CN106754495B - Culture method of biological flocs and aquaculture method - Google Patents
Culture method of biological flocs and aquaculture method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a biological floccule culture method and an aquaculture method, wherein the biological floccule culture method comprises the following steps: adding an organic carbon source into the water body, wherein the adding amount of the organic carbon source meets the condition that the C/N ratio in the water body is 15-17: 1; adding bacillus licheniformis, bacillus laterosporus and lactobacillus casei into the water body, wherein the total adding amount of the bacillus licheniformis, the bacillus laterosporus and the lactobacillus casei meets the requirement that 0.8 multiplied by 10 is added into each ml of the water body5～1.2×105cfu; aerating the water body, and maintaining the dissolved oxygen in the water body to be more than 6 mg/L. Beneficial bacteria are added into the water body, and the addition amount of the organic carbon source in the water body is adjusted to keep a certain C/N ratio in the water body, so that the mass propagation of the beneficial bacteria in the water body can be effectively promoted, the formation of biological floccules is accelerated, and the biological floccules with large particle size are obtained.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of aquaculture, in particular to a culture method of biological flocs and an aquaculture method.
Background
China is the main shrimp-breeding big country in the world, and the yield of litopenaeus vannamei in 2015 years is over 80 million tons, which accounts for about 33 percent of the total world production. At present, the breeding scale is gradually enlarged, the stocking density is continuously increased along with the blind pursuit of people for high yield, the problems of continuous deterioration of the breeding water environment, large-scale outbreak of infectious diseases and the like caused by single structure of a litopenaeus vannamei breeding mode and large bait feeding amount severely restrict the further development of the litopenaeus vannamei breeding industry.
The technology for culturing the biological flocculation of the prawns is firstly proposed by Israel culture experts Avnimelec in 1999, and is successfully tested in Indonesia in 2005, mainly by controlling the nutrition structure of a water body, adding organic carbon substances into the water body, adjusting the C/N ratio in the water body, promoting the propagation of heterotrophic bacteria in the water body, assimilating inorganic nitrogen by microorganisms, converting culture metabolites such as ammonia nitrogen and the like in the water body into bacteria self components, flocculating the bacteria into granular substances to be ingested by cultured animals, playing a role in maintaining the water environment stable, realizing zero water change, improving the culture survival rate, reducing the feed coefficient, preventing and controlling diseases and the like, and being considered as an effective replacement technology for solving the environmental restriction and the feed cost faced by the development of the aquaculture industry.
A large number of researches find that various beneficial microorganisms such as nitrobacteria and denitrifying bacteria exist in the natural aquaculture water body, and the bacteria have denitrification performance and can convert ammonia and nitrite nitrogen in the water body into nontoxic substances. In addition, a plurality of bacteria with antagonistic action on pathogens exist in the water body, and the propagation of the pathogens can be effectively inhibited only when the bacteria are in an dominant position; meanwhile, various bacteria which have the effect of promoting the immunity of the cultured animals such as prawns and fishes exist in the water body, so that the immunity resistance of the cultured animals can be improved. However, most of the beneficial bacteria are removed in the current prawn culture mode by adopting the filtered or disinfected water body, so that the beneficial bacteria strains are lacked, and on the other hand, the nutrient substances for maintaining the growth of the beneficial bacteria in the culture water body are lacked and unbalanced and become limiting factors for the proliferation of the beneficial bacteria, so that the difficulty in culturing the beneficial bacteria in the conventional culture is high. The practical result also shows that even if beneficial bacteria are splashed in the water body, the detection rate of the corresponding bacteria is extremely low after several days, which indicates that the culture environment is not suitable for the survival of the beneficial bacteria.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the technical problems in the prior art, the invention provides a method for culturing biological flocs, which can effectively promote the mass propagation of beneficial bacteria in a water body and accelerate the formation of the biological flocs by adding the beneficial bacteria into the water body and adjusting the addition amount of an organic carbon source in the water body to keep a certain C/N ratio in the water body, thereby obtaining the biological flocs with large particle size.
The technical scheme for solving the technical problems is as follows: a method for culturing biological flocs comprises the following steps:
adding an organic carbon source into the water body, wherein the adding amount of the organic carbon source meets the condition that the C/N ratio in the water body is 15-17: 1;
adding bacillus licheniformis, bacillus laterosporus and lactobacillus casei into the water body, wherein the total adding amount of the bacillus licheniformis, the bacillus laterosporus and the lactobacillus casei meets the requirement that 0.8 multiplied by 10 is added into each ml of the water body5～1.2×105cfu；
Aerating the water body, and maintaining the dissolved oxygen in the water body to be more than 6 mg/L.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: by keeping the C/N ratio in the water body between 15 and 17: 1, the bacillus licheniformis, the bacillus laterosporus and the lactobacillus casei can be propagated to provide better environment and required nutrient substances, and the beneficial bacteria can be amplified.
On the basis of the technical scheme, the invention can be further improved as follows.
Further, the addition amount of the organic carbon source meets the condition that the C/N ratio in the water body is 16: 1.
the beneficial effect of adopting the further scheme is that: maintaining the C/N ratio in the body of water at 16: 1, the optimal conditions can be provided for the culture of the biological flocs, the growth of beneficial bacteria can be promoted to the maximum extent, and the levels of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen in the water body are reduced.
Further, the part ratio of the bacillus licheniformis to the bacillus laterosporus to the lactobacillus casei is 25:50: 25.
Further, the organic carbon source includes molasses and bran coat.
The beneficial effect of adopting the further scheme is that: the byproducts of molasses and husk and bran of grains in sugar production are used as organic carbon sources, so that the culture cost of the biological floccules is reduced.
Further, the proportion of the added amount of the molasses and the bran coat in the total organic carbon is 70: 30.
Further, the organic carbon source is added once a day, and the bacillus licheniformis, the bacillus laterosporus and the lactobacillus casei are added once every seven days.
Further, the PH value of the water body is maintained within the range of 7-9, and the temperature of the water body is maintained within the range of more than 20 ℃.
The invention also provides an aquaculture method, which specifically comprises the following steps: adding bacillus licheniformis, bacillus laterosporus and lactobacillus casei into the culture pond, wherein the total adding amount of the bacillus licheniformis, the bacillus laterosporus and the lactobacillus casei meets the requirement that 0.8 multiplied by 10 is added into each ml of culture water5～1.2×105cfu; and adding an organic carbon source, and continuously increasing oxygen for culture.
Further, the organic carbon source comprises molasses and bran coat, the molasses and the bran coat are continuously added in the culture process, and the C/N ratio of the culture water body is kept to be 16: 1.
further, the part ratio of the bacillus licheniformis to the bacillus laterosporus to the lactobacillus casei is 25:50: 25.
Compared with the prior art, the aquaculture method provided by the invention has the beneficial effects that: (1) the three beneficial microorganisms of bacillus licheniformis, bacillus laterosporus and lactobacillus casei are reasonably and compositely matched for use, so that the content of harmful substances such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and the like in the water environment can be effectively controlled, and the microecological balance in the aquaculture water body is kept; (2) by adding an organic carbon source to maintain a proper C/N ratio in the aquaculture water and cooperating with the compound regulation and control of three beneficial microorganisms, granular organic matters, dissolved organic matters and inorganic nitrogen in the water body can be efficiently converted into flocculating constituents which can be ingested by aquaculture objects, so that the water quality is improved, the purification cost of the aquaculture water is greatly reduced, and the pressure of the aquaculture on the environment is reduced; (3) the molasses and the bran coat which are compounded and used in a scientific proportion are used as organic carbon sources, so that the carbon sources can be continuously and effectively utilized by the beneficial bacteria, a better environment and required nutrient substances are provided for the beneficial bacteria, and the growth of the beneficial bacteria is promoted.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for culturing biological flocs according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the variation trend of ammonia nitrogen concentration in the water body for prawn cultivation in the blank control group and the biological floc group cultivation group;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the variation trend of nitrite nitrogen concentration in the water body for prawn cultivation in the blank control group and the biological floc culture group;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the variation trend of the settlement of the biological flocs in the water for prawn cultivation in the blank control group and the biological floc cultivation group.
Detailed Description
The principles and features of this invention are described below in conjunction with the following drawings, which are set forth by way of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments of the present application may be combined with each other without conflict.
Example one
As shown in fig. 1, this embodiment exemplarily shows the steps of the biological floc culture method, which specifically includes the following steps:
s1: adding an organic carbon source into the water body, wherein the adding amount of the organic carbon source meets the condition that the C/N ratio in the water body is 15-17: 1;
s2: adding bacillus licheniformis, bacillus laterosporus and lactobacillus casei into the water body, wherein the total adding amount of the bacillus licheniformis, the bacillus laterosporus and the lactobacillus casei meets the requirement that 0.8 multiplied by 10 is added into each ml of the water body5～1.2×105cfu；
S3: aerating the water body, and maintaining the dissolved oxygen in the water body to be more than 6 mg/L.
In the culture process of the biological floccules, oxygen is continuously aerated into the water body, the dissolved oxygen in the water body is kept above 6mg/L, the mixing strength of the water body can be improved, and therefore the flocculation and agglomeration frequency of the organisms can be increased and the suspension is kept. The pH value of the water body is maintained within the range of 7-9, and the temperature of the water body is maintained within the range of more than 20 ℃, so that an excellent environment is provided for the culture of the biological flocs. The addition amount of the organic carbon source is calculated according to the C/N ratio in the water body, the organic carbon source can be added once a day, and the C/N ratio in the water body is kept between 15 and 17: 1, providing balanced nutrient substances for the growth of three beneficial bacteria, namely bacillus licheniformis, bacillus laterosporus and lactobacillus casei, and rapidly propagating the beneficial bacteria in a water body of the environment, preferably keeping the C/N ratio in the water body at 16: 1, calculating an organic carbon source to be added according to the C/N ratio, wherein the beneficial bacteria grow better in the water body with the C/N ratio; meanwhile, the biological flocculation agglomeration frequency is increased, the diameter of the biological floccules obtained by flocculation suspension agglomeration can reach 0.3-1 mm, the particle size of the biological floccules obtained by the existing method is larger, the nutritional composition of the biological floccules is more reasonable, and when the biological floccules are used as baits for aquatic animals, the water quality can be improved, the levels of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen in the water body are reduced, and the purification cost of the aquaculture water is greatly reduced.
In a preferred embodiment of the present embodiment, molasses, which is a byproduct of sugar production, and husk bran of grains can be used as organic carbon sources, and the culture cost is relatively low; the molasses is added into the water body and can be quickly utilized, the reaction speed is high, and the bran coat is firstly decomposed into small molecules by microorganisms and then utilized, so that the molasses is relatively durable and stable. Preferably, the molasses and the bran coat in the proportion of 70:30 in parts of total organic carbon are added into the water body, and the carbon source can be continuously and effectively utilized by the beneficial bacteria by utilizing the reasonable proportion for composite use, so that a better environment and required nutrient substances are provided for the beneficial bacteria, and the growth of the beneficial bacteria is promoted.
In a preferred embodiment of this example, the total amount of Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus laterosporus and Lactobacillus casei added is such that 0.8X 10 bacteria per ml of aquaculture water is added5～1.2×105The standard of cfu, wherein the ratio of the bacillus licheniformis to the bacillus laterosporus to the lactobacillus casei is 25:50: 25. Preferably, the addition amount is 10 per ml of aquaculture water5The standard of cfu can be added once every seven days in the process of culturing the biological flocs, so that the proper amount of beneficial bacteria in the water body is ensured, and the microecological balance in the water body is maintained.
According to the method for culturing the biological flocs, three beneficial microorganisms including bacillus licheniformis, bacillus laterosporus and lactobacillus casei are reasonably and compositely matched for use, so that the content of harmful substances such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and the like in a water environment can be effectively controlled, and the microecological balance in a water body is kept; the molasses and the bran coat which are used in a scientific ratio in a composite mode are used as organic carbon sources, so that the culture cost is low, beneficial bacteria can continuously and effectively utilize the carbon sources, and the C/N ratio in the water body is kept in a proper range; and the granular organic matters, dissolved organic matters and inorganic nitrogen in the water body can be efficiently converted into flocculating constituents by cooperating with the compound regulation and control of the three beneficial microorganisms, biological floccules can be quickly and durably generated and can be used as baits of aquaculture objects, the levels of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen in the aquaculture water body can be greatly reduced, and the effects of improving the water quality and reducing the purification cost of the aquaculture water are achieved.
Example two
Based on the method for culturing the biological floccule described in the first embodiment, the first embodiment provides an aquaculture method, and specifically, bacillus licheniformis, bacillus laterosporus and lactobacillus casei are added into the culture pond, and the total amount of the bacillus licheniformis, the bacillus laterosporus and the lactobacillus casei added is 0.8 × 10 per ml of culture water5～1.2×105cfu; and adding an organic carbon source, and continuously increasing oxygen for culture.
Wherein, the organic carbon source adopts molasses and bran coat, and in the culture process, the C/N ratio of the culture water body needs to be kept at 16: 1, calculating the mass of the added molasses and bran coat according to the C/N ratio, wherein the adding ratio of the molasses to the bran coat is that the molasses accounts for 70% of the total organic carbon, and the bran coat accounts for 30% of the total organic carbon; the proportion of the bacillus licheniformis, the bacillus laterosporus and the lactobacillus casei is 25 percent of the bacillus licheniformis, 50 percent of the bacillus laterosporus and 25 percent of the lactobacillus casei, and the total adding amount can meet the requirement that 0.8 multiplied by 10 is added into each ml of aquaculture water5～1.2×105Of cfuThe standard, preferably, can meet the requirement of adding 0.8X 10 per ml of aquaculture water5～1.2×105Standard for cfu. The molasses and the bran coat which are reasonably and compositely matched and scientifically proportioned by three beneficial microorganisms, namely the bacillus licheniformis, the bacillus laterosporus and the lactobacillus casei are added into a culture pond of a culture as organic carbon sources, so that the content of harmful substances such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and the like in a water environment can be effectively controlled, and the microecology is balanced; and granular organic matters, dissolved organic matters and inorganic nitrogen in the water body can be converted into flocculating constituents which can be ingested by aquaculture objects, so that the aims of providing sufficient nutrition for aquaculture objects, improving water quality and reducing the purification cost of aquaculture water are fulfilled.
In the embodiment, the litopenaeus vannamei is taken as a culture object, and the influence of the aquaculture method on the growth of the cultured product and the influence on the culture water quality are tested.
The experiment is carried out in a 300L square water tank, the litopenaeus vannamei is selected as a culture object, the average body length of the litopenaeus vannamei is (6.6 +/-0.2) cm, the average weight of the litopenaeus vannamei is (4.0 +/-0.5) g, the experimental water is introduced from a litopenaeus vannamei culture pond, the salinity of the semi-saline water is 3 per mill, two groups of experiments are simultaneously carried out, the two groups are respectively a blank control group and a biological floccule culture group, each group is provided with two parallel groups, and 30 litopenaeus vannamei are placed into each.
Treatment of blank control group: feeding the prawns twice at 7 am and 4:30 pm every day, wherein the feeding amount is calculated according to 3 percent of the weight of the prawns, increasing oxygen for 24 hours in the whole culture period, and continuously culturing for 30 days.
And (3) treating the biological floccule culture group: adding a microecological preparation into each experimental water tank, namely adding bacillus licheniformis, bacillus laterosporus and lactobacillus casei, wherein the mixture ratio of the bacillus licheniformis, the bacillus laterosporus and the lactobacillus casei is 25 percent, the total amount of the bacillus licheniformis, the bacillus laterosporus and the lactobacillus casei is 10 percent5Adding cfu/ml once every day under the condition that C/N in the aquaculture water body is 16, wherein the specific adding time can be 8 in the morning: 30, the microecological preparation can be added once every seven days, and is administered to prawn at 7 am and 4:30 pm every dayFeeding bait twice, keeping the components and the input amount of the bait the same as those of a blank control group, increasing oxygen for 24 hours in the whole culture period, and continuously culturing for 30 days.
During the culture period, the temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH value of the culture water body are measured by using an American Hash water quality analyzer (model: HQ30d single-path input multi-parameter digital analyzer) every day. The water quality analysis method adopts a national standard analysis method, a water sample is taken once every 7 days, and after being filtered by a 0.45um microporous filter membrane, the ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen concentrations of the aquaculture water body are respectively measured by adopting a Nashin reagent spectrophotometry and a naphthyl ethylenediamine hydrochloride spectrophotometry.
The experimental results are shown in table 1, fig. 2 and fig. 3, where table 1 shows the comparison of the conventional water quality parameters in the prawn culture water bodies of the blank control group and the biological floc culture group, fig. 2 shows the comparison of the variation trend of the ammonia nitrogen concentration in the prawn culture water bodies of the blank control group and the biological floc culture group, and fig. 3 shows the comparison of the variation trend of the nitrite nitrogen concentration in the prawn culture water bodies of the blank control group and the biological floc culture group.
TABLE 1 comparison of conventional water quality parameters in prawn culture water of blank control group and biological floccule culture group
As can be seen from Table 1, the water temperature was essentially the natural water temperature, and there was no difference between the two groups. The pH change range of the blank control group is 8.91-8.96, the pH change range of the biological floccule culture group is 8.91-8.06, and the pH change range shows a gradually reduced trend along with the culture, which is related to the alkalinity in the water body consumed by the mass propagation of heterotrophic microorganisms. The dissolved oxygen and oxygen are relatively stable, and the two groups have no difference. The change of the COD of the blank control group is small, the range is 101-121 mg/L, the COD range of the biological floccule culture group is 101-195, and the mg/L is gradually increased. The variation range of the total nitrogen of the blank control group is 1.4-6.3 mg/L, the variation range of the total nitrogen of the biological floccule culture group is 1.4-5.1 mg/L, and the total nitrogen shows a gradually increasing trend along with the culture. The variation range of the total organic carbon of the blank control group is larger and is between 14 and 6mg/L, the variation range of the total organic carbon of the biological floccule culture group is larger and is between 14 and 71mg/L along with the gradual reduction of the culture, and the variation range of the total organic carbon of the biological floccule culture group is gradually increased along with the addition of an organic carbon source.
The change trend of the ammonia nitrogen concentration in the water body is shown in figure 2, and as can be seen from figure 2, in the water body of the biological floc culture group, the amount of the biological flocs is gradually increased and the ammonia nitrogen concentration is gradually increased along with the culture, and when the culture is carried out for about 10 days, the ammonia nitrogen concentration is reduced along with the increase of the amount of the biological flocs, and then the ammonia nitrogen concentration is maintained at a lower level all the time. The change trend of the nitrite nitrogen content in the water body is shown in figure 3, and as can be seen from figure 3, in the water body of the biological floc culture group, the amount of the biological flocs is gradually increased and the nitrite nitrogen concentration is gradually increased along with the culture, when the culture is carried out for about 15 days, the nitrite nitrogen concentration reaches the maximum value, because the change of the nitrite nitrogen concentration has a lag period of several days compared with the change of the ammonia nitrogen concentration, then the nitrite nitrogen concentration is reduced, and then the nitrite nitrogen concentration is maintained at a lower level all the time.
In addition, when the culture is finished, the deposition amount of the biological flocs in the culture pond is measured by using an Yinghoff conical tube, and the sample is taken and stands for 20min before being read. Each experiment was set to 2 replicates and the mean was taken for analysis. The change trend of the settlement amount of the biological floccules is shown in figure 4, and the result shows that the settlement amount of the biological floccules in the blank control group is basically unchanged, and the settlement amount is about 3 ml/L; the deposition amount of the biological floccules in the biological floccule culture group shows a gradually increasing trend, and reaches a larger amount of 16ml/L by about 10 days of culture, and then the amount is kept to be not changed greatly. The experimental result shows that the formula has better effect on cultivating the biological floccules.
And counting the survival number, the biological body length and the weight of each group of prawns after the experiment is finished, respectively calculating the survival rate, the specific growth rate and the weight gain rate of the prawns, and calculating the results as shown in table 2. Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
survival (%) — terminal/initial mantissa × 100;
specific growth rate (%) - (terminal length-initial length)/initial length × 100;
the weight gain (%) is (final weight-initial weight)/initial weight × 100.
TABLE 2 comparison of prawn survival, specific growth and weight gain in placebo and biofloc cultures
As can be seen from Table 2, the survival rate of the prawns in the biological floc culture group is 85%, the survival rate of the prawns in the blank control group is 45%, the specific growth rate of the biological floc culture group to the prawns is 1.84%/day, the specific growth rate of the blank control group to the prawns is 1.35%/day, the weight gain rate of the prawns in the biological floc culture group is 73.8%, and the weight gain rate of the prawns in the blank control group is 42%. According to experimental results, the biological floc culture groups added with the organic carbon source for culture of the biological floc and the composite microecological preparation are obviously higher than the blank control group in the three growth indexes of the survival rate, the specific growth rate and the weight gain rate of the prawns. The biological floc and the aquaculture method provided by the invention have the effects of improving the survival rate of prawns and promoting growth.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that fall within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.
Claims (8)
1. A method for culturing a biological floc, comprising:
adding an organic carbon source into the water body, wherein the adding amount of the organic carbon source meets the condition that the C/N ratio in the water body is 15-17: 1;
adding bacillus licheniformis (Bacillus licheniformis), bacillus laterosporus (Bacillus laterosporus) and Lactobacillus casei (Lactobacillus casei) into the water body, wherein the total adding amount of the bacillus licheniformis, the bacillus laterosporus and the Lactobacillus casei meets the requirement that 0.8 multiplied by 10 is added into each ml of water body5～1.2×105cfu；
Aerating the water body, and maintaining the dissolved oxygen in the water body to be more than 6 mg/L;
the ratio of the bacillus licheniformis to the bacillus laterosporus to the lactobacillus casei in parts is 25:50: 25.
2. the method for culturing biological flocs according to claim 1, wherein the organic carbon source is added in an amount such that the C/N ratio in the water is 16: 1.
3. the method for cultivating biological flocs according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said organic carbon source comprises molasses and bran coat.
4. The method for culturing biological floccules according to claim 3, wherein the addition amount of molasses and bran coat is 70: 30.
5. the method of claim 4, wherein the organic carbon source is added once a day and the Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus laterosporus, and Lactobacillus casei are added once every seven days.
6. The method for culturing biological flocs according to claim 4, wherein the pH of the water is maintained at 7-9, and the temperature of the water is maintained at more than 20 ℃.
7. The aquaculture method is characterized in that bacillus licheniformis, bacillus laterosporus and lactobacillus casei are added into a culture pond, and the total adding amount of the bacillus licheniformis, the bacillus laterosporus and the lactobacillus casei meets the requirement that 0.8 multiplied by 10 is added into each ml of culture water5～1.2×105cfu; adding an organic carbon source, and continuously increasing oxygen for cultivation; the addition amount of the organic carbon source meets the condition that the C/N ratio in the water body is 16: 1; the bacillus licheniformis and the bacillus laterosporusAnd the part ratio of lactobacillus casei is 25:50: 25.
8. the aquaculture method according to claim 7, wherein the organic carbon source comprises molasses and bran coat, and the molasses and bran coat are continuously added during the aquaculture process, so as to maintain the C/N ratio of the aquaculture water body to be 16: 1.
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| CN110777101A (en) * | 2019-12-02 | 2020-02-11 | 湖南海珊水产养殖有限公司 | Method for cultivating biological flocs for cultivating penaeus vannamei boone |
| CN111792736A (en) * | 2020-07-28 | 2020-10-20 | 云南省环境科学研究院(中国昆明高原湖泊国际研究中心) | Ecological restoration method for improving water quality of eutrophic water body |
| CN114940542A (en) * | 2022-06-15 | 2022-08-26 | 中农国际农业集团(广东)有限公司 | Method for breeding by utilizing biological floccules |
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| CN105104267A (en) * | 2015-08-28 | 2015-12-02 | 天津海友佳音生物科技股份有限公司 | Culture method for optimizing organism floccules |
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