CN106773615A - A kind of pulsar photon timing method based on APD detectors - Google Patents
A kind of pulsar photon timing method based on APD detectors Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of pulsar photon timing method based on APD detectors, realized to 0.5~10keV weak pulse star photon detections using APD.On the one hand have the advantages that detection efficient is high, the response time is fast, energy resolution is high；On the other hand, detector inside photo-generated carrier is that, to drift, the gitter brought in itself by detector is smaller, therefore is highly suitable for pulsar photon regularly along pn-junction；Using constant fraction discriminator and single threshold triggering method, while noise is suppressed, further eliminate due to the amplitude autokinetic effect that different X-ray energy bands come；With reference to the GPS second pulse signal steady and short steady advantage of atomic clock long, steady, high precision clock frequency long is exported by correction principle, keep TDC timing accuracies, further reduce pulsar photon timing error.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical fields such as survey of deep space navigation, Aero-Space, information remote sensings, and in particular to one kind is based on
The pulsar photon timing method of APD detectors.
Background technology
Pulsar navigation is a kind of independent navigation mode for depending on the natural clock of pulsar, and it is completely independent of ground
The support stood, the time service of spacecraft is realized using the pulsar X-ray band pulse detected in universe, determines appearance, positioning, and then complete
Into the independent navigation of spacecraft.The general principle of X-ray pulsar navigation is：When the pulse of measurement pulsar reaches spacecraft
Phase, constitute the difference of phase of the pulsion phase for solar system barycenter, the difference is the letter of position of aircraft and pulsar position
Number, it is assumed that the position of known pulsar, by certain navigation algorithm, can obtain observation moment spacecraft with respect to the sun
It is the position coordinates of barycenter.
Pulsar pulse arrival time TOA (Time of Arrival) measurements are the keys for realizing pulsar navigation.TOA
It is relatively to be obtained by observing the nominal contour of profile and high s/n ratio.Spacecraft detects arteries and veins by installing X-ray detector
Rush the x-ray photon of star radiation, record photon arrival time, through integration after a while, fit pulse profile, and with arrive
Nominal contour up to solar system barycenter compares determination TOA.
Therefore, high accuracy photon arrival time is the basic observation of detector, directly affects TOA measurements and navigation essence
Degree.Photon timing accuracy is related to the X single-photon detectors and timing method selected.Pulsar navigation is used as a kind of new navigation
Technology, relevant report is less both at home and abroad at present in terms of pulsar photon timing research.
The content of the invention
In view of this, it is an object of the invention to provide a kind of pulsar photon timing method based on APD detectors, can
For the development of X-ray pulsar navigation detector, pulsar photon pulse arrival time TOA measurements provide technical support.
A kind of pulsar photon timing method based on APD detectors, comprises the following steps：
Step 1, using APD detector direct impulses starlight, obtain photonic pulsed signals；
Step 2, the photonic pulsed signals to step 1 acquisition carry out preposition amplification and filtering shaping treatment so that after filtering
The pulse signal of output is tried one's best the original rising edge of holding, wherein, photonic pulsed signals rising time 100ns~200ns it
Between；
Step 3, the pulse signal of step 3 is divided into two-way, to wherein decaying all the way, to prolonging all the way in addition
Late, the intersection point of two paths of signals waveform is found by trigger, while producing a positive pulse；
The positive pulse that step 4, the pulse per second (PPS) exported using atomic clock output 50M pulse clocks and GPS are produced to step 3
It is timed, most pulsar photon arrival time is positioned at nanosecond at last.
Preferably, photonic pulsed signals are carried out in the step 2 preposition enhanced processing using being put before pressure sensitive, electric current
Put before sensitive or charge-sensitive before the mode of putting processed.
Preferably, in the step 2, filtering shaping treatment is using CR- (RC)mFiltering or active SK filtering are realized.
Preferably, in the step 2, using CR- (RC)mDuring filtering, by selecting the RC values of suitable filter circuit, make
The pulse exported after must filtering keeps original rising edge.
Preferably, in the step 3, the method for finding the intersection point of two paths of signals waveform is：Assuming that the pulse signal of input
For slope is the triangular signal of A：
Vin=At (3)
Then signal is all the way after q times is decayed：
Va=Aqt (4)
Another road signal of delayed Δ t is：
Vd=Aq (t- Δs t) (5)
Waveform intersection point time t is determined by formula (4) and (5)CIt is expressed as：
tC=Δ t/ (1-q) (6)
Preferably, the amplitude of decay road signal is between 0.4~0.6 times of primary signal.
Preferably, the time delay of postpones signal is between 20ns~30ns.
Preferably, in the step 4, the pulse per second (PPS) that GPS is exported is corrected by sliding Mean Method, will be by school
Positive GPS second pulse and 50M pulse clocks, are input in TDC modules, photon are timed, specially：
If the pulse per second (PPS) time series of GPS output is X={ x1,x2,…xn}；If the pulse period of atomic clock is
T, is counted with the pulse of the atomic clock to the pulse per second (PPS) time of GPS, then pulse per second (PPS) time series is expressed as Y={ y1,y2,…
yn, wherein：
yi=yi-1+niT-εi (7)
Wherein, i=1,2 ..., n；N represents element number in sequence；niIt is the count value of atomic clock in 1s；εiIt is GPS second
Pulse random error and the accumulated error sum of atomic clock, meet Gaussian Profile；
Long-time counting is carried out to GPS pulse using atomic clock, long-term averaged count is obtainedAs next pulse per second (PPS)
The estimate of countingBy yiCompare the estimate for obtaining lower one-second burst error with xi in time series XWillInstead of ni
And willInstead of εi, substitute into (7) formula obtain revised pulse per second (PPS) time series.
Preferably, when atomic clock is corrected to GPS second pulse, to the counting number N of GPS second pulse>10000.
Preferably, the TDC modules are finely divided using time split-phase method to the pulse clock that atomic clock is exported, and by
The subdivision time, be applied in photon timing by this.
Preferably, by atomic clock clock subdivision into 0 °, 90 °, 180 ° and 270 ° of 4 split-phase clocks, final timing accuracy
It is 5ns.
The present invention has the advantages that：
(1) realized to 0.5~10keV weak pulse star photon detections using APD.On the one hand have detection efficient high, loud
It is fast between seasonable, the advantages of energy resolution is high；On the other hand, detector inside photo-generated carrier is to drift, by visiting along pn-junction
The gitter that survey device brings in itself is smaller, therefore is highly suitable for pulsar photon regularly；
(2) constant fraction discriminator and single threshold triggering method are used, while noise is suppressed, is further eliminated due to different X
The amplitude autokinetic effect that photon energy is brought；
(3) the GPS second pulse signal steady and short steady advantage of atomic clock long is combined, it is steady, high-precision to export length by correction principle
Degree clock frequency, keeps TDC timing accuracies, further reduces pulsar photon timing error.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the pulsar photon timing method theory diagram based on APD detectors of the invention；
Fig. 2 is APD single-photon detectors general principle of the invention；
Fig. 3 is constant fraction discriminator module of the invention；
Fig. 4 is to keep module the time based on atomic clock of the invention.
Specific embodiment
Develop simultaneously embodiment below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and the present invention will be described in detail.
A kind of pulsar photon timing method based on APD detectors, main operational principle as shown in figure 1, including：
(1) APD detectors：The principle amplified by snowslide, incident XRF is converted to by photoelectric effect micro-
Weak electric signal.
(2) signal extraction module：Comprising circuits such as preposition amplification, shaping filters, the small-signal that APD is exported is converted to
Can be used for the pulse signal of timing；
(3) constant fraction discriminator module：Triggered using constant fraction discriminator and single threshold, it is ensured that useful signal is gathered, while eliminating not
The amplitude that co-energy photonic band is come is moved about；
(4) clock keeps module：Using miniature atomic clock, with reference to GPS second pulse, steady clock frequency high is exported to FPGA,
Ensure the precision of TDC timings；
(5) TDC (Time-Digital Convert) module：Realized inside FPGA, starting is used as by GPS second pulse
Signal, the positive pulse to constant fraction discriminator circuit output carries out time figure conversion.
Detailed process of the invention is as follows：
(1) general principle of APD single-photon detectors
APD detectors are using drawing flow-through structure, it is possible to achieve the unification of highly sensitive and fast-response, are very suitable for pulsar
Weak photon detection.Flow-through APD structures and distribution map of the electric field are drawn as shown in Fig. 2 using P+IPN+Sandwich construction.
When appropriate reverse biased is applied to APD, whole PI areas all exhaust, therefore are referred to as depletion layer.In depletion layer
Portion can be divided into multiplication region and drift region again.PN+There is high field region in knot, be also called multiplication region due to built in field effect, and it holds
Most of pressure drop of reverse biased added by APD is received.I areas are more much broader than P area, but its electric field is also than high field region much weaker, but foot
So that carrier keeps certain drift velocity, the of short duration transition time is only needed in I areas wider, therefore I areas are also known as drift
Area.
When incident light enters to inject in semi-conducting material through antireflection layer, photo-generated carrier electron hole pair is produced.Electronics is empty
Cave, by continuous ionization by collision, makes the concentration of carrier at double to accelerating to obtain energy very high by High-Field in multiplication region
Ground increases, and produces avalanche multiplication effect.Then photo-generated carrier after multiplication is quickly getted in drift region, until by the electricity at two ends
Collect pole.
So a branch of, avalanche photodide can obtain fast response speed, and with certain gain, while reducing
Noise.
In specific implementation, X-ray APD detectors can select the APD007 models of FMB-Oxford companies production, response
Time is less than 10ns, and energy resolution is better than 300eV@6keV, reverse biased 0-400V.Detector window selects 70 μm of Kapton
Material, only allows X-ray of 0.5-20KeV to pass through.
(2) preposition amplification and filtering wave-shaping circuit
It is preposition amplify can select to be put before pressure sensitive according to different detector models, put before current sensitive, charge-sensitive
Before put.Here because APD detectors possess the characteristics of high-gain, fast-response in itself, therefore simplest parallel connection can be selected
Structure is put before negative feedback current is sensitive, its output voltage can be expressed as
Vo(t)=iD(t)Rf (1)
Wherein Vo(t) be current sensitive before put output voltage, iDT () is that APD detects output current, RfBefore current sensitive
Put negative feedback resistor.
Filtering wave-shaping circuit can use CR- (RC)mFiltering or active SK filtering are realized.Here CR- (RC) is usedmFiltering
Mode, first passes through CR differential, then is integrated by more than 2 grades of RC.CR-(RC)mOnly selectively RC constants are relevant for filter shape,
The pulse exported after filtering can be expressed as：
Peak value is reached in t=m τ, nowVomIt is the peak value of pulse exported after filtering.
By selecting suitable RC values so that the pulse exported after filtering is tried one's best the original rising edge of holding, and after meeting
The need for continuous timing.Rising time is between 100ns~200ns.Meanwhile, in order to follow-up timing needs, shaping is amplified
Signal amplitude need between 1V~5V.
(3) constant fraction discriminator method
Because APD detector response times are fast, internal photo-generated carrier is to drift, by detector band in itself along pn-junction
The gitter come is smaller.But different X-ray energy can cause the signal amplitude that APD is exported variant.Therefore, for APD
The signal of output can use constant fraction discriminator method.
As shown in figure 3, constant fraction discriminator is a kind of timing method with constant triggering ratio, it is adaptable to which signal leading edge differs not
Greatly, the different signal of amplitude, can eliminate the Time walk effect introduced due to the difference of input signal amplitude.
The input pulse signal of constant fraction discriminator is first divided into two-way, to wherein decaying all the way, to entering all the way in addition
Row postpones, and then two paths of signals is added to the input of zero-cossing discriminator, obtains time detection data signal.Herein for letter
It is single, it is assumed that input signal is that slope is the triangular signal of A
Vin=At (3)
Then signal is all the way after q times is decayed
Va=Aqt (4)
Another road signal of delayed Δ t is
Vd=Aq (t- Δs t) (5)
The time t determined by two above formula, comparatorCCan be expressed as
tC=Δ t/ (1-q) (6)
Then the intersection point t of two paths of signals waveform is foundC, while producing a positive pulse；As can be seen here, comparator determines
Time is unrelated with signal amplitude, eliminates the Time walk effect introduced due to the difference of input signal amplitude.
Here according to the signal characteristic after shaping, postpone road signal delay time between 20~30ns, road signal of decaying
0.4~0.6 times for primary signal between.
(4) the time holding based on atomic clock
Using Mean Method is slided to atomic clock frequency marking and GPS second synthetic impulse, the GPS and 50MHz that output calibration is crossed are former
Secondary clock frequency is used to TDC modules below.
Because the random error of GPS second signal meets the normal distribution that average is zero, can be filtered by slip mean algorithm.
By the mean operation to preceding N seconds error, the accumulated error estimate of atomic frequency is obtained, the atomic clock of next second is counted
Value is compensated, so as to generate high-precision pps pulse per second signal.
Concrete operations principle is as follows：If the pulse per second (PPS) time series of GPS output is X={ x1,x2,…xn}.If former
The pulse period of secondary clock is T, and the GPS second burst length is counted with the atomic clock, then pulse per second (PPS) time series can be represented
It is Y={ y1,y2,…yn}
yi=yi-1+niT-εi (7)
Wherein, niIt is 1s inside countings device to the count value of atomic clock.εiIt is the random error and atomic clock of GPS second pulse
Accumulated error sum, meets Gaussian Profile.From (7) formula, Y is by n for pulse per second (PPS) sequenceiAnd εiDetermine, if can accurately forecast down
The n of one secondiAnd εi, then high-precision pulse per second (PPS) time series can be produced.
As shown in figure 4, using atomic clock to (N for a long time>10000) GPS pulse counted respectively, obtains long-term flat
Equal count valueAs the estimate that next pulse per second (PPS) is countedIt is simultaneously less using atomic clock error within the unit interval
Characteristic, by yiWith xiCompare the estimate for obtaining lower one-second burst errorWillWith(7) formula of substitution can be obtained by high-precision
The pulse per second (PPS) time series of degree.
Atomic clock can use commercialization CPT atomic clocks, and with small-sized advantage, general output 10MHz frequencies are, it is necessary to pass through
Frequency multiplication chip exports 50MHz atomic frequency standards, is used to TDC below.
(5) TDC modules
Time digital transformation TDC modules are the rise time of the positive pulse signal for obtaining time detecting circuit to carry out numeral
Change.TDC can realize that the GPS second pulse that will be input into is used as initial start signals, and constant proportion is fixed inside FPGA according to demand
When the positive pulse that exports as the stop signals for terminating, Tstart+(Tstop-Tstart) it is photon arrival time.(Tstop-Tstart)
Measured by the time Time_bin of TDC inside modules.When specific TDC methods can use counter-type TDC, carry chain
Between interpolation type TDC, multiphase clock interpolation type TDC.
Here it is the method combined using " thick " counting and " thin " time measurement by taking time split-phase TDC as an example.Thick count section
Divide and obtained by the clock-driven high precision timer of the external atomic clock CLK (50MHz) of FPGA, time resolution Time_bin is
20ns。
Thin time portion is obtained by clock phase-splitting, by the PLL modules inside FPGA, CLK (50MHz) clock is divided into 4
Individual phase (0 °, 90 °, 180 ° and 270 °), time measurement is carried out using this 4 split-phase clocks, can reach the Time_ of thick clock
Bin is segmented to 1/4, and final photon positioning time is differentiated up to 5ns.
In sum, presently preferred embodiments of the present invention is these are only, is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
All any modification, equivalent substitution and improvements within the spirit and principles in the present invention, made etc., should be included in of the invention
Within protection domain.
Claims (11)
1. a kind of pulsar photon timing method based on APD detectors, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：
Step 1, using APD detector direct impulses starlight, obtain photonic pulsed signals；
Step 2, the photonic pulsed signals to step 1 acquisition carry out preposition amplification and filtering shaping treatment so that exported after filtering
Pulse signal try one's best the original rising edge of holding, wherein, photonic pulsed signals rising time is between 100ns~200ns；
Step 3, the pulse signal of step 3 is divided into two-way, to wherein decaying all the way, to postponing all the way in addition, led to
The intersection point that trigger finds two paths of signals waveform is crossed, while producing a positive pulse；
Step 4, the pulse per second (PPS) exported using atomic clock output 50M pulse clocks and GPS are carried out to the positive pulse that step 3 is produced
Regularly, most pulsar photon arrival time is positioned at nanosecond at last.
2. a kind of pulsar photon timing method based on APD detectors as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that described
In step 2 photonic pulsed signals are carried out with preposition enhanced processing to be put or electric charge spirit using being put before pressure sensitive, before current sensitive
The mode of putting is processed before quick.
3. a kind of pulsar photon timing method based on APD detectors as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that described
In step 2, filtering shaping treatment is using CR- (RC)mFiltering or active SK filtering are realized.
4. a kind of pulsar photon timing method based on APD detectors as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that described
In step 2, using CR- (RC)mDuring filtering, by the RC values for selecting suitable filter circuit so that the pulse exported after filtering
Keep original rising edge.
5. a kind of pulsar photon timing method based on APD detectors as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that described
In step 3, the method for finding the intersection point of two paths of signals waveform is：Assuming that the pulse signal of input is the triangle letter of A for slope
Number：
Vin=At (3)
Then signal is all the way after q times is decayed：
Va=Aqt (4)
Another road signal of delayed Δ t is：
Vd=Aq (t- Δs t) (5)
Waveform intersection point time t is determined by formula (4) and (5)CIt is expressed as：
tC=Δ t/ (1-q) (6).
6. a kind of pulsar photon timing method based on APD detectors as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that decay
The amplitude of road signal is between 0.4~0.6 times of primary signal.
7. a kind of pulsar photon timing method based on APD detectors as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that postpone
The time delay of signal is between 20ns~30ns.
8. a kind of pulsar photon timing method based on APD detectors as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that described
In step 4, the pulse per second (PPS) that GPS is exported is corrected by sliding Mean Method, by corrected GPS second pulse and 50M
Pulse clock, is input in TDC modules, photon is timed, specially：
If the pulse per second (PPS) time series of GPS output is X={ x1,x2,…xn}；If the pulse period of atomic clock is T, with
The pulse of the atomic clock is counted to the pulse per second (PPS) time of GPS, then pulse per second (PPS) time series is expressed as Y={ y1,y2,…yn,
Wherein：
yi=yi-1+niT-εi (7)
Wherein, i=1,2 ..., n；N represents element number in sequence；niIt is the count value of atomic clock in 1s；εiIt is GPS second pulse
Random error and the accumulated error sum of atomic clock, meet Gaussian Profile；
Long-time counting is carried out to GPS pulse using atomic clock, long-term averaged count is obtainedCounted as next pulse per second (PPS)
EstimateBy yiCompare the estimate for obtaining lower one-second burst error with xi in time series XWillInstead of niAnd
WillInstead of εi, substitute into (7) formula obtain revised pulse per second (PPS) time series.
9. a kind of pulsar photon timing method based on APD detectors as claimed in claim 8, it is characterised in that atom
When clock is corrected to GPS second pulse, to the counting number N of GPS second pulse>10000.
10. a kind of pulsar photon timing method based on APD detectors as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that described
TDC modules are finely divided using time split-phase method to the pulse clock that atomic clock is exported, and are thus applied to the subdivision time
In photon timing.
11. a kind of pulsar photon timing methods based on APD detectors as claimed in claim 10, it is characterised in that will
Into 0 °, 90 °, 180 ° and 270 ° of 4 split-phase clocks, final timing accuracy is 5ns to atomic clock clock subdivision.
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