CN106817019B - 用于控制环保型车辆的低压直流转换器的装置和方法 - Google Patents

用于控制环保型车辆的低压直流转换器的装置和方法 Download PDF

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CN106817019B
CN106817019B CN201610624320.3A CN201610624320A CN106817019B CN 106817019 B CN106817019 B CN 106817019B CN 201610624320 A CN201610624320 A CN 201610624320A CN 106817019 B CN106817019 B CN 106817019B
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全信慧
成玄旭
张熙崇
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Hyundai Motor Co
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/20—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by converters located in the vehicle
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L1/00—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles
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    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02M1/14—Arrangements for reducing ripples from dc input or output
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
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    • H02M3/33538—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only of the forward type
    • H02M3/33546—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only of the forward type with automatic control of the output voltage or current
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    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/337—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in push-pull configuration
    • H02M3/3376—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in push-pull configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/10—DC to DC converters
    • B60L2210/12—Buck converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/52—Drive Train control parameters related to converters
    • B60L2240/526—Operating parameters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/52—Drive Train control parameters related to converters
    • B60L2240/527—Voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0003—Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
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Abstract

本发明涉及用于控制环保型车辆的低压直流转换器的装置和方法。该装置包括：参考电流接收器，接收参考电流；斜坡信号发生器，通过叠加LDC的输入电流和用于调节斜坡信号的斜率的DC偏移和锯齿波来生成斜坡信号；和比较器，使用由参考电流接收器接收到的参考电流和由斜坡信号发生器所生成的斜坡信号来生成脉冲宽度调制(PWM)信号。

Description

用于控制环保型车辆的低压直流转换器的装置和方法
技术领域
本公开涉及用于控制环保型车辆的低压直流(DC)-DC转换器(LDC)的装置和方法，更具体地，涉及通过二元化用于生成控制环保型车辆的LDC的脉冲宽度调制(PWM)信号的斜坡信号的斜率，即使在低负载环境中也能够改善低压DC-DC转换器(LDC)的电流控制响应特性(控制性能)的技术。
背景技术
环保型车辆可以包括用于提供驱动功率的高压电池和用于为电气负载供应电力的辅助电池。这里，在上位控制器的控制下，当辅助电池的电压不超过参考值时，与辅助电池和电气负载连接的低压DC-DC转换器(LDC)可以对高电池的电压进行下转换，由此用下转换的电压为辅助电池充电。
在基于现有技术的LDC中，用于生成控制环保型车辆的LDC的脉冲宽度调制(PWM)信号的斜坡信号的斜率被统一化/一元化。当参考电压低于辅助电池的充电电压时，LDC可能进入电流控制响应特性较慢的电流断续模式。因此，存在以下问题：可能不能执行零电压切换(ZVS)，引起切换损耗，输出纹波劣化，在核心类型部件(例如，变压器、电感器等)中引起噪音。
发明内容
为了解决在现有技术中发生的上述问题已经提出本公开，同时通过现有技术获得的优点被保持完整。
本公开的一方面提供一种用于控制环保型车辆的低压直流(DC)-DC转换器(LDC)的装置和方法，其通过在参考占空比以下时(电流断续模式)急剧调节用于生成控制环保型车辆的LDC的脉冲宽度调制(PWM)信号的斜坡信号的斜率(将斜坡信号的斜率调节至第一值)，并在超过参考占空比时(电流连续模式)缓慢调节斜坡信号的斜率(将斜坡信号的斜率调节至第二值)，即使在低负载的环境下，也能够改善LDC的电流控制响应特性(控制性能)。
本公开的目的并不限定于上述目的，并且本公开的其它目的和优点可以通过以下描述来理解，并通过本公开的示例性实施例来清楚地描述。此外，将容易地了解，本公开的目的和优点可以通过在所附权利要求所示的方式以及其组合来实施。
根据本公开的示例性实施例，一种用于控制环保型车辆的低压直流(DC)-DC转换器(LDC)的装置，所述装置包括：参考电流接收器，接收参考电流；斜坡信号发生器，通过叠加LDC的输入电流和用于调节斜坡信号的斜率的DC偏移和锯齿波来生成斜坡信号；和比较器，使用由所述参考电流接收器接收到的参考电流和由所述斜坡信号发生器所生成的斜坡信号来生成脉冲宽度调制(PWM)信号。
根据本公开的另一示例性实施例，一种用于控制环保型车辆的低压直流(DC)-DC转换器(LDC)的方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：由参考电流接收器接收参考电流；由斜坡信号发生器通过叠加LDC的输入电流和用于调节斜坡信号的斜率的DC偏移和锯齿波来生成斜坡信号；以及由比较器使用由所述参考电流接收器接收到的参考电流和由所述斜坡信号发生器所生成的斜坡信号来生成脉冲宽度调制(PWM)信号。
附图说明
本公开的上述和其它目的、特征和有益效果将通过下面参照附图的详细描述而被更加明显。
图1为根据本公开的实施例的用于控制环保型的低压DC-DC转换器(LDC)的装置的构成图。
图2为根据本公开的实施例的用于控制环保型车辆的低压DC-DC转换器(LDC)的装置的电路图。
图3为根据本公开的实施例的应用了本公开的各方面的LDC的示意图。
图4为示出根据本公开的实施例的用于控制环保型车辆的低压DC-DC转换器的装置的操作结果的示意图。
图5为根据本公开的实施例的用于控制环保型车辆的低压DC-DC转换器(LDC)的方法的流程图。
附图中每个元件的符号
10：参考电流接收器
20：斜坡信号发生器
30：比较器
501：接收参考电流
502：通过叠加LDC的输入电流和用于调节斜坡信号的斜率的DC偏移和锯齿波来生成斜坡信号
503：使用参考电流和斜坡信号生成PWM信号
具体实施方式
参照附图从以下所描述的详细说明中上述目的、特征和优点将变得显而易见。因此，本公开所属领域的技术人员可以易于实施本公开的技术构思。另外，在描述本公开中，在其中判断与本公开相关的公知技术的详细描述可以不必要地使本公开的构思不清楚的情况下，此描述将可以被忽略。在下文中，将参照附图详细描述本公开的示例性实施例。
图1为根据本公开的实施例的用于控制环保型车辆的低压DC-DC转换器(LDC)的装置的构成图。将以示例的方式描述LDC。
如图1所示，根据本公开的示例性实施例的用于控制环保型车辆的LDC的装置可以包括参考电流接收器10、斜坡信号发生器20和比较器30。
上述部件中的每个将被描述。首先，参考电流接收器10可以接收电流指令(current reference)作为参考电流。
接下来，斜坡信号发生器20可以通过叠加(overlap)输入电流、DC偏移和锯齿波(锯齿信号)来生成斜坡信号。
输入电流可以是输入至LDC的电流，并且具体地，可以指在LDC内的变压器的初级侧中流动的电流。此外，DC偏移可以用来增加PWM信号的占空比(duty)在参考值以下的区间(即，LDC在电流断续模式中操作的区间)中的斜坡信号的斜率值。此外，为了防止LDC的辐射(radiation)，锯齿波的斜率可以被设定为在LDC的输出电感器中流动的电流(图3中的ILo)的斜率的0.5倍以上。在这种情况下，参考值可以由LDC的输入电压和输出电压以及变压器匝数比(降压比)来确定。
斜坡信号发生器20可以在PWM信号的占空比为参考值以下的区间430中生成具有第一值的斜率的斜坡信号，并且斜坡信号发生器20可以在PWM信号的占空比超过参考值的区间440中生成具有第二值的斜率的斜坡信号，如图4所示。在这种情况下，第一值可以是大于第二值的值。
接下来，比较器30(其可以是峰值电流比较器)可以使用由参考电流接收器10接收到的参考电流Ic和由斜坡信号发生器20所生成的斜坡信号Is来生成PWM信号。也就是说，比较器30可以通过以下方式来PWM信号：当由斜坡信号发生器20所生成的斜坡信号超过由参考电流接收器10接收到的参考电流时确定“1”，并且当由斜坡信号发生器20所生成的斜坡信号不超过由参考电流接收器10接收到的参考电流时确定“0”。
上述部件中的每个可以由控制器(未示出)控制，并且控制器可以执行常规控制使得各个部件可以正常执行其上面列出的功能或其它功能。
在下文中，将参照图2详细描述斜坡信号发生器20的结构。
图2为根据本公开的示例性实施例的用于控制环保型车辆的低压DC-DC转换器(LDC)的装置的电路图。
如图2所示，根据本公开的斜坡信号发生器20可以通过叠加输入电流21、锯齿波22和DC偏移23来生成斜坡信号。在这种情况下，电阻器R4、R5和R6以及电容器C2可以用作调节斜坡信号的斜率的增益。
图3为本公开的各方面被应用于的LDC的例示性示意图。
如图3所示，本公开的各方面被应用于的LDC可以通过转换器控制器100执行电流控制并且通过电压控制器200执行电压控制。
转换器控制器100可以使用由参考电流接收器10接收到的参考电流Ic和由斜坡信号发生器20所生成的斜坡信号Is来生成PWM信号，并且确定所生成的PWM信号的占空比。
由于LDC的输入电压高、其输出电压(所需电压)低且其负载低的驱动条件，当LDC输出最小占空比时，LDC可能进入电流断续模式，因为电流低。在电流断续模式中，与电流连续模式相比响应性低，并且在LDC进入电流指令降低至斜坡信号的最低水平以下并再次遇到斜坡信号从而输出占空比的突发模式的情况下，响应性能可能变得更慢。在这种情况下，斜坡信号的斜率可能是决定电流控制响应性能的因素，并且在斜坡信号的斜率为在L0300中流动的电流的斜率的0.5倍以上的情况下，控制信号可以不被辐射。
根据现有技术，为了防止控制信号的辐射，可以确定斜坡信号的斜率。然而，根据本公开，为了在极端低负载下提高控制性能，斜坡信号的斜率可以被二元化为预定占空比以下的区间和预定占空比以上的区间。因此，根据本公开，每个区间的响应性能可以通过不同地调节每个占空比的响应性来满足。
例如，如果控制不稳定发生在电流指令Ic为1.0V的电压电平(满刻度：4.5V)的低占空比区间，则可以通过将DC偏移添加至斜坡信号，引起针对同一占空比的电流指令Ic的增加效果，由此使得可以不使用Ic为1.0V(Ic＝1.0V)的不稳定的驱动区间。
如果斜坡信号的斜率在低占空比区间增加，则可以降低与1.0V的电流指令Ic相比要输出的占空变化量，由此使得可以确保控制稳定性。斜坡信号的斜率可以通过电阻器R4、R5和R6以及电容器C2的组合确定，如图2所示。在切换频率的周期下执行电容器C2的充电/放电的同时，可以根据电容器的电容来改变斜率，并且可以通过在低占空比区间急剧设定斜率而在预定占空比以上缓慢设定斜率来确定电流控制响应性能。
图4为示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的用于控制环保型车辆的低压DC-DC转换器的装置的操作结果的示意图。
在图4中，附图标记‘410’表示参考电流Ic，附图标记‘420’表示斜坡信号的电流最大值，附图标记‘430’‘表示PWM信号的占空比为参考值以下的区间，附图标记‘440’表示PWM信号的占空比超过参考值的区间。
由此，可以理解的是，在‘430’区间中的斜坡信号的斜率比在‘440’区间中的斜坡信号的斜率更急剧，或更陡，或具有更大的倾斜度。
结果，当电流指令Ic微小地改变时，‘430’区间中的占空比变化幅度可以比‘440’区间中的占空比变化幅度小。因此，输出电压的变化可以是微小降低的，使得控制是稳定的。
图5为根据本公开的示例性实施例的用于控制环保型车辆的低压DC-DC转换器(LDC)的方法的流程图。
首先，参考电流接收器10可以接收参考电流(501)。
此外，斜坡信号发生器20可以通过叠加LDC的输入电流、用于调节斜坡信号的斜率的DC偏移和锯齿波来生成斜坡信号(502)。在这种情况下，斜坡信号发生器20可以在PWM信号的占空比为参考值以下的区间中生成具有第一值的斜率的斜坡信号，并且在PWM信号的占空比超过参考值的区间中生成具有第二值的斜率的斜坡信号。
然后，比较器30可以使用由参考电流接收器接收到的参考电流和由斜坡信号发生器所生成的斜坡信号来生成PWM信号(503)。
如上所述根据本公开的方法可以由计算机程序创建。配置计算机程序的代码和代码段可以以由本领域的计算机程序员容易地推导出，或者实施或创建。此外，所创建的程序可以存储在计算机可读记录介质(信息存储介质)中并且可以由计算机读取和执行，从而实现根据本公开的方法。此外，记录介质包括所有类型的计算机可读记录介质。
如上所述，根据本公开的示例性实施例，通过在参考占空比以下(电流断续模式)急剧调节用于生成控制环保型车辆的LDC的PWM信号的斜坡信号的斜率(将斜坡信号的斜率调节至第一值)，并在超过参考占空比时(电流连续模式)缓慢调节斜坡信号的斜率(将斜坡信号的斜率调节至第二值)，即使在低负载的环境下，也可以改善LDC的电流控制响应特性(控制性能)。
另外，根据本公开，在占空比小的驱动条件下，LDC的输出电压的纹波值可以从2.35Vpp降低至512mVpp。
在本公开中，环保型车辆可以以是通过使用高压电池驱动电动马达所驱动的车辆，包括混合动力电动车辆(HEV)、电动车辆(EV)、插电式混合动力电动车辆(PHEV)、燃料电池电动车辆(FCEV)等。
在下文中，虽然已经参考示例性实施例和附图描述了本公开，但是本公开不限于此，可以在不脱离在权利要求书中所要求保护的本公开的精神和范围的情况下由本领域技术人员多方面修改和改变。

Claims (3)

1.一种用于控制环保型车辆的低压直流-直流转换器的装置，所述装置包括：
参考电流接收器，接收参考电流；
斜坡信号发生器，通过叠加低压直流-直流转换器的输入电流和用于调节斜坡信号的斜率的直流偏移和锯齿波来生成斜坡信号；和
比较器，使用由所述参考电流接收器接收到的参考电流和由所述斜坡信号发生器所生成的斜坡信号来生成脉冲宽度调制信号，
其中，所述斜坡信号发生器在所述脉冲宽度调制信号的占空比为参考值以下的区间中生成斜率为第一值的斜坡信号，并且在所述脉冲宽度调制信号的占空比超过所述参考值的区间中生成斜率为第二值的斜坡信号，
其中，所述第一值大于所述第二值。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中，所述比较器是峰值电流比较器。
3.一种用于控制环保型车辆的低压直流-直流转换器的方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：
由参考电流接收器接收参考电流；
由斜坡信号发生器通过叠加低压直流-直流转换器的输入电流和用于调节斜坡信号的斜率的直流偏移和锯齿波来生成斜坡信号；以及
由比较器使用由所述参考电流接收器接收到的参考电流和由所述斜坡信号发生器所生成的斜坡信号来生成脉冲宽度调制信号，
其中，在生成斜坡信号的步骤中，在所述PWM信号的占空比为参考值以下的区间中生成斜率为第一值的斜坡信号，并且在所述PWM信号的占空比超过所述参考值的区间中生成斜率为第二值的斜坡信号，
其中，所述第一值大于所述第二值。
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