CN106721320B - Feed additive for improving meat quality of fattening pigs and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Feed additive for improving meat quality of fattening pigs and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a feed additive for improving the meat quality of a fattening pig, a preparation method and application thereof, belonging to the field of feeds.A feed additive comprises 20-40 parts by weight of creatine monohydrate, 5-25 parts by weight of α -lipoic acid, 2-10 parts by weight of carnosine, 2-10 parts by weight of yucca extract and 15-71 parts by weight of a carrier.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of feeds, and in particular relates to a feed additive for improving the quality of fattening pork, and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
China is a big country for pork production and consumption, and for years, the pig industry greatly improves the growth speed and the feed utilization rate of pigs through measures such as genetic breeding, nutrition improvement, environmental control and the like, but the pork quality is obviously reduced. However, as the standard of living increases, people pay more attention to the safety, quality and flavor of pork.
When slaughtering, because muscle glycogen is high in content, glycolysis of sugar is generated to increase the generation of lactic acid, so that the pH is reduced rapidly, and PSE meat is generated; after slaughtering, a large amount of lipid peroxides in the muscle generate oxidation reaction to destroy cell membranes, so that the pH value is reduced, the meat color is lightened, the water holding capacity is reduced, and the quality of pork is reduced.
The feed nutrition not only is the material basis formed by pork, but also directly participates in nutrition metabolism related to meat quality change, and has very important influence on the pork quality. The method improves the oxidation resistance of organisms, delays the reduction of the pH value of muscles, improves the water-binding capacity and the like through short-term nutrition regulation before slaughtering, thereby improving the pork quality, and is a safe, efficient and feasible method.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a feed additive for improving the meat quality of fattening pigs, which can delay the pH drop of the muscles of the fattening pigs, increase the water power of muscle systems, improve the meat color and improve the tenderness.
The second purpose of the invention is to provide a preparation method of the feed additive, which is simple and has good controllability of preparation conditions.
The third purpose of the invention is to provide the application of the feed additive in the feed for the fattening pigs, and the feed additive is applied to the feed for the fattening pigs and used for feeding the fattening pigs, so that the meat quality and the flavor of the fattening pigs can be obviously improved, the oxidation resistance of the organisms of the fattening pigs is improved, and the ammonia nitrogen emission is reduced.
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is realized by adopting the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a feed additive for improving the meat quality of fattening pigs, which comprises 20-40 parts by weight of creatine monohydrate, 5-25 parts by weight of α -lipoic acid, 2-10 parts by weight of carnosine, 2-10 parts by weight of yucca extract and 15-71 parts by weight of carrier.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the feed additive, which comprises the steps of mixing the carnosine and the yucca extract with the carrier, and then adding the creatine monohydrate and α -lipoic acid to continue mixing to obtain the feed additive.
In addition, the invention also provides application of the feed additive in fattening pig feed.
The feed additive for improving the meat quality of the fattening pigs, which is provided by the preferred embodiment of the invention, has the beneficial effects that creatine monohydrate, α -lipoic acid, yucca extract and carnosine are scientifically mixed and then added into the fattening pig feed as the feed additive before slaughtering, and the components supplement each other, so that the oxidation resistance of the body can be synergistically enhanced, the pre-slaughter stress reaction can be reduced, the effect is stable and is obviously superior to the effect generated by adding only one component.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below. The examples, in which specific conditions are not specified, were conducted under conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The reagents or instruments used are not indicated by the manufacturer, and are all conventional products available commercially.
The following describes the feed additive for improving the meat quality of the fattening pig, and a preparation method and application thereof in an embodiment of the invention.
The feed additive provided by the embodiment of the invention can be added into a fattening pig feed to obviously improve the meat quality and flavor of the fattening pig, simultaneously improve the oxidation resistance of the fattening pig body and reduce the ammonia nitrogen emission. Preferably, the feed additive can be used for preparing a feed for fattening pigs, and the weight percentage of the feed additive in the feed for fattening pigs in the embodiment can be 1%, for example, and the addition amount can enable the cost and the action effect of the feed for fattening pigs to reach the optimal balance.
The feed additive in the embodiment of the invention is obtained by mixing the raw materials and the carrier, wherein the raw materials can comprise 20-40 parts by weight of creatine monohydrate, 5-25 parts by weight of α -lipoic acid, 2-10 parts by weight of carnosine and 2-10 parts by weight of yucca extract, for better matching with the raw materials, the carrier can be 15-71 parts by weight, and the carrier can be defatted rice bran, for example.
The reason for adopting the mixing sequence is that the carnosine and the yucca extract with low specific gravity are mixed with the carrier, so that the carnosine and the yucca extract can be uniformly distributed in the carrier, and the creatine monohydrate and the α -lipoic acid with high specific gravity are added for continuous mixing, so that the components can be uniformly mixed.
In order to make the feed additive in the feed for the growing and fattening pigs more beneficial to the feeding and intestinal absorption of the growing and fattening pigs, the components of the feed additive can be crushed before being added into the feed for the growing and fattening pigs, so that the contact area between digestive enzymes in the fattening pigs before slaughtering and the feed is increased, and the absorption rate is improved. Furthermore, in order to make the size of the crushed particles uniform in the feed additive, the crushed raw material and the carrier may be subjected to a sieving treatment, preferably, the mesh size of the sieve is selected to be 80 mesh, for example, and the raw material and the carrier having the mesh size are more suitable for digestion and absorption by the fattening pigs. In addition, the aperture of the sieve pore can be properly adjusted according to the actual situation.
Preferably, the feed additive comprises 30-40 parts by weight of creatine monohydrate, 15-25 parts by weight of α -lipoic acid, 6-10 parts by weight of carnosine, 6-10 parts by weight of Yucca extract and 15-43 parts by weight of carrier, most preferably, the feed additive in the embodiment comprises 35 parts by weight of creatine monohydrate, 20 parts by weight of α -lipoic acid, 8 parts by weight of carnosine, 8 parts by weight of Yucca extract and 29 parts by weight of carrier, and the optimal proportion is that the raw materials in the feed are mixed with the carrier to achieve the best comprehensive effect.
Wherein, the creatine monohydrate is a monohydrate of the amino acid derivative creatine and is the main form for exogenously supplementing creatine. It can inhibit muscle fatigue, accelerate protein synthesis in livestock, make its muscle stronger, and enhance muscle elasticity. After the creatine monohydrate is fed to livestock and poultry, the occurrence of glycolysis can be relieved and the yield of lactic acid can be reduced by increasing energy storage and improving the carbohydrate metabolism, so that the rapid reduction of the pH value of the livestock and poultry after slaughtering can be relieved, and the effect of improving the conventional meat quality characters can be achieved. In addition, creatine monohydrate also has the function of protecting animal cells in the event of oxidative stress.
α -lipoic acid is a coenzyme existing in mitochondria, belongs to vitamin analogues, has strong inoxidizability, can effectively eliminate free radicals in vivo, and is called a universal antioxidant with lipid solubility and water solubility, particularly, α -lipoic acid is not only a limiting nutrient substance necessary for energy generation of body cells by using energy substances such as saccharides and the like, but also can preserve and regenerate other antioxidants, such as vitamin C, vitamin E and the like, after α -lipoic acid is eaten, α -lipoic acid can participate in energy metabolism in vivo, can act together with other antioxidants in vivo to eliminate free radicals, improve the capability of muscle increasing and fat reducing, can stimulate insulin secretion, and further promote muscle to absorb creatine from blood, therefore, in the embodiment, the creatine monohydrate and α -lipoic acid are mixed to effectively enhance the antioxidant performance of fattening pigs and improve meat quality.
Carnosine, a natural water-soluble dipeptide, is composed of β -alanine and L-histidine, can scavenge active oxygen free Radicals (ROS) such as hydroxyl free radical, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide and the like, which are formed by over-oxidizing fatty acid of cell membranes in the process of oxidative stress, and α - β unsaturated aldehyde, thereby delaying and inhibiting lipid oxidation caused by free radicals or metal ions, reducing lipid oxide, Malondialdehyde (MDA), carbonyl protein complex, aldehydes, ketones and nitroso compounds formed after lipid and protein oxidation after the fat oxidation, avoiding the oxidation products from causing negative changes of flavor, flesh color, tissue and nutritional value of meat and generating toxic substances, effectively improving the flesh color of pork by the combined action of creatine monohydrate and α -lipoic acid, improving the oxidative stability of skeletal muscle of pigs.
The yucca extract is rich in steroid saponin, polysaccharide, resveratrol, and yucca polyphenol, and has no toxic component, no pollution, and no residue. The feed additive is used as one of the components of the feed additive in the embodiment of the invention, and not only can be used as a deodorant to reduce the emission of harmful gases in livestock houses and improve the breeding environment, but also can promote the growth and development of animals, enhance the activity of antioxidase in pigs, eliminate free radicals, thicken intestinal mucosa, inhibit the invasion and reproduction of viruses and harmful bacteria, play a role in regulating the internal environment balance of intestinal tracts, improving the immunity of organisms and reducing the incidence rate of diseases, and improve the quality of pork. In addition, the yucca extract can combine with the odor in intestinal tract, reduce the production of skatole, and further improve the flavor of pork. Specifically, the yucca extract in this embodiment can be obtained by, for example, the following extraction methods: using yucca as raw material, extracting yucca with alcohol solvent such as ethanol under reflux for the first time, and concentrating the extractive solution; extracting the extractive solution with water and n-butanol, collecting and drying n-butanol extractive phase; and finally, carrying out secondary reflux extraction on the n-butanol extract phase by using ether to obtain ether insoluble substances, namely yucca extract.
The raw materials in the embodiment of the invention can mutually generate synergistic action, wherein, the creatine monohydrate and the α -lipoic acid can delay the pH value of the muscle after slaughter, reduce the drip loss, increase the water content of pork and improve the anti-stress capability of the organism under the combined action, the creatine monohydrate, the α -lipoic acid, the carnosine and the yucca extract can synergistically enhance the anti-oxidation capability of the organism, improve the color and luster of the pork, improve the tenderness and water content of the pork and reduce the water seepage on the surface of the pork when being used together, and the 4 substances are added into the basic ration, so that the immunity and the anti-stress capability of the organism of the pig can be further improved.
It should be noted that the substances contained in the feed additive in the embodiment of the present invention are not limited to the above-mentioned substances, and other substances can be added into the feed by the producer according to the different requirements and growth conditions of the livestock and poultry.
The features and properties of the present invention are described in further detail below with reference to examples.
Example 1
The feed additive is prepared by crushing carnosine, a yucca extract, creatine monohydrate, α -lipoic acid and defatted rice bran, and then sieving the crushed carnosine, the yucca extract and the defatted rice bran with a 80-mesh sieve for later use, mixing 2 parts by weight of the carnosine and 2 parts by weight of the yucca extract with 71 parts by weight of the defatted rice bran, then adding 20 parts by weight of the creatine monohydrate and 5 parts by weight of the α -lipoic acid, and further mixing the mixture to obtain the feed additive, wherein the yucca extract is prepared by carrying out first reflux extraction on yucca by using ethanol, concentrating an extracting solution obtained after the first reflux extraction, extracting the extracting solution by using water and n-butyl alcohol, collecting and drying an n-butyl alcohol extracting phase, finally carrying out second reflux extraction on the n-butyl alcohol extracting phase by using ether, and collecting ether insoluble substances.
Example 2
The feed additive is prepared by crushing carnosine, a yucca extract, creatine monohydrate, α -lipoic acid and defatted rice bran, sieving the crushed carnosine, the yucca extract and the defatted rice bran with a 80-mesh sieve for later use, mixing 4 parts by weight of the carnosine and 4 parts by weight of the yucca extract with 57 parts by weight of the defatted rice bran, adding 25 parts by weight of the creatine monohydrate and 10 parts by weight of the α -lipoic acid, continuously mixing to obtain the feed additive, wherein the yucca extract is obtained by carrying out first reflux extraction on yucca by using ethanol, concentrating an extracting solution obtained after the first reflux extraction, extracting the extracting solution by using water and n-butyl alcohol, collecting and drying an n-butyl alcohol extracting phase, finally carrying out second reflux extraction on the n-butyl alcohol extracting phase by using ether, and collecting ether insoluble substances.
Example 3
The feed additive is prepared by crushing carnosine, a yucca extract, creatine monohydrate, α -lipoic acid and defatted rice bran, sieving the crushed carnosine, the yucca extract and the defatted rice bran with a 80-mesh sieve for later use, mixing 6 parts by weight of the carnosine and 6 parts by weight of the yucca extract with 43 parts by weight of the defatted rice bran, adding 30 parts by weight of the creatine monohydrate and 15 parts by weight of the α -lipoic acid, continuously mixing to obtain the feed additive, wherein the yucca extract is obtained by carrying out first reflux extraction on yucca by using ethanol, concentrating an extracting solution obtained after the first reflux extraction, extracting the extracting solution by using water and n-butyl alcohol, collecting and drying an n-butyl alcohol extracting phase, finally carrying out second reflux extraction on the n-butyl alcohol extracting phase by using ether, and collecting ether insoluble substances.
Example 4
The feed additive is prepared by crushing carnosine, a yucca extract, creatine monohydrate, α -lipoic acid and defatted rice bran, sieving the crushed carnosine, the yucca extract and the defatted rice bran by a sieve of 80 meshes for later use, mixing 8 parts by weight of carnosine and 8 parts by weight of the yucca extract with 29 parts by weight of defatted rice bran, adding 35 parts by weight of creatine monohydrate and 20 parts by weight of α -lipoic acid, continuously mixing to obtain the feed additive, wherein the yucca extract is obtained by carrying out first reflux extraction on yucca by ethanol, concentrating an extracting solution obtained after the first reflux extraction, extracting the extracting solution by water and n-butyl alcohol, collecting and drying a n-butyl alcohol extracting phase, carrying out second reflux extraction on the n-butyl alcohol extracting phase by using ethyl ether, collecting ethyl ether insoluble substances, and adding the feed additive into a fattening pig feed according to the weight percentage of 1%.
Example 5
The feed additive is prepared by crushing carnosine, a yucca extract, creatine monohydrate, α -lipoic acid and defatted rice bran, sieving the crushed carnosine, the yucca extract and the defatted rice bran by a sieve of 80 meshes for later use, mixing 10 parts by weight of carnosine and 10 parts by weight of the yucca extract with 15 parts by weight of defatted rice bran, adding 40 parts by weight of creatine monohydrate and 25 parts by weight of α -lipoic acid, continuously mixing to obtain the feed additive, wherein the yucca extract is obtained by carrying out first reflux extraction on yucca by ethanol, concentrating an extracting solution obtained after the first reflux extraction, extracting the extracting solution by water and n-butyl alcohol, collecting and drying a n-butyl alcohol extracting phase, carrying out second reflux extraction on the n-butyl alcohol extracting phase by using ethyl ether, collecting ethyl ether insoluble substances, and adding the feed additive into a fattening pig feed according to the weight percentage of 1%.
Test example 1
The above examples 1 to 5 were repeated to obtain sufficient feed additives. The test adopts single factor design, 300 pigs (half of male and half of female) with good body condition and weight close to 90kg are selected, and randomly divided into 6 test groups, each group has 5 repetitions, and each repetition has 10 pigs. 5 different feed additives (examples 1-5) were added separately to a basal test ration (cf. us NRC (2012) pig nutritional requirements) having the composition shown in table 1, wherein the premix provides the components shown in table 2 per kg of ration. The test period is 15 days.
At the end of the trial, each pig was weighed, daily gain and feed-to-meat ratio were calculated, and 3 pigs were randomly selected for slaughter from each replicate. Feeding is prohibited for 12 hours before slaughtering and only drinking water is supplied. Collecting longissimus dorsi during slaughtering, and measuring pH, flesh color, drip loss, cooking loss, shearing force, intramuscular fat, marbling, muscle antioxidant enzyme activity, etc.; blood of slaughtered pigs is taken, centrifuged and serum is taken to measure the antioxidant index of the slaughtered pigs. In addition, in the determination process, a kit (produced by Nanjing institute of bioengineering) is also adopted to determine the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the content of malondialdehyde in the serum and the liver. Wherein, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) is determined by xanthine oxidase; the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and Catalase (CAT) are measured by a colorimetric method; the Malondialdehyde (MDA) content was measured at 532nm for absorbance by thiobarbituric acid method (TBA method). The results of the above tests are shown in tables 4 to 6.
Table 1 basic ration composition (%)
TABLE 2 premix components
Table 3 additive (1%) composition for different test groups
TABLE 4 comparison of growth performance and lean meat percentage of fattening pigs of different test groups
In table 4, the initial weight, final weight, average daily feed intake and average daily gain of the finishing pigs are in kg, and the lean meat percentage values represent percentages. As can be seen from Table 4, the average daily food intake, daily gain, feed conversion ratio and lean meat percentage of each test group have no significant difference in the test period.
TABLE 5 comparison of the longissimus dorsi meat quality of the finishing pigs of the different test groups
The values for drip loss, cook loss, muscle fat in table 5 all represent percentages. As can be seen from Table 5, the pork in the test groups 1 to 5 had an increased redness value (P) as compared with the control group<0.05), luminance value decreases (P)<0.05), which shows that the muscle color in the test group is obviously improved, the reflection of the muscle surface is reduced, and the surface water seepage is reduced; pH of pork in test groups 1-545minAnd pH24hAre all higher than the control group (P)<0.05), indicating that the pH drop can be delayed by feeding the feed additive of the invention; and the drip loss and cooking loss of pork in the test groups 1-5 are reduced compared with the control group (P)<0.05), which shows that the feed additive of the invention can increase the water content of pork and increase the juiciness and mouthfeel of the pork. In addition, the pork shear, intramuscular fat and marble scores in the test groups 1-5 were all increased over the control group (P)<0.05), showing that the feed additive of the invention can improve the tenderness of pork.
TABLE 6 comparison of serum and muscle antioxidant function of pigs from different test groups
In Table 6, the units of serum t-SOD, serum CAT and serum GSH-PX are all U/mL; the unit of serum MDA is nmol/mL; the unit of muscle t-SOD, muscle CAT and muscle GSH-PX is U/mgprot; muscle MDA is in units of nmol/mgprot. As can be seen from Table 6, compared with the control group, the activities of three antioxidant enzymes, namely serum t-SOD, serum CAT and serum GSH-PX, of the pigs in the test groups 1 to 5 are obviously increased (P <0.05), and the MDA content of the serum is obviously reduced (P <0.05), which indicates that the organism antioxidant capacity of the pigs can be improved by feeding the feed additive provided by the invention. In addition, compared with a control group, the muscle t-SOD and the muscle GSH-PX of the pigs in the test groups 1 to 5 are obviously increased, and the muscle MDA content is obviously reduced, which shows that the muscle antioxidant capacity of the pigs can be improved by feeding the feed additive provided by the invention.
In conclusion, the feed additive disclosed by the embodiment of the invention can delay the pH drop of the muscle of the fattening pig, increase the water content of the muscle, improve the meat color and improve the tenderness; the preparation method is simple, and the preparation conditions are good in controllability; the additive can be added into the feed for fattening pigs, can obviously improve the meat quality and flavor of the fattening pigs before slaughtering, simultaneously improve the oxidation resistance of the fattening pig organisms and reduce the emission of ammonia nitrogen.
The embodiments described above are some, but not all embodiments of the invention. The detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention is not intended to limit the scope of the invention as claimed, but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The feed additive for improving the meat quality of fattening pigs is characterized by comprising 20-40 parts by weight of creatine monohydrate, 5-25 parts by weight of α -lipoic acid, 2-10 parts by weight of carnosine, 2-10 parts by weight of yucca extract and 15-71 parts by weight of carrier.
2. The feed additive of claim 1, comprising 30-40 parts by weight of said creatine monohydrate, 15-25 parts by weight of said α -lipoic acid, 6-10 parts by weight of said carnosine, 6-10 parts by weight of said yucca extract, and 15-43 parts by weight of said carrier.
3. The feed additive of claim 1 comprising 35 parts by weight of said creatine monohydrate, 20 parts by weight of said α -lipoic acid, 8 parts by weight of said carnosine, 8 parts by weight of said yucca extract and 29 parts by weight of said carrier.
4. The feed additive as claimed in claim 1, wherein the yucca extract is obtained by first reflux-extracting yucca with an alcohol solvent and concentrating, then extracting with water and n-butanol, collecting and drying the n-butanol extract, and then reflux-extracting the n-butanol extract with ether for a second time.
5. The feed additive of claim 1 wherein the carrier is defatted rice bran.
6. A method for preparing the feed additive according to claim 1, wherein the carnosine and the yucca extract are mixed with the carrier, and then the creatine monohydrate and the α -lipoic acid are added to continue mixing to obtain the feed additive.
7. The method for preparing a feed additive according to claim 6, wherein the carnosine, the yucca extract, the carrier, the creatine monohydrate, and the α -lipoic acid are pulverized and sieved before preparation.
8. The method for preparing a feed additive according to claim 7, wherein the size of the pores in the sieving treatment is 80 mesh.
9. Use of a feed additive according to any one of claims 1 to 5 in a feed for fattening pigs.
10. The use of a feed additive according to claim 9 in a feed for finishing pigs, wherein the feed additive is added to the feed for finishing pigs in a proportion of 1% by weight.
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| Creatine monohydrate supplemented in swine finishing diets and fresh pork quality: III. Evaluating the cumulative effect of creatine monohydrate and alpha-lipoic acid.;Berg E.P.等;《Journal of Animal Science》;20031030;第81卷(第10期);第2469页摘要，第2470页左栏第2段，第2471页右栏第1-2段，表1 * |
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Application publication date: 20170531 Assignee: JINHUA AONONG BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Co.,Ltd. Assignor: GUANGZHOU AONONG BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Co.,Ltd.|ZHANGZHOU AONONG ANIMAL HUSBANDRY TECHNOLOGY Co.,Ltd.|FUJIAN AONONG BIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGY GROUP Co.,Ltd. Contract record no.: X2023980040351 Denomination of invention: A feed additive for improving the quality of fattened pork and its preparation method and application Granted publication date: 20200403 License type: Common License Record date: 20230824 |