or so, serious up to more than 60%；Yellows diseased plant rate exists
10% or so, serious orchard is up to more than 40%.The serious yield and quality that have impact on fruit of generation of physiological disturbance, gives
Production of fruit trees brings larger economic loss.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of apple cultivation disease-preventing method, apple bitter pit, pox spots disease disease are greatly reduced
Fruit rate and apple yellows diseased plant rate, apple production, quality, the output value have and increase substantially.
The technical solution adopted in the present invention is that a kind of apple cultivation disease-preventing method is followed the steps below：
A, orchard in after autumn defoliation of fruit trees, early November carries out full garden and ploughs deeply；
B, orchard full garden applying organic manure and micro- fertilizer while ploughing, organic fertilizer are biological organic fertilizer, every mu of ground amount of application
It it is 150-200 kilograms, micro- fertilizer is compound fertilizer, and every mu of ground amount of application is 90-120 kilograms；
C, early March proceed by orchard and pour water, and every plant of tree irrigation quantity reaches 50-75 kilograms, and early June is carried out second
Pour water, every plant of tree irrigation quantity reaches 40-50 kilograms；
D, the first tenday period of a month in May carry out orchard green manuring plant in the ranks；
E, flower thinning is carried out at the florescence, disc flower in reservation removes side flower, and a flower is stayed every 15-20cm；Open within 15 days after fallen flowers
Beginning carries out fruit thinning, removes fruitlet, malformed fruit, disease pest really, control result amount；
10-15 days after f, fallen flowers, set entirely using motorized knapsack and spray high calcium liquid fertilizer, sprayed every 10-15 days
Once, spray 3-5 times altogether；Every plant of amount of application is 2-3 kilograms, and liquid moistens blade surface and do not descend drops physic liquor；
G, after June, for iron deficiency disease disease disease tree, full tree sprays foliar fertilizer or tree root fills chelated iron solution；
Wherein, when full tree sprays foliar fertilizer, every spray in 7-10 days once, spray altogether 2-3 times, every plant of amount of application is 2-3 public
Jin, liquid moistens blade surface and does not descend drops physic liquor；
When tree root fills chelated iron solution, 2% chelated iron solution is prepared, excavate the soil around the sick usage tree root of morbidity, every plant
20 kilograms of perfusion, is then backfilled, and root system can not be injured when excavating soil；
H, late June start the summer and cut, and to vertical branch, the branch of excessive growth using drawing branch, turning round the tip, sparse branching, pinching measure, increase ventilation
Printing opacity；
After i, fruit harvesting, be put in storage in time, cryopreservation, temperature control is at -1 DEG C to 1 DEG C；
J, in apple tree rest period, for iron deficiency disease disease disease tree, prevented and treated using the upper hanging bag drip of tree；Instil
Liquid fertilizer selects nutrition biosolid injection, and nutrition biosolid injection then is diluted into 30-40 times with pure water, and every plant of tree dropped amount is 700-
1000ml；Then drilled in fruit tree rhizome portion, aperture 6mm, hole depth is the 2/3 of trunk diameter, and drill bit is in the angle of trunk
80 °, nutrition biosolid injection needed for individual plant is fitted into instillation bag, be vertically hung on the center branch on 1.5 meters high of ground, discharge pipe
Gas in road, then instillation syringe needle is inserted into drilling, prevent Pig, pipeline, syringe needle from blocking, give a discount, deform or leakage, treat
After liquid fertilizer has been injected, aperture is sealed with wood chip or soil.
Further, in the step a, the depth that full garden is ploughed deeply is 30-40cm.
Further, in the step b, centered on trunk, two bar ditch are excavated from crown mapping, by organic fertilizer and micro-
Fertilizer is applied in ditch after mixing, and is then backfilled.
Further, in the step b, for the disease tree for having iron deficiency disease disease, with zinc-iron fertilizer and organic fertilizer according to 1:
After 20 mass ratio is sufficiently mixed, in sick usage tree root, every plant is applied 1-2 kilograms to buriing.
Further, in the step d, green manure plant species is the one kind in common vetch or clover.
Further, in the step f, high calcium liquid fertilizer is yellow humic acid ecology 1200 times of liquid of calcium or all-round 1000 times of calcium
Liquid.
Further, in the step g, foliar fertilizer is 2000 times of liquid of chelated iron or leaf 1000 times of liquid of green health.
Further, in the step j, nutrition biosolid injection is according to mass percent, composition：Gelatin 1-5%, sucrose 6-
10%th, urea 10-14%, ferrous sulfate 5-9%, zinc sulfate 7-11%, borax 1-3%, remaining be water.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows for apple bitter pit, pox spots disease, having introduced 7 kinds of foliar fertilizers has carried out preventing and treating examination
Test.Testing sieve have selected and be available for producing the fertile 5 kinds of non-pollution foliars for using and applicable concentration and Control stage, and prevention effect exists
More than 90%, wherein 1000 times of liquid preventive effects of yellow humic acid ecology 1200 times of liquid of calcium and all-round calcium are preferably, preventive effect has reached 95%
More than.For apple iron deficiency disease disease, having introduced 5 kinds of foliar fertilizers has carried out controlling experiment, has filtered out chelated iron and leaf
2 kinds of green health is available for producing the foliar fertilizer for using；Through experiment, mixed fully with organic fertilizer using chelated iron pouring root, zinc-iron fertilizer
Buriing has remarkable effect in root to the correction of yellows after becoming thoroughly decomposed；Using light Thailand board nutrient liquid fertilizer, adopted in dormant stage of fruit tree
Yellows are prevented and treated with the upper hanging bag drip of tree, preventive effect is notable.
Specific embodiment
In below in conjunction with the embodiment of the present invention, the technical scheme in the embodiment of the present invention is clearly and completely retouched
State, it is clear that described embodiment is only a part of embodiment of the invention, rather than whole embodiments.Based on the present invention
In embodiment, the every other implementation that those of ordinary skill in the art are obtained under the premise of creative work is not made
Example, belongs to the scope of protection of the invention.
First, enter by calcium ion, Iron in Soil ion concentration in soil pH value, soil organic matter content, soil first
Row is determined, and analysis and apple bitter teasing influence relation between disease, pox spots disease, yellows.
1st, pH value is determined
1. soil sample 25g to be measured is weighed, is placed in 100ml beakers.
2. 25ml distilled water is measured with volumetric flask, in addition beaker.
3. use glass bar stir about 3 minutes, stand half an hour, clarification.
4. acidometer is opened, is preheated 3 hours, after being measured after stable reading, use pH value 9.18,6.86 before measurement respectively
Standard buffer solution correction.
5. ball electrode is inserted under suspension face, is shaken gently for beaker, to remove the moisture film of electrode ball surface, make electrode points position
Reach balance.After recording pH value after pH stable readings.
2nd, the content of organic matter is determined
(1) reagent and instrument and equipment
Reagent：0.4M potassium bichromates-sulfuric acid solution, vegetable oil, phenanthroline indicator, distilled water, potassium bichromate, dense sulphur
Acid, ferrous sulfate etc..
Instrument and equipment：Oil bath pan, hard test tube (18-25mm × 200mm), wire mesh cage, buret, thermometer (300 DEG C),
Electromagnetic oven, volumetric flask, triangular flask, test tube, glass funnel, a ten thousandth day equality.
(2) preparation of reagent
0.4M potassium bichromates-sulfuric acid solution:40.0g potassium bichromates are weighed, with being filtered after distillation water dissolves, 1L is settled to,
It is subsequently poured into large beaker, another plus 1L density is 1.84 concentrated sulfuric acid, standby.
0.1000M potassium bichromate standard liquids：Weigh through 130 DEG C of potassium bichromate (top pure grade) 4.9033g of baking 2-3 hours
It is standby after constant volume in lossless immigration 1L volumetric flasks with a small amount of distillation water dissolves in 250ml beakers.
0.2M copperas solutions：Weigh FeSO4·7H2O amounts to 56g, is dissolved in 800ml distilled water, adds 6N sulfuric acid
30ml, is settled to 1L, store in brown, wide-mouth bottle in.Its actual concentrations need to be demarcated before, specific method is：Draw 0.1000m/
L potassium bichromate standard liquid 20.00ml are in 150ml triangular flasks, plus 2-3 drop phenanthroline indicator, use ferrous sulfate standard
Drop is determined.
Phenanthroline indicator：1.485g phenanthrolines, 0.695g ferrous sulfate is weighed to be placed in 100ml volumetric flasks, it is complete
Constant volume after CL, forms red complex, is stored in standby in brown bottle.
(3) assay method
Soil sample 0.5g to be measured or so (being accurate to 0.0001g) is taken to be put into test tube, addition 10.00ml 0.4M potassium bichromates-
Sulfuric acid solution (shakes up) when 3ml is added, each test tube mouthful insertion glass funnel.Test tube is placed in wire mesh cage to immerse and is heated to
In 185~190 DEG C of oil bath pan, test tube liquid level is less than pasta, when being put into rear oil bath temperature and being down to 170~180 DEG C, treats that solution boils
Rise and start timing, in immigration triangular flask lossless after 5min, add 2-3 drop phenanthroline indicator, use ferrous sulfate standard
Solution is titrated, and red as titration end-point occurs.Simultaneously do blank (weigh 0.5g quartz sands and replace soil sample, remaining step
Equally).
(4) result is calculated：
Organic matter (gkg-1)=c (V0-V)×0.003×1.724×1.10×1000/m
Note：C------------ ferrous sulfate concentration of standard solution；
V0--- --- the ferrous sulfate titer volume that --- -- blank test is consumed；
The ferrous sulfate titer volume that V------------ Specimen Determinations are consumed；
MM quality of 0.003--------1/4 carbon atoms；
1.724-------- organic carbons are scaled the coefficient of organic matter；
1.10---------- oxidation adjusting coefficients.
3rd, calcium ion is determined
(1) reagent：0.01mol/L EDTA standard liquids, 2mol/LNaOH solution, calcon-carboxylic acid (C21H14O7N2S)、Ca2+
Titer
(2) preparation of titer：
0.01mol/L EDTA standard liquids：3.720g EDETATE DISODIUMs are weighed to be dissolved in without CO2Distilled water in, it is micro-
Heat of solution, is settled to 1L, then demarcated with standard calcium after cooling.
Ca2+Titer：It is accurate to weigh the pure CaCO of analysis that 4-6h is dried at 105 DEG C30.5004g, is dissolved in 0.5mol/L's
In hydrochloric acid, removing CO is boiled2, it is settled in 500ml volumetric flasks with distilled water, resulting solution is 0.010mol/L Ca2+Standard
Liquid.
(3) assay method
1. soil sample 5g to be measured is weighed, by the wind desiceted soil of the nylon mesh of 1mm sieve apertures, 50ml centrifuge tubes is put into, acetic acid is added
Ammonium salt solution 30ml, glass bar and centrifugation tube wall are rinsed after stirring into pasty state with glass bar with about 10ml ammonium acetate solutions.Centrifuge tube
5min is centrifuged in 3000-4000rpm, in filtering supernatant to 50ml volumetric flasks, centrifugation tube wall is carefully cleaned with ammonium acetate solution,
Resulting solution is filtered into volumetric flask, with calcon-carboxylic acid detect centrifuge tube in cleaning fluid without calcium ion, it is molten with ammonium acetate
Liquid constant volume, it is to be measured.
2. assay method：Soil extract 25ml is taken in the conical flask of 150ml, is control with 25ml ammonium acetate solutions,
It is 1 to add volume ratio：1 hydrochloric acid one drips, and fully shakes up, and boils 1min, discharges CO2；The NaOH of 2mol/l is added after cooling,
The pH that accurate pH meter raises section prepare liquid is 12-13；Triethanolamine 1ml, hydroxylamine hydrochloride 2ml are added, is shaken up；Add calcon-carboxylic acid
5 drop, now solution be claret, then simultaneously be put into 40 DEG C of thermostat water bath, after start after temperature stabilization titration.With mark
Quasi- EDTA be titrated to color from red to blue untill (v), while enter line blank test, the EDTA of calcium blank assay consumption is v1。
(4) result is calculated：
Ca2+Concentration/1000g=2M (V-V1)/W×1000
Note：M is the molar concentration of EDTA, and 2 (this experiment is 0.01mol) need to be multiplied by when turning to equivalent concentration；
V1The EDTA volumes used by control group；
The EDTA volumes that V is consumed by prepare liquid；
W is the example weight suitable with prepare liquid is suctioned out (this experiment is 2.5g).
4th, iron ion is determined
(1) reagent and material
Reagent:The standard liquids of pH 9.18, the standard liquids of pH 6.86, DTPA leaching liquors (pH7.30), 100g/l hydrochloric acid hydroxyls
Amine aqueous solution, Phen developer, 100g/l sodium acetate solutions.
Instrument：Accurate pH meter, electrode, beaker, glass bar, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, oscillator, electric heating constant temperature water
Bath.
(2) assay method
1. soil sample 10.00g is weighed in triangular flask, with extractant DTPA mixed liquor 20ml, 2h is shaken, and filtering takes filtrate
It is standby.
2. in taking 1-5ml prepare liquids to 50ml volumetric flasks, plus hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution 1ml, add sodium acetate solution after shaking up
8ml, makes pH value of solution be 5.
3. Phen developer 10ml is added, is developed the color, constant volume, after 80 DEG C of insulation 30min on spectrophotometer
From 510nm wavelength, 1cm optical paths cuvette determines absorption value (A).
(3) result is calculated：
DTPA-Fe (mg/kg)=ρ × ts × 2
Note：The iron speciation (mg/l) of ρ-survey；
Ts-extract solution extension rate (this experiment is 10)；
2-liquid soil ratio, digestion agent consumption (ml)/air-dried amount of soil (g) during extraction.
5. some testing locations are selected, and measurement result is shown in Table 1.
Table 1, different apple orchard soil testing results
By to the effective Ca of soil in different soils pH value2+、Fe2+The analysis of content understands that pH value is in 7.9-8.7 scopes
It is interior, effective Ca2+、Fe2+Content is raised with soil pH value and reduces (being shown in Table 2).
By to the effective Ca of soil in different soils organic matter2+、Fe2+The analysis of content understands that soil organic matter content exists
In the range of 5.6-18.6mg/g, effective Ca2+、Fe2+Content is raised with soil organic matter content and raises (being shown in Table 3).
The different soils pH value of table 2 is to effective Ca2+、Fe2+The influence of content
| Soil pH value | ||
| 7.9—8.1 | 1831 | 12.88 |
| 8.1—8.3 | 1651.6 | 9.65 |
| 8.3—8.5 | 1552.27 | 9.61 |
| 8.5—8.7 | 1476.92 | 9.56 |
The different soils organic matter of table 3 is to effective Ca2+、Fe2+The influence of content
| The content of organic matter (mg/g) | ||
| 5.60—8.85 | 1514.94 | 7.58 |
| 8.85—12.1 | 1575.55 | 9.11 |
| 12.10—15.35 | 1626.10 | 11.42 |
| 15.35—18.60 | 1630.00 | 13.27 |
2nd, the bitter funny disease of apple, pox spots disease, the harming rule research of yellows
1. apple is bitter funny sick (pox spots disease is identical with the bitter pit cause of disease and influence factor)：
Occurrence regularity：Usual early August originates existing disease fruit, and hereafter disease fruit is on the increase, and late August to early September is Sheng
The hair phase, normal temperature storage and the fruit of storage in air-conditioned cold store also occur scab after harvesting mid-September.
(1) relation of orchard soil pH value and morbidity weight：
In the orchard soil that we determine, pH value belongs to alkalescent soil in 7.93-8.70.We investigate pH value and exist
The weaker orchard of 7.93-8.35 alkalescence, such as Song Chuan villages of Qingshui County Guo Chuan townshiies, Qinzhou District Tai Jing towns Lee family estrade, Da Magou villages and
Maiji District Bai Yang towns great Mu Wan Deng villages, the average diseased fruit rate of apple bitter pit is 12.5%；PH value is stronger in 8.35-8.70 alkalescence
Orchard, such as Maiji District Hua Niu towns Hua Niu villages, Maiji District Er Shipu towns Er Shipu villages, Wushan County Luo Men towns Han Ping villages, Qingshui County are forever
Qingzhen Li Yacun, the average diseased fruit rate of apple bitter pit is 18.2%.Think, the stronger effective Ca of orchard soil of alkalescence2+Contain
The more alkaline weaker orchard of amount is low, thus bitter pit generation is heavier.
(2) relation of soil organic matter content and morbidity weight：
In the orchard soil of measure, the content of organic matter in 5.6mg/g-18.6mg/g, average out to 11.06mg/g, belong to compared with
Water shortage is put down.Investigation content of organic matter 5.6mg/g-9.9mg/g relatively low orchard, such as Qinzhou District western entrance town Liu Shipu villages, Tai Jing towns
Li Jia estrades village, Maiji District Hua Niu towns prosperity mountain village, Qingshui County Yongqing Zhen Xiguan villages, the average diseased fruit rate of apple bitter pit is
19.7%；The content of organic matter is in orchard 10.0mg/g-18.6mg/g higher, such as Qinzhou District western entrance town Si Shipu villages, Maiji District
Ma Paoquan towns Li Jiawan villages, Bai Jiawan villages of Gangu County Bai Jiawan townshiies, Zhang Chuan counties Zhang Chuan towns Cha Wan villages, the average disease fruit of apple bitter pit
Rate is 10.2%.Think, the effective Ca of content of organic matter orchard soil high2+The content orchard low compared with the content of organic matter is high,
Thus bitter pit occurs lighter.
(3) relation of the age of tree and morbidity weight：
Raw above age of tree orchard generation apple bitter pit is most heavy within 10 years, and the incidence of disease takes second place up to 25%, 6-8 fruits garden, hair
Sick rate is fallen ill most gently up to 12%, 4-5 fruits garden, is 1.0%.
(4) relation of fruit size and morbidity weight
In September in 2014 25 days, investigation "Delicious" cultiver different size fruit bitter pit incidence found that fruit exists
The fruit bitter pit morbidity of more than 250g is most heavy, is 26.0%, and fruit is relatively light in the fruit bitter pit morbidity of 180-250g, is
18.0%；Fruit is most light in the fruit bitter pit morbidity of 100-150g, is 7.0%.
According to another investigation, bitter pit is located at the fruit morbidity weight of the fruit lower part on tree crown top；Fuji's kind bagged fruit
More non-bagged fruit morbidity weight；Orchard nitrogenous fertilizer sowing amount is excessive, tree vigo(u)r is partially prosperous, canopy orchard morbidity weight；Integrated management water
The flat low orchard orchard morbidity weight high compared with integrated management level；Orchard spring arid is short of rain, summer and autumn pluviose time hair
It is seriously ill.
2. apple iron deficiency disease is sick
(1) relation of soil pH value and morbidity weight
In 66 orchard soils for determining, pH value belongs to alkalescent soil in 7.93-8.7.Investigation pH value is in 7.93-
Stockaded village village, Maiji District Bai Yang towns Mo Jia under the weaker orchard of 8.35 alkalescence, such as Qingshui County Yongqing Zhen Xiguan villages, Qinzhou District Zao Jiao towns
The village such as village and sweet spring water town Wu Jiasi villages, the average diseased plant rate of apple yellows is 7.5%；PH value is in the stronger fruit of 8.35-8.7 alkalescence
Garden, such as Maiji District Hua Niu towns Hua Niu villages, Zhang Chuan counties Longshan Town Lian Ke villages, Qinzhou District western entrance town Liu Shipu villages and central sill township He Jia gulfs
Village, the average diseased plant rate of apple yellows is 14.5%.Think, the stronger effective Fe of orchard soil of alkalescence2+Content is more alkaline
Weaker orchard is low, thus yellows generation is heavier.
(2) relation of soil organic matter content and morbidity weight
In 66 orchard soils for determining, the content of organic matter is in 5.6mg/g-18.6mg/g, average out to 11.06mg/g, category
In flat compared with water shortage.Investigation content of organic matter 5.6mg/g-9.9mg/g relatively low orchard, such as Qingshui County Yongqing Zhen Xiguan villages, Qin Zhou
The villages such as area Tai Jing towns Li Jia estrades village, Wushan County Luo Men towns Han Ping villages and sweet spring water town Chaoyang village, the average diseased plant rate of apple yellows
It is 16.7%；The content of organic matter is in orchard 10.0mg/g-18.6mg/g higher, such as Maiji District sweet spring water town Wu Jiasi villages, Zhang Chuan
County Zhang Chuan towns Cha Wan villages, Shang Han villages of Qinzhou District central sill township and Tai Jing towns farming family Zhuan Cun, the average diseased plant rate of apple yellows is
8.3%.Think, the effective Fe2+ contents of the content of organic matter orchard soil high orchard low compared with the content of organic matter is high, thus
Yellows occur lighter.
(3) relation of Different irrigation mode and morbidity weight
In mid-June, 2014, investigation carried out broad irrigation, drip irrigation and orchard apple bitter pit incidence of not pouring water
It was found that, the average diseased plant rate in orchard of broad irrigation is 19.1%, and the average diseased plant rate in drip irrigation orchard is 10.0%, orchard of not pouring water
Average diseased plant rate is 11.6%.
(4) relation of soil type and morbidity weight
In June, 2013, by sky and water soil types from different places, investigation laterite, sandy loam, clay yellows incidence hair
Existing, the morbidity of laterite orchard is most heavy, and up to 39.2%, next to that sandy loam, diseased plant rate is 15.8% to diseased plant rate, and clay morbidity is most light,
Diseased plant rate is 6.7%.
According to another investigation, hypsography low-lying, morbidity weight in impeded drainage orchard is especially weighed by the orchard morbidity of big water logging；Fruit tree
Grafting level is also relevant with apple iron deficiency disease disease, and the poor yellows morbidity of grafting level is heavier.
Therefore, by many experiments, drawn a kind of apple cultivation disease-preventing method herein, including orchard applying organic manure and
It is micro- fertilizer, enrich zinc-iron fertilizer, orchard intercropping, spray calcareous fertilisers, spray the step such as hanging bag instillation liquid fertilizer on iron fertilizer, fruit tree pouring root, tree, tool
Body is followed the steps below：
A, orchard are ploughed：Orchard carries out full garden and ploughs deeply in early November after autumn defoliation of fruit trees, and depth is 30-40cm.
B, applying organic manure and micro- fertilizer：Full garden applying organic manure and micro- fertilizer while orchard is ploughed, organic fertilizer have for biology
Machine fertilizer [the honest Ling Hua bio tech ltd in Liangshan, registration card number：Microorganism fertilizer (2016) faces word (3520) number], every mu of ground
Amount of application is 150-200 kilograms.Micro- fertilizer is compound fertilizer [the middle red cubic Fei Ye limited companies in salt Anhui, registration card number：It is micro-
Bio-fertilizer (2009) quasi- word (0437) number], every mu of ground amount of application is 90-120 kilograms.Centered on trunk, from crown mapping
Two bar ditch are excavated, is applied after organic fertilizer and micro- fertilizer are mixed in ditch, then backfilled.
C, enrich zinc-iron fertilizer：While applying organic manure, for the disease tree for having iron deficiency disease disease, with zinc-iron fertilizer [mountain
Light benefit agricultural fertilizer material Co., Ltd of eastern Weifang state, agriculture chemical registration card：Agricultural fertilizer (2012) quasi- word (2497) number] and organic fertilizer according to 1:20
Ratio be sufficiently mixed after, in sick usage tree root, every plant is applied 1-2 kilograms to buriing.
D, orchard are poured water：Spring early March starts, and carries out orchard and pours water, and every plant of tree irrigation quantity is determined according to soil moisture content,
Every plant of tree irrigation quantity reaches 50-75 kilograms.Early June is poured water for the second time, and every plant of tree irrigation quantity reaches 40-50 kilograms.
E, orchard intercropping：The first tenday period of a month May in spring carry out orchard green manuring plant in the ranks, and green manure floristics has：Arrow tongue pea
Beans, clover.
F, flower and fruit thinning：Flower thinning is carried out at the florescence, disc flower in reservation removes side flower, and a flower is stayed every 15-20cm.Fall
Fruit thinning is proceeded by after spending within 15 days, remove fruitlet, malformed fruit, disease pest really.Control result amount.
G, spray calcareous fertilisers：10-15 days after fallen flowers, full tree sprays calcareous fertilisers, is sprayed every 10-15 days once, and 3-5 is sprayed altogether
Secondary, selected high calcium liquid fertilizer has：Yellow humic acid ecology 1200 times of liquid of calcium (Xinjiang Correspondent Handilong humic acid Co., Ltd, agriculture
Industry portion registration number：The quasi- word 047 of agricultural fertilizer), all-round 1000 times of liquid of calcium (Shaanxi Province Yongji City modern age chemicals factory, registration card number:Agriculture
The quasi- word 1179 of fertilizer) totally 2 kinds of foliar fertilizers.Sprayer machine is：Motorized knapsack, every plant of amount of application is 2-3 kilograms, with medicine
Liquid moistens blade surface and does not descend drops physic liquor to be advisable.
H, spray iron fertilizer：After June, for iron deficiency disease disease disease tree, full tree sprays foliar fertilizer, was sprayed every 7-10 days
Once, spray 2-3 times altogether, selected foliar fertilizer has:(academy of agricultural sciences of the Shanxi Province cotton institute three agrochemical experiment of 2000 times of liquid of chelated iron
Factory, the quasi- word of agricultural fertilizer 0694), 1000 times of liquid of the green health of leaf (Shanxi Xian Feng bio tech ltd, the quasi- word of agricultural fertilizer 1179).Spray
Medicine machinery is：Motorized knapsack, every plant of amount of application is 2-3 kilograms, moistens blade surface with liquid and does not descend drops physic liquor
It is advisable.
I, orchard summer cut：Starting the summer in late June is cut, and vertical branch, the branch of excessive growth are arranged using drawing branch, turn round the tip, sparse branching, pinching
Apply, increase ventilation and penetrating light.
J, fruit tree pouring root：After June, for iron deficiency disease disease disease tree, 2% chelated iron solution is prepared, excavate morbidity
Soil around sick usage tree root, every plant of 20 kilograms of perfusion, then backfills, and tries not to injure root system when excavating soil.
K, fruit storage：After fruit harvesting, be put in storage in time, cryopreservation, temperature control is at -1 DEG C to 1 DEG C.
Hanging bag instillation liquid fertilizer on l, tree：In apple tree rest period, for iron deficiency disease disease disease tree, dripped using the upper hanging bag of tree
Note method is prevented and treated.Instillation liquid fertilizer selects nutrition biosolid injection, gelatin 1-5%, sucrose 6-10%, urea 10-14%, ferrous sulfate
5-9%, zinc sulfate 7-11%, borax 1-3%, water 57-61%, every plant of tree instil dilution liquid fertilizer consumption for 700-1000ml.First
Liquid fertilizer is diluted to 30-40 times with pure water, is then drilled in fruit tree rhizome portion, aperture 6mm, hole depth is generally trunk diameter
The angle of 2/3 drill bit and trunk be in 80 ° or so, nutrition fertilizer needed for individual plant is fitted into special instillation bag, be vertically hung on away from ground
On the center branch high of about 1.5 meters of face, the gas in discharge line, then instillation syringe needle is inserted into drilling, prevent Pig, pipe
Road, syringe needle are blocked, give a discount, deformed or leakage, after liquid fertilizer has been injected, aperture are sealed with wood chip or soil.
After the method for the present invention, the incidence of disease is significantly reduced：
Shown through investigating Demonstration Garden prevention effect, apple bitter pit, the average diseased fruit rate of pox spots disease be respectively 2.6%,
2.5%；Drive garden diseased fruit rate is 4.8%, 4.2%.Conventional control garden diseased fruit rate is 25.2%, 23.6%；Apple yellows are shown
The average diseased plant rate in model garden is 1.6%, and it is 3.5% to drive garden diseased plant rate, and conventional control garden diseased plant rate is 18.8%.Greatly reduce
Apple bitter pit, pox spots disease diseased fruit rate and apple yellows diseased plant rate, make the underproduction in apple production, poor quality, dead tree etc. straight
Connect the situation for causing orchard worker's economic benefit impaired to be improved, apple production, quality, the output value have and increase substantially.
The orchard of integrated control is implemented, the every prophylactico-therapeutic measures taken, to orchard, other diseases are equally effective.In apple
Orchard, the soil fertilizer and water management measure taken, promotes root growth, enhances tree vigo(u)r, improves tree body resistance against diseases, reduces
The generation of other diseases such as apple tree canker；The summer taken cuts measure, improves orchard ventilation and penetrating light condition, reduces orchard
Humidity, in addition to preventing and treating apple bitter pit, pox spots disease is conducive to, also helps other Apple diseases of preventing and treating and leaf portion disease
Evil.The foliar fertilizers such as yellow humic acid ecology calcium, the green health of leaf of foliage-spray preventing and treating apple bitter pit, pox spots disease and yellows, while
Also trunk infusion can be increased, tree body resistance against diseases is enhanced.Therefore, every apple bitter pit, pox spots disease, yellows prevent what is cured
Orchard, other diseases occur also light.
Presently preferred embodiments of the present invention is the foregoing is only, is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.It is all
Any modification, equivalent substitution and improvements made within the spirit and principles in the present invention etc., are all contained in protection scope of the present invention
It is interior.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of apple cultivation disease-preventing method, it is characterised in that follow the steps below：
A, orchard in after autumn defoliation of fruit trees, early November carries out full garden and ploughs deeply；
B, orchard full garden applying organic manure and micro- fertilizer while ploughing, organic fertilizer are biological organic fertilizer, and every mu of ground amount of application is
150-200 kilograms, micro- fertilizer is compound fertilizer, and every mu of ground amount of application is 90-120 kilograms；
C, early March proceed by orchard and pour water, and every plant of tree irrigation quantity reaches 50-75 kilograms, and early June carries out second filling
Water, every plant of tree irrigation quantity reaches 40-50 kilograms；
D, the first tenday period of a month in May carry out orchard green manuring plant in the ranks；
E, flower thinning is carried out at the florescence, disc flower in reservation removes side flower, and a flower is stayed every 15-20cm；Start within 15 days after fallen flowers into
Row fruit thinning, removes fruitlet, malformed fruit, disease pest really, control result amount；
10-15 days after f, fallen flowers, set entirely using motorized knapsack and spray high calcium liquid fertilizer, sprayed every 10-15 days once,
Spray 3-5 times altogether；Every plant of amount of application is 2-3 kilograms, and liquid moistens blade surface and do not descend drops physic liquor；
G, after June, for iron deficiency disease disease disease tree, full tree sprays foliar fertilizer or tree root fills chelated iron solution；
Wherein, when full tree sprays foliar fertilizer, every spray in 7-10 days once, spray altogether 2-3 times, every plant of amount of application is 2-3 kilograms, medicine
Liquid moistens blade surface and does not descend drops physic liquor；
When tree root fills chelated iron solution, 2% chelated iron solution is prepared, excavate the soil around the sick usage tree root of morbidity, every plant of perfusion
20 kilograms, then backfill, root system can not be injured when excavating soil；
H, late June start the summer and cut, and to vertical branch, the branch of excessive growth using drawing branch, turning round the tip, sparse branching, pinching measure, increase ventilation saturating
Light；
After i, fruit harvesting, be put in storage in time, cryopreservation, temperature control is at -1 DEG C to 1 DEG C；
J, in apple tree rest period, for iron deficiency disease disease disease tree, prevented and treated using the upper hanging bag drip of tree；Instillation liquid fertilizer
Selection nutrition biosolid injection, is then diluted to 30-40 times with pure water by nutrition biosolid injection, and every plant of tree dropped amount is 700-
1000ml；Then drilled in fruit tree rhizome portion, aperture 6mm, hole depth is the 2/3 of trunk diameter, and drill bit is in the angle of trunk
80 °, nutrition biosolid injection needed for individual plant is fitted into instillation bag, be vertically hung on the center branch on 1.5 meters high of ground, discharge pipe
Gas in road, then instillation syringe needle is inserted into drilling, prevent Pig, pipeline, syringe needle from blocking, give a discount, deform or leakage, treat
After liquid fertilizer has been injected, aperture is sealed with wood chip or soil.
2. apple cultivation disease-preventing method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that in the step a, the depth that full garden is ploughed deeply
It is 30-40cm to spend.
3. apple cultivation disease-preventing method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that in the step b, in being with trunk
The heart, two bar ditch are excavated from crown mapping, are applied after organic fertilizer and micro- fertilizer are mixed in ditch, are then backfilled.
4. apple cultivation disease-preventing method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that in the step b, for there is iron-deficient
The disease tree of yellows, with zinc-iron fertilizer and organic fertilizer according to 1:After 20 mass ratio is sufficiently mixed, buriing is in sick usage tree root, every plant
Using 1-2 kilograms.
5. apple cultivation disease-preventing method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that in the step d, green manure plant species is
One kind in common vetch or clover.
6. apple cultivation disease-preventing method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that in the step f, high calcium liquid fertilizer is Huang
1000 times of liquid of humic acid ecology 1200 times of liquid of calcium or all-round calcium.
7. apple cultivation disease-preventing method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that in the step g, foliar fertilizer is chelating
2000 times of liquid of iron or leaf 1000 times of liquid of green health.
8. apple cultivation disease-preventing method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that in the step j, nutrition biosolid injection is pressed
According to mass percent, composition is：Gelatin 1-5%, sucrose 6-10%, urea 10-14%, ferrous sulfate 5-9%, zinc sulfate 7-
11%th, borax 1-3%, remaining be water.
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108811997A (en) * | 2018-04-20 | 2018-11-16 | 申琳 | A method of control fruit tree yellowing |
| CN112314381A (en) * | 2020-11-12 | 2021-02-05 | 开远云之澳花卉有限公司 | Australia wintersweet pot culture method |
| CN113099938A (en) * | 2021-04-23 | 2021-07-13 | 西藏自治区农牧科学院蔬菜研究所 | Comprehensive prevention and control method for apple plant diseases and insect pests |
| CN115211335A (en) * | 2022-07-13 | 2022-10-21 | 甘肃省农业科学院植物保护研究所 | Ecological control system for Aphis citricola on apples and application of ecological control system |
-
2017
- 2017-04-13 CN CN201710241069.7A patent/CN106879426B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| 宣景宏等: "辽宁省红富士苹果套袋生产技术规程", 《北方果树》 * |
| 范舍玲等: ""光泰"牌果树营养注射肥在苹果树上的应用试验", 《山西果树》 * |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108811997A (en) * | 2018-04-20 | 2018-11-16 | 申琳 | A method of control fruit tree yellowing |
| CN112314381A (en) * | 2020-11-12 | 2021-02-05 | 开远云之澳花卉有限公司 | Australia wintersweet pot culture method |
| CN112314381B (en) * | 2020-11-12 | 2023-05-09 | 开远云之澳花卉有限公司 | Potted culture method of Chimonanthus praecox |
| CN113099938A (en) * | 2021-04-23 | 2021-07-13 | 西藏自治区农牧科学院蔬菜研究所 | Comprehensive prevention and control method for apple plant diseases and insect pests |
| CN115211335A (en) * | 2022-07-13 | 2022-10-21 | 甘肃省农业科学院植物保护研究所 | Ecological control system for Aphis citricola on apples and application of ecological control system |
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