CN106755731B - A kind of method of duplex technique production low-carbon welding wire steel - Google Patents
A kind of method of duplex technique production low-carbon welding wire steel Download PDFInfo
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- CN106755731B CN106755731B CN201611205721.1A CN201611205721A CN106755731B CN 106755731 B CN106755731 B CN 106755731B CN 201611205721 A CN201611205721 A CN 201611205721A CN 106755731 B CN106755731 B CN 106755731B
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
- C21C5/28—Manufacture of steel in the converter
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
- C21C7/10—Handling in a vacuum
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
- C21C2007/0093—Duplex process; Two stage processes
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- Carbon Steel Or Casting Steel Manufacturing (AREA)
- Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of methods that duplex technique produces low-carbon welding wire steel, comprising the following steps: mechanical mixing method smelts the molten iron after desulfurizing iron, desulfurization by dephosphorization converter, the molten steel progress ladle refining after being sent into decarburization converter smelting, the tapping progress circulation degassing method refining of decarburization converter, circulation degassing method refining of tapping, the molten steel after ladle refining of dephosphorization converter carry out sheet billet continuous casting.The method of duplex technique production low-carbon welding wire steel can guarantee that welding wire is functional, improve the metallurgical quality of welding wire.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to metallurgical technology field, in particular to a kind of method of duplex technique production low-carbon welding wire steel.
Background technique
With the raising of welding technique and industrial automatization, welding wire has been widely used in vehicle manufacture, shipbuilding, work
In the manufacturing industry such as journey machinery, bridge, welding material is the basis of welding technique, it is advanced welding procedure, welding equipment mentions
For support, the yield of China's welding wire is also in rapid growth.The extensive use of welding wire determines that welding wire steel will have good drawing
Energy and welding performance, thus have strict requirements to the mass fraction of the chemical component in steel.
The performance of welding wire is directly related to entire welded comprehensive performance and safety, including mechanical property, high temperature resistant
Performance, creep-resistant property and welding technological properties etc..The inherent quality of welding wire steel chemical composition decision welding wire, and the welding of welding wire
Processing performance will directly affect the quality or even entire welded safety of weld seam, therefore have to the smelting ingredient of welding wire steel
There are strict requirements.
It is uniform that production method in the prior art not can guarantee component of weld wire, it is understood that there may be serious component segregation, drawing
Performance is poor.
Summary of the invention
The present invention provides a kind of method of duplex technique production low-carbon welding wire steel, solves or part solves existing skill
It is uniform that production method in art not can guarantee component of weld wire, it is understood that there may be serious component segregation, the poor technology of drawing property
Problem realizes and guarantees that welding wire is functional, improves the technical effect of the metallurgical quality of welding wire.
A kind of method of duplex technique production low-carbon welding wire steel provided by the invention, comprising the following steps:
By mechanical mixing method to desulfurizing iron, calculate by percentage to the quality, the S of the molten iron after desulfurization≤
0.0005%;
The molten iron after desulfurization is smelted by dephosphorization converter, is calculated by percentage to the quality, the dephosphorization converter goes out
C≤3.5% of steel, Si≤0.0020%, S≤0.0040%;
Decarburization converter smelting is sent into the tapping of the dephosphorization converter, is calculated by percentage to the quality, the decarburization converter
C≤0.05% of tapping, Si≤0.010%;
Circulation degassing method refining is carried out to the tapping of the decarburization converter, is calculated by percentage to the quality, the circulating degasification
The C≤0.01%, Si≤0.0045%, S≤0.0050% of molten steel after method refining, N≤0.0018%;
Ladle refining is carried out to the molten steel after circulation degassing method refining, is calculated by percentage to the quality, the ladle essence
C≤0.03% of molten steel after refining, Si≤0.0090%, S≤0.0030%, N≤0.0028%;
Sheet billet continuous casting is carried out to the molten steel after the ladle refining.
Preferably, the temperature of the tapping of the dephosphorization converter is 1300~1320 DEG C.
Preferably, nitrogen after whole Argon and the furnace of the control decarburization converter during the decarburization converter smelting≤
15ppm;
The outlet temperature of the decarburization converter is 1685~1705 DEG C;
Lime and fluorite are added in tapping process, carries out not deoxidation tapping, is operated according to front and back slide plate pushing off the slag;The tapping
Time be 6~8min.
Preferably, in the circulation degassing method refining process, molten steel heating blowing oxygen quantity≤150Nm3, vacuum processing time
>=6min, calm time >=10min;
The circulation degassing method refining process selects vacuum tank early period, nitrogen pick-up≤3ppm of entire refining process.
Preferably, the temperature of arriving at a station of the ladle refining is 1575~1585 DEG C;
The end temperature of the ladle refining is 1590~1610 DEG C.
Preferably, nitrogen pick-up≤8ppm of the ladle refining.
Preferably, the sheet billet continuous casting is using ladle, tundish and the casting of crystallizer whole process protection.
It is poured preferably, the ladle is opened to open after first going up casing when pouring, first stops to pluck casing after pouring when stopping pouring;
The tundish increases basicity coverture, and tundish is to using submersed nozzle between crystallizer.
Preferably, the liquid fluctuating control of the crystallizer is in ± 3mm, the degree of superheat is 25~40 DEG C;
The protection thickness of slag layer of the crystallizer is 10~12mm.
Preferably, three tunnel argon flows of the casting machine of the sheet billet continuous casting are both less than < 5Nl/min.
One or more technical solutions provided in the embodiments of the present application have at least the following technical effects or advantages:
The molten iron after desulfurizing iron, desulfurization is smelted by dephosphorization converter due to using mechanical mixing method, dephosphorization converter
Tapping be sent into decarburization converter smelting, that the tapping of decarburization converter carries out circulation degassing method refining (RH refining), circulation degassing method is smart
Molten steel after refining carries out the molten steel progress sheet billet continuous casting after ladle refining (LF refining), ladle refining, realizes to low-carbon welding wire steel
RH+LF duplex technique production method, calculate by percentage to the quality, make C≤0.03% of low-carbon welding wire steel, Si≤
0.0090%, S≤0.0030%, N≤0.0028% guarantee that the low-carbon welding wire steel of production has good drawing property and welding
Performance.In this way, efficiently solving production method in the prior art, not can guarantee component of weld wire uniform, it is understood that there may be it is serious at
Divide segregation, the poor technical problem of drawing property realizes and guarantees that welding wire is functional, improves the technology of the metallurgical quality of welding wire
Effect.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the flow chart for the method that duplex technique provided in an embodiment of the present invention produces low-carbon welding wire steel.
Specific embodiment
The embodiment of the present application provides a kind of method of duplex technique production low-carbon welding wire steel, solves or part solves
It is uniform that production method in the prior art not can guarantee component of weld wire, it is understood that there may be serious component segregation, drawing property are poor
The technical issues of, by molten iron KR desulfurization, dephosphorization converter, decarburization converter, RH refining, LF refining, the technique of sheet billet continuous casting, realize
Guarantee welding wire is functional, improves the technical effect of the metallurgical quality of welding wire.
Referring to attached drawing 1, a kind of method of duplex technique production low-carbon welding wire steel provided by the invention, comprising the following steps:
S1: by mechanical mixing method (KR) to desulfurizing iron, calculating by percentage to the quality, and the S of the molten iron after desulfurization≤
0.0005%;KR procedure calls depth desulfurization, KR inquire for bright face after skimming, the desulfurization band quantity of slag of keeping under strict control.
S2: the molten iron after desulfurization is smelted by dephosphorization converter, is calculated by percentage to the quality, the C of the tapping of dephosphorization converter
≤ 3.5%, Si≤0.0020%, S≤0.0040%;The temperature of the tapping of dephosphorization converter is 1300~1320 DEG C.
S3: sending the tapping of dephosphorization converter into decarburization converter smelting, calculate by percentage to the quality, the tapping of decarburization converter
C≤0.05%, Si≤0.010%;Whole Argon and the low nitrogen mode of use, control decarburization converter during decarburization converter smelting
Furnace after nitrogen≤15ppm;The outlet temperature of decarburization converter is 1685~1705 DEG C;Lime and fluorite are added in tapping process, into
Capable not deoxidation tapping, operates according to front and back slide plate pushing off the slag, reduces slag;The time of tapping is 6~8min.It is selected in smelting process
Suitable rifle position and oxygen flow, reinforce melting bath stirring, it is desirable that keep whole slugging good.
S4: circulation degassing method (RH) refining is carried out to the tapping of decarburization converter, is calculated by percentage to the quality, circulation degassing method
C≤0.01% of molten steel after refining, Si≤0.0045%, S≤0.0050%, N≤0.0018%;In RH refining process, steel
Water heating blowing oxygen quantity≤150Nm3, vacuum processing time >=6min, the calm time >=10min;The choosing of circulation degassing method refining process
Select vacuum tank early period, nitrogen pick-up≤3ppm of entire refining process.RH is refined for the decarburization of molten steel, degassing, heating, uniform molten steel
Temperature and ingredient, removal of inclusions etc., refining effect is good, and process cycle is short, and production capacity is big, is very suitable to turn with large-scale
Furnace matches.
S5: ladle (LF) refining is carried out to the molten steel after circulation degassing method refining, is calculated by percentage to the quality, ladle refining
C≤0.03% of molten steel afterwards, Si≤0.0090%, S≤0.0030%, N≤0.0028%;The temperature of arriving at a station of ladle refining is
1575~1585 DEG C;The end temperature of ladle refining is 1590~1610 DEG C, nitrogen pick-up≤8ppm of ladle refining.LF refining is made
Slag operation is deep desulphation mode processing, and LF terminates temperature are as follows: the first 1600~1610 DEG C of furnace, company pour 1590~1610 DEG C, LF essence
The task of refining is mainly that slag making takes off S, and LF furnace treatment process prevents from increasing silicon without deep desulfurization, according to entering the station and process S content
De- S mixing time is controlled, as long as reaching the S content of necessary requirement.LF refining process closes dedusting, control liter using whole
The argon flow of warm process.
S6: sheet billet continuous casting is carried out to the molten steel after ladle refining.Sheet billet continuous casting is whole using ladle, tundish and crystallizer
Protective casting avoids the secondary oxidation of molten steel, effectively reduces the field trash of continuous casting billet.Ladle is opened after opening when pouring first upper casing
It pours, first stops to pluck casing after pouring when stopping pouring;Tundish increases basicity coverture, and tundish is to using immersion water between crystallizer
Mouthful.In ± 3mm, the degree of superheat is 25~40 DEG C for the liquid fluctuating control of crystallizer;The protection thickness of slag layer of crystallizer be 10~
12mm.Three tunnel argon flows of the casting machine of sheet billet continuous casting are both less than 5Nl/min, while adjusting back pressure and reaching 0.2bar or more.
Wherein, for steel for welding wire, vulcanization field trash reduces the ductility and toughness of steel in steel, S too high levels, wire rod
Drawing property is deteriorated, and wire rod lumber recovery reduces;Carbon welding rod steel is used as welding rod steel core after drawing, it is desirable that stable components, in steel
The harmful elements content such as S is as low as possible, and Si in steel, and N content also requires control in a certain range, and the mass fraction of Si is straight
The mechanical property for influencing weld metal and porosity resistance ability and manufacturing process performance are connect, the height of Si mass fraction is direct in steel
Welding rod performance is influenced, therefore the mass fraction of Si is limited strictly, Si essentially consists in it in weld seam to the harm of welding rod quality
There is the inductile tendency of drop.N can play the role of reinforcing and stable austenite in steel, but N content is excessively high, in heating process
Harmful element reduces physics, the mechanical performance of steel as Second Phase Precipitation, makes steel aging, and N element is also that weld metal forms gas
One of principal element in hole, it is necessary to N content in strict control steel.Nitrogen exists in steel with nitride form, and content influences steel
Aging performance, while nitride precipitation can also cause metal lattice distort and generate biggish internal stress, to be degrading steel
Plasticity and impact flexibility so that steel is become fragile.
The method of duplex technique provided by the present application production low-carbon welding wire steel, by mechanical mixing method to desulfurizing iron, de-
Molten iron after sulphur is smelted by dephosphorization converter, decarburization converter smelting is sent into the tapping of dephosphorization converter, the tapping of decarburization converter carries out
After the molten steel that circulation degassing method refines after (RH refining), circulation degassing method refining carries out ladle refining (LF refining), ladle refining
Molten steel carry out sheet billet continuous casting, realize to the RH+LF duplex technique production method of low-carbon welding wire steel, Si, S in strict control molten steel
It with the content of N, calculates by percentage to the quality, makes C≤0.03% of low-carbon welding wire steel, Si≤0.0090%, S≤0.0030%, N
≤ 0.0028%, guarantee that the low-carbon welding wire steel of production has good drawing property and welding performance.
The method of duplex technique provided by the invention production low-carbon welding wire steel is carried out with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples detailed
Thin description:
Embodiment one
Using molten iron KR desulfurization → dephosphorization converter → decarburization converter → RH refining → LF refining → sheet billet continuous casting technique road
Line produces the welding wire steel of low-carbon, low silicon, low-sulfur, low nitrogen.
S1: molten iron stirs de- S using KR, and the C content of desulfurized molten iron is that 4.3%, Si content is that 0.13%, S content is
0, the temperature of outbound molten iron is 1323 DEG C.
S2: the tapping temperature of dephosphorization converter is 1312 DEG C, C content 3.4%, P content 0.036%, and S content is
0.0038%.
S3: the outlet temperature after decarburization converter smelting is 1703 DEG C, and terminal C content is 0.027%, and terminal oxygen content is
0.0741%, N content is detected as 0.0014% after furnace.Tapping process be added lime, fluorite, all using slide plate front and back pushing off the slag,
Pushing off the slag works well, and the tapping time is 6min.
The vacuum processing time 20min of S4:RH refining, after RH is refined, C content 0.0084%, Si content is
0.0043%, S content are 0.0047%, N content 0.0013%.
To molten steel slag modification of entering the station in S5:LF refining, aluminum shot, ferro-aluminum, manganese iron are added.LF furnace treatment process is without deep de-
Sulphur is to prevent from increasing silicon, and the S content that LF refining terminates is 0.0024%, and N content 0.0020%, Si content is 0.0078%.
S6: being cast using full guard, is opened to open after first going up casing when pouring and be poured, first stops to pluck casing after pouring when stopping pouring, this pours time casting
Base section 230mm × 1600mm, target pull rate 1.35m/min, casting use 80t tundish, submersed nozzle, high-alkali middle packet
Coverture, crystallizer low carbon protective slag.It is automatically controlled using mold liquid level, liquid fluctuating controls the degree of superheat within ± 3mm
35 DEG C, the C content of finished product is that 0.029%, Si content is 0.0081%, N content 0.0020%, and S content is 0.0020%, at
Part is all qualified, meets finished product requirement.
Embodiment two
Using molten iron KR desulfurization → dephosphorization converter → decarburization converter → RH refining → LF refining → sheet billet continuous casting technique road
Line produces the welding wire steel of low-carbon, low silicon, low-sulfur, low nitrogen.
S1: molten iron stirs de- S using KR, and the C content of desulfurized molten iron is that 4.1%, Si content is that 0.14%, S content is
0.0002%, the temperature of outbound molten iron is 1326 DEG C.
S2: the tapping temperature of dephosphorization converter is 1315 DEG C, C content 3.2%, P content 0.031%, and S content is
0.0037%.
S3: the outlet temperature after decarburization converter smelting is 1698 DEG C, and terminal C content is 0.033%, and terminal oxygen content is
0.0762%, N content is detected as 0.0011% after furnace.Tapping process be added lime, fluorite, all using slide plate front and back pushing off the slag,
Pushing off the slag works well, and the tapping time is 7min.
The vacuum processing time 20min of S4:RH refining, after RH is refined, C content 0.0081%, Si content is
0.0040%, S content are 0.0049%, N content 0.0016%.
To molten steel slag modification of entering the station in S5:LF refining, aluminum shot, ferro-aluminum, manganese iron are added.LF furnace treatment process is without deep de-
Sulphur is to prevent from increasing silicon, and the S content that LF refining terminates is 0.0024%, and N content 0.0023%, Si content is 0.0082%.
S6: being cast using full guard, is opened to open after first going up casing when pouring and be poured, first stops to pluck casing after pouring when stopping pouring, this pours time casting
Base section 230mm × 1600mm, target pull rate 1.40m/min, casting use 80t tundish, submersed nozzle, high-alkali middle packet
Coverture, crystallizer low carbon protective slag.It is automatically controlled using mold liquid level, liquid fluctuating controls the degree of superheat within ± 3mm
32 DEG C, the C content of finished product is that 0.027%, Si content is 0.0074%, N content 0.0023%, and S content is 0.0026%, at
Part is all qualified, meets finished product requirement.
Embodiment three
Using molten iron KR desulfurization → dephosphorization converter → decarburization converter → RH refining → LF refining → sheet billet continuous casting technique road
Line produces the welding wire steel of low-carbon, low silicon, low-sulfur, low nitrogen.
S1: molten iron stirs de- S using KR, and the C content of desulfurized molten iron is that 4.2%, Si content is that 0.11%, S content is
0.0001%, the temperature of outbound molten iron is 1324 DEG C.
S2: the tapping temperature of dephosphorization converter is 1318 DEG C, C content 3.1%, P content 0.029%, and S content is
0.0035%.
S3: the outlet temperature after decarburization converter smelting is 1688 DEG C, and terminal C content is 0.034%, and terminal oxygen content is
0.0795%, N content is detected as 0.0012% after furnace.Tapping process be added lime, fluorite, all using slide plate front and back pushing off the slag,
Pushing off the slag works well, and the tapping time is 8min.
The vacuum processing time 15min of S4:RH refining, after RH is refined, C content 0.0084%, Si content is
0.0042%, S content are 0.0047%, N content 0.0015%.
To molten steel slag modification of entering the station in S5:LF refining, aluminum shot, ferro-aluminum, manganese iron are added.LF furnace treatment process is without deep de-
Sulphur is to prevent from increasing silicon, and the S content that LF refining terminates is 0.0023%, and N content 0.0025%, Si content is 0.0084%.
S6: being cast using full guard, is opened to open after first going up casing when pouring and be poured, first stops to pluck casing after pouring when stopping pouring, this pours time casting
Base section 230mm × 1600mm, target pull rate 1.35m/min, casting use 80t tundish, submersed nozzle, high-alkali middle packet
Coverture, crystallizer low carbon protective slag.It is automatically controlled using mold liquid level, liquid fluctuating controls the degree of superheat within ± 3mm
29 DEG C, the C content of finished product is that 0.026%, Si content is 0.0077%, N content 0.0026%, and S content is 0.0021%, at
Part is all qualified, meets finished product requirement.
One or more technical solutions provided in the embodiments of the present application have at least the following technical effects or advantages:
The molten iron after desulfurizing iron, desulfurization is smelted by dephosphorization converter due to using mechanical mixing method, dephosphorization converter
Tapping be sent into decarburization converter smelting, that the tapping of decarburization converter carries out circulation degassing method refining (RH refining), circulation degassing method is smart
Molten steel after refining carries out the molten steel progress sheet billet continuous casting after ladle refining (LF refining), ladle refining, realizes to low-carbon welding wire steel
RH+LF duplex technique production method, calculate by percentage to the quality, make C≤0.03% of low-carbon welding wire steel, Si≤
0.0090%, S≤0.0030%, N≤0.0028% guarantee that the low-carbon welding wire steel of production has good drawing property and welding
Performance.In this way, efficiently solving production method in the prior art, not can guarantee component of weld wire uniform, it is understood that there may be it is serious at
Divide segregation, the poor technical problem of drawing property realizes and guarantees that welding wire is functional, improves the technology of the metallurgical quality of welding wire
Effect.
Above-described specific embodiment has carried out further the purpose of the present invention, technical scheme and beneficial effects
It is described in detail, it should be understood that being not limited to this hair the foregoing is merely a specific embodiment of the invention
Bright, all within the spirits and principles of the present invention, any modification, equivalent substitution, improvement and etc. done should be included in the present invention
Protection scope within.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of method of duplex technique production low-carbon welding wire steel, which comprises the following steps:
It by mechanical mixing method to desulfurizing iron, calculates by percentage to the quality, S≤0.0005% of the molten iron after desulfurization;
The molten iron after desulfurization is smelted by dephosphorization converter, is calculated by percentage to the quality, the C of the tapping of the dephosphorization converter
≤ 3.5%, Si≤0.0020%, S≤0.0040%, the temperature of the tapping of the dephosphorization converter are 1300~1320 DEG C;
Decarburization converter smelting is sent into the tapping of the dephosphorization converter, is calculated by percentage to the quality, the tapping of the decarburization converter
C≤0.05%, Si≤0.010%, whole Argon and the control decarburization converter during the decarburization converter smelting
Nitrogen≤15ppm after furnace, the outlet temperature of the decarburization converter are 1685~1705 DEG C, and lime and fluorite are added in tapping process,
Not deoxidation tapping is carried out, is operated according to front and back slide plate pushing off the slag, the time of the tapping is 6~8min;
Circulation degassing method refining is carried out to the tapping of the decarburization converter, is calculated by percentage to the quality, the circulation degassing method essence
C≤0.01% of molten steel after refining, Si≤0.0045%, S≤0.0050%, N≤0.0018%, the circulation degassing method refining
In the process, molten steel heating blowing oxygen quantity≤150Nm3, vacuum processing time >=6min, the calm time >=10min, the circulating degasification
Method refining process selects vacuum tank early period, nitrogen pick-up≤3ppm of entire refining process;
Ladle refining is carried out to the molten steel after circulation degassing method refining, is calculated by percentage to the quality, after the ladle refining
Molten steel C≤0.03%, Si≤0.0090%, S≤0.0030%, N≤0.0028%, the temperature of arriving at a station of the ladle refining
It is 1575~1585 DEG C, the end temperature of the ladle refining is 1590~1610 DEG C;
Sheet billet continuous casting is carried out to the molten steel after the ladle refining.
2. the method for duplex technique production low-carbon welding wire steel as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that
Nitrogen pick-up≤8ppm of the ladle refining.
3. the method for duplex technique production low-carbon welding wire steel as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that
The sheet billet continuous casting is using ladle, tundish and the casting of crystallizer whole process protection.
4. the method for duplex technique production low-carbon welding wire steel as claimed in claim 3, which is characterized in that
The ladle is opened when pouring to open after first upper casing and be poured, and first stops to pluck casing after pouring when stopping pouring;
The tundish increases basicity coverture, and tundish is to using submersed nozzle between crystallizer.
5. the method for duplex technique production low-carbon welding wire steel as claimed in claim 3, which is characterized in that
In ± 3mm, the degree of superheat is 25~40 DEG C for the liquid fluctuating control of the crystallizer;
The protection thickness of slag layer of the crystallizer is 10~12mm.
6. the method for duplex technique production low-carbon welding wire steel as claimed in claim 3, which is characterized in that
Three tunnel argon flows of the casting machine of the sheet billet continuous casting are both less than 5Nl/min.
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