CN106694894A - High-activity metal superfine powder preparation device and method - Google Patents
High-activity metal superfine powder preparation device and method Download PDFInfo
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- CN106694894A CN106694894A CN201611224820.4A CN201611224820A CN106694894A CN 106694894 A CN106694894 A CN 106694894A CN 201611224820 A CN201611224820 A CN 201611224820A CN 106694894 A CN106694894 A CN 106694894A
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- metal
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- superfine powder
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/06—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
- B22F9/08—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
- B22F9/082—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying atomising using a fluid
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Abstract
The invention discloses a high-activity metal superfine powder preparation device. The high-activity metal superfine powder preparation device comprises a pressure container body and a powder preparation system, wherein the powder preparation system comprises a metal placement portion used for containing metal rods; a heating device is arranged on the outer side wall of the metal placement portion; at least two ultrasonic emitting electrodes are arranged at the lower end of the metal placement portion oppositely; and the ultrasonic emitting electrodes can emit ultrasonic waves with the same frequency and opposite directions. In addition, the invention discloses a high-activity metal superfine powder preparation method. The technical problem of the uneven grain size of metal powder in the prior art is solved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to 3D printing material increasing field and field of powder metallurgy, and in particular to a kind of high activity metal surpasses
Fine powder preparation facilities and method.
Background technology
Metal dust as the important raw material of industry of a class, in fields such as metallurgy, the energy, electronics, medical treatment, Aero-Space
Using expanding day by day.Especially with the fast development of 3D printing technique, manufacture field is more urgent to the demand of metal dust,
At the same time, the performance requirement to metal dust is also improved constantly.High performance metal dust has that particle size range is narrow, purity
The features such as height, low cost.Narrow granularity can ensure that the metallic particles of melting keeps essentially identical state, otherwise, too big
Grain has been in solid-state in printing, and too small particle then evaporates already；High-purity not only influences the quality of metal forming components, also
Help to ensure that the reliability and stability of forming process；Low cost is conducive to the expansion of application field, promotes industrial circle
Planningization is produced.High performance metal dust needs to be obtained using advanced technology of preparing.At present, metal is produced both at home and abroad
The traditional approach of powder is atomization, and the conventional metal powder particle size range prepared is big, it is necessary to by repeatedly screening and inspection
Required particle diameter can be just obtained, production efficiency is extremely low, and powder sphericity is not good；High activity metal powder is prepared, is then difficult to obtain
Obtain pure product.A large amount of high-performance metal powder dependence on import are caused, the serious domestic metal 3D printing increasing material manufacturing row of restriction
The development of industry.
The need for adapt to new situations, new powder-making technique is researched and developed in the development of power-assisted 3D printing increasing material manufacturing industry, is improved
The preparation level and technique of metal dust have important practical significance.The present invention for high activity metal powder easily be oxidized,
The characteristics of pollution, there is provided a kind of new apparatus for preparing metal powder and method, the excellent metal dust of availability.
The content of the invention
One of purpose of the invention is to propose a kind of high activity metal superfine powder preparation device and method, is solved
The technical problem of the metal dust particle diameter inequality that prior art is present.Optimization technique in many technical schemes that the present invention is provided
Many technique effects (production cost is higher, metal dust size distribution is uneven etc.) that scheme can be generated are as detailed below to be explained
State.
To achieve the above object, the invention provides following technical scheme：A kind of high activity metal superfines prepares dress
Put, including pressure container body and pulverized coal preparation system, the pulverized coal preparation system includes metal placement section, the metal placement section is used to put
Put metal bar material, the metal placement section lateral wall is provided with heater, the metal placement section lower end be arranged oppositely to
Few two ultrasonic wave emitter stages, the ultrasonic wave emitter stage can identical, the in opposite direction ultrasonic wave of tranmitting frequency.
Preferably, the ultrasonic wave emitter stage is arranged oppositely through the side wall of the pressure container body, axis overlaps；It is described
The distance between ultrasonic wave transmitting polar plane is adjusted to half integral multiple of wave length of sound.
Preferably, the pulverized coal preparation system also includes piston rod, is arranged at the pressure container body upper end charging hopper, setting
In the cylinder of the charging hopper upper end, described piston rod one end is placed in the charging hopper, and the other end is placed in the cylinder.
Preferably, the fixed part for fixing the metal bar material is provided with the piston rod.
Preferably, connecting rod is provided between the piston rod and the metal placement section, is provided with the connecting rod
Fixed part for fixing the metal bar material.
Preferably, the metal bar material bottom is reverse taper, and the heater is arranged at the metal bar material reverse taper
Lateral wall.
Preferably, the heater is induction coil.
Preferably, the pressure container body includes upper furnace chamber and lower furnace chamber, and the lower furnace chamber is reverse taper.
Preferably, the pressure container body bottom is provided with powder collecting pot, is provided between the powder collecting pot and the furnace chamber
Ball valve.
Preferably, sealed by seal cover board between the pressure container body and the charging hopper, realized complete in charging hopper
Into the continuous production reloaded.
Preferably, also including carrying out the vacuum extractor of vacuumize process to pressure container body, the vacuum extractor with
The pressure container body connection.
Preferably, the vacuum extractor includes mechanical pump, lobe pump.
Preferably, also including to the gas circuit that inert gas is filled with pressure vessel body.
Preferably, the inert gas is high-purity gas of the purity more than 99.999%, and the inert gas is high-purity
Ar gas or high-purity N2, the inert gas charge is 0.6~1.2MPa
Present invention also offers a kind of metal powder preparation method, methods described is applied to any one of claim 1 to 13
Described high activity metal superfine powder preparation device, including：
S10, metal bar material is positioned in charging hopper；
S20, by piston rod by metal bar material push pressure vessel body in；
S30, inert gas is filled with to pressure container body by gas circuit；
S40, metal bar material is molten into by molten metal by heater；
S50, by identical, the in opposite direction ultrasonic wave of ultrasonic wave emitter stage tranmitting frequency, form ultrasonic standing wave, staying
Metal drop is crushed dispersion by wave field pressure site position.
Preferably, also include being evacuated to 6.63 × 10 to furnace chamber using mechanical pump, lobe pump before step S20-1Pa。
Based on above-mentioned technical proposal, the embodiment of the present invention can at least produce following technique effect：
The present invention places metal bar material in metal placement section 5-2 positions, by the heating in metal bar material Basolateral wall
Device 5-3 carries out heating fusing to metal bar material bottom, the jet 7-1 with metal bar material body adhesion is formed, in Action of Gravity Field
Under, jet comes off from bar, forms molten metal stream 7-2.As shown in Fig. 2 the tranmitting frequency phase of ultrasonic wave emitter stage 2 being arranged oppositely
Together, ultrasonic wave in opposite direction, produces the ultrasonic standing wave 2-1 of resonance, in stationary field pressure site position 2-2 by molten metal stream
7-2 smashes into the broken droplet group 7-3 of ultra-fine taper, and droplet flies in container body and cooled and solidified is into sphericity high
Metal dust.Solve the uneven technical problem of metal dust particle diameter.The device also includes what can be connected with pressure container body 1
Gas circuit 6, inert gas is filled with by gas circuit 6 to pressure container body 1, and the oxidation of metal can be avoided under inert protective atmosphere,
Can simultaneously serve as acoustic wave energy transmission medium.
Brief description of the drawings
Accompanying drawing described herein is used for providing a further understanding of the present invention, constitutes the part of the application, this hair
Bright schematic description and description does not constitute inappropriate limitation of the present invention for explaining the present invention.In the accompanying drawings：
The schematic diagram of the apparatus for preparing metal powder that Fig. 1 is provided by the embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is the partial enlarged drawing at I positions in Fig. 1；
The flow chart of the metal powder preparation method that Fig. 3 is provided by the embodiment of the present invention.
Reference：Pressure container body 1, upper furnace chamber 1-1, lower furnace chamber 1-2, ultrasonic wave emitter stage 2, ultrasonic standing wave a 2-1,
Stationary field pressure site position 2-2；Mechanical pump 3, lobe pump 4, pulverized coal preparation system 5, seal cover board 5-1, metal placement section 5-2, plus
It is thermal 5-3, cylinder 5-4, piston rod 5-5, charging hopper 5-6, connecting rod 5-7, gas circuit 6, jet 7-1, molten metal stream 7-2, broken
Broken droplet group 7-3, powder collecting pot 8, ball valve 9.
Specific embodiment
It is referred to 1~Fig. 3 of accompanying drawing below and word content understands present disclosure and of the invention with existing skill
Distinctive points between art.Hereafter accompanying drawing and by way of enumerating some alternative embodiments of the invention, to skill of the invention
Art scheme (including optimal technical scheme) is described in further detail.It should be noted that：Any technology in the present embodiment
Feature, any technical scheme are one or more in the technical characteristic or optional technical scheme of plurality of optional, in order to retouch
State it is succinct the need in presents cannot exhaustive all alternative technical characteristics of the invention and alternative technical scheme,
Also the implementation method for being not easy to each technical characteristic emphasizes that it is one of optional numerous embodiments, so art technology
Personnel should know：Can by the present invention provide any technological means be replaced or by the present invention provide any two or
More technological means or technical characteristic are combined and obtain new technical scheme mutually.Any technology in the present embodiment is special
Levy and any technical scheme is not limited the scope of the invention, protection scope of the present invention should include art technology
Personnel do not pay the thinkable any alternate embodiments of creative work institute and those skilled in the art provide the present invention
Any two or more technological means or technical characteristic be combined mutually obtained from new technical scheme.
The embodiment of the invention provides a kind of high activity metal superfine powder preparation device and method.With reference to Fig. 1~
Fig. 3 is illustrated the technical scheme that the present invention is provided in more detail.
As shown in Fig. 1~Fig. 2, the apparatus for preparing metal powder that the embodiment of the present invention is provided include pressure container body 1 with
And pulverized coal preparation system 5, pulverized coal preparation system 5 include metal placement section 5-2, metal placement section 5-2 be used for place metal bar material.Metal bar material
The hanging inside cavity for being placed in pressure container body 1, metal bar material Basolateral wall is provided with heater 5-3, metal placement section
5-2 lower ends have been arranged oppositely ultrasonic wave emitter stage 2, ultrasonic wave emitter stage 2 at least two.The present invention is in metal placement section 5-2
Metal bar material is placed in position, and metal bar material bottom is heated by the heater 5-3 of metal bar material Basolateral wall
Fusing, forms the jet 7-1 with metal bar material body adhesion, and under gravity, jet comes off from bar, forms molten metal stream
7-2.As shown in Fig. 2 identical, the in opposite direction ultrasonic wave of the tranmitting frequency of ultrasonic wave emitter stage 2 being arranged oppositely, produces resonance
Ultrasonic standing wave 2-1, molten metal stream 7-2 is smashed into the broken droplet of ultra-fine taper in stationary field pressure site position 2-2
Group 7-3, droplet fly in container body simultaneously cooled and solidified into the metal dust with sphericity high.Solve metal dust particle diameter
Uneven technical problem.The device also includes the gas circuit 6 that can be connected with pressure container body 1, by gas circuit 6 to pressure container body 1
Inert gas is filled with, the oxidation of metal can be avoided under inert protective atmosphere, can simultaneously serve as acoustic wave energy transmission medium.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, ultrasonic wave emitter stage 2 is arranged oppositely through the side wall of pressure container body 1,
Axis overlaps, wherein, ultrasonic wave emitter stage 2 could be arranged to two or more, such as four or six, however it is necessary that
It is set to be oppositely arranged two-by-two, so just can guarantee that the stabilization of ultrasonic standing wave 2-1.Between the ultrasonic wave transmitting polar plane
Distance is adjusted to half integral multiple of wave length of sound, and the ultrasonic frequency vibratory of the ultrasonic wave emitter stage transmitting is 20000Hz, is shaken
Width is 50~120 μm.
As shown in Fig. 2 pulverized coal preparation system 5 also include piston rod 5-5, be arranged at the upper end of pressure container body 1 charging hopper 5-6,
The cylinder 5-4 of charging hopper 5-6 upper ends is arranged at, piston rod 5-5 one end is placed in charging hopper 5-6, and the other end is placed in cylinder 5-4
It is interior.The piston rod 5-5 bottoms can be contradicted to metal bar material, and when not feeding, piston rod 5-5 is in highest order, namely piston rod
It is contracted in completely in cylinder 5-4.After charging, piston rod 5-5 sends into pressure container body 1 metal charge, wherein, metal charge is preferred
It is metal bar material.In the present invention use without crucible Induction Melting Technology, metal or alloy can be avoided, especially high activity metal or
Alloy reacts with other elements in crucible or environment, so as to avoid impurity from being mixed into powder, improves the purity of metal dust.
In order to preferably place metal bar material, the fixed part for fixing metal bar material is provided with piston rod 5-5.Can also be in work
Connecting rod 5-7 is provided between stopper rod 5-5 and metal placement section 5-2, is provided with for fixing metal bar material on connecting rod 5-7
Fixed part, this is to fix metal bar material by shorter connecting rod 5-7, and after charging, piston rod 5-5 passes through connecting rod 5-7 by gold
In category material feeding pressure container body 1.
In order to optimize the program, metal bar material bottom can be set to reverse taper, pressure container body 1 and charging hopper 5-6
Between sealed by seal cover board 5-1, realize the continuous production for completing in charging hopper to reload.Heater 5-3 is arranged at back taper
The lateral wall of body region, such metal bar material melts in back taper body portion, is formed in cone and continued down with metal body adhesion
The jet 7-1 of taper, under gravity, jet comes off from bar, forms molten metal stream 7-2.And heater 5-3 can be
Induction coil, is melted by control coil power to different metals.
Pressure container body 1 includes upper furnace chamber 1-1 and lower furnace chamber 1-2, lower furnace chamber 1-2 designs in the embodiment that the present invention is provided
It is reverse taper, is easy to collecting for metal dust.The bottom of lower furnace chamber 1-2 is provided with powder collecting pot 10, powder collecting pot 10 and lower furnace chamber
Valve 9 is provided between 1-2, the valve can be ball valve.
As shown in figure 1, the apparatus for preparing metal powder that the preferred embodiment of the present invention is provided also includes entering pressure container body 1
The vacuum extractor of row vacuumize process, vacuum extractor is connected with pressure container body 1.Wherein, vacuum extractor includes machinery
Pump 3, lobe pump 4,6.63 × 10 will be evacuated to by vacuum extractor in pressure container body 1-1After Pa, by the reversely charging of gas circuit 6
The inert gas of high-purity, can avoid the oxidation of metal under inert protective atmosphere, can simultaneously serve as acoustic wave energy transmission
Medium, inert gas is high-purity gas of the purity more than 99.999%, and the inert gas is high-purity Ar gas or high-purity N2, institute
Inert gas charge is stated for 0.6~1.2MPa, pressure container body maximum bearing capacity is 2.5MPa, and container inner pressure exceedes
1.5MPa, gas circuit 6 starts decompression protection.And pass through mechanical pump 3, the combination of lobe pump 4 carries out vacuumizing place to pressure container body 1
Reason, the control hence for the air pressure after vacuumizing is more precisely and controllable, reduces what metal dust was oxidized to greatest extent
May.
As shown in figure 3, present invention also offers a kind of metal powder preparation method, the method is applied to above-mentioned metal powder
Last preparation facilities, including：
S10, metal bar material is positioned in charging hopper 5-6；
S20, vacuumize process is carried out to pressure container body 1；
S30, by piston rod 5-5 by metal bar material push pressure container body 1 in；
S40, inert gas is filled with to pressure container body 1 by gas circuit 6；
S50, metal bar material is molten into by molten metal by heater 5-3；
S60, by identical, the in opposite direction ultrasonic wave of the tranmitting frequency of ultrasonic wave emitter stage 2, form ultrasonic standing wave 2-1,
Metal drop is crushed into dispersion in stationary field pressure site position 2-2.
The metal powder preparation method just charging hopper 5-6 that the present invention is provided is opened, and metal bar material is positioned over charging hopper 5-6
Interior, the full-size specification of metal bar material is Φ 100mm × 1000mm.Vacuumize process is carried out to pressure container body 1, is vacuumized
To 6.63 × 10-1Pa, then extends piston rod 5-5 in charging hopper 5-6, by piston rod 5-5 by high activity metal bar
In feeding pressure container body 1, inert gas is then filled with to pressure container body 1 by gas circuit 6, can be with inert protective atmosphere
The oxidation of metal is avoided, acoustic wave energy transmission medium is can simultaneously serve as, inert gas is height of the purity more than 99.999%
Pure gas, the inert gas is high-purity Ar gas or high-purity N2, the inert gas charge is 0.6~1.2MPa, and pressure holds
Body maximum bearing capacity is 2.5MPa, and container inner pressure starts decompression protection more than 1.5MPa, gas circuit assembly.Metal bar afterwards
Material bottom is heated using heater 5-3 and causes the fusing of metal bar material bottom, and the position by metal bar material bottom and line
The control of power is enclosed, the jet 7-1 with bar body adhesion is obtained, under gravity, jet comes off from bar, form metal
Liquid stream 7-2.Afterwards by the ultrasonic wave that the tranmitting frequency of ultrasonic wave emitter stage 2 being arranged oppositely is identical, in opposite direction, resonance is produced
Ultrasonic standing wave 2-1, molten metal stream 7-2 is smashed into the broken micro- of ultra-fine taper in stationary field pressure site position 2-2
Drop group 7-3, droplet fly in container body simultaneously cooled and solidified into the metal dust with sphericity high.Solve metal dust grain
The uneven technical problem in footpath.
Any technical scheme disclosed in the invention described above unless otherwise stated, if it discloses number range, then
Disclosed number range is preferred number range, it is any it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art：Preferred number range
The only obvious or representative numerical value of technique effect in many enforceable numerical value.Because numerical value is more, it is impossible to
Exhaustion, so just open component values of the invention are to illustrate technical scheme, also, the above-mentioned numerical value enumerated is not
The limitation to the invention protection domain should be constituted.
If the words such as " first ", " second " are used herein to limit parts, those skilled in the art should
This knows：" first ", the use of " second " are intended merely to facilitate in description and parts are distinguished such as no Stated otherwise
Outward, above-mentioned word does not have special implication.
Meanwhile, if the invention described above is open or relate to the parts or structural member of connection fastened to each other, then, except another
There is statement outer, be fixedly connected and can be understood as：Can releasably be fixedly connected (for example use bolt or mode connects for screw), it is also possible to
It is interpreted as：Non-removable to be fixedly connected (such as rivet, weld), certainly, connection fastened to each other can also be integral type structure
(for example being manufactured using casting technique is integrally formed) replaces (substantially cannot be using except integrally formed technique).
In addition, the art for representing position relationship or shape applied in any technical scheme disclosed in the invention described above
Its implication includes approximate with its, similar or close state or shape to language unless otherwise stated.The either component that the present invention is provided
Both can be to be assembled by multiple individually parts, it is also possible to the separate part that the technique that is one of the forming is manufactured.
Finally it should be noted that:The above embodiments are merely illustrative of the technical solutions of the present invention rather than its limitations；To the greatest extent
Pipe has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiment to the present invention, and those of ordinary skill in the art should be understood：Still
Specific embodiment of the invention can be modified or equivalent is carried out to some technical characteristics；Without deviating from this hair
The spirit of bright technical scheme, it all should cover in the middle of claimed technical scheme scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of high activity metal superfine powder preparation device, including pressure container body and pulverized coal preparation system, it is characterised in that institute
Stating pulverized coal preparation system includes metal placement section, and the metal placement section is used to place metal bar material, the metal placement section lateral wall
Heater is provided with, the metal placement section lower end has been arranged oppositely at least two ultrasonic wave emitter stages, the ultrasonic wave hair
Emitter-base bandgap grading can identical, the in opposite direction ultrasonic wave of tranmitting frequency.
2. high activity metal superfine powder preparation device according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the ultrasonic wave transmitting
Pole is arranged oppositely through the side wall of the pressure container body, axis overlaps；The distance between described ultrasonic wave transmitting polar plane is adjusted
To half integral multiple of wave length of sound.
3. high activity metal superfine powder preparation device according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the pulverized coal preparation system is also
Including piston rod, it is arranged at the charging hopper of the pressure container body upper end, is arranged at the cylinder of the charging hopper upper end, the work
Stopper rod one end is placed in the charging hopper, and the other end is placed in the cylinder.
4. high activity metal superfine powder preparation device according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the metal bar material bottom
Portion is reverse taper, and the heater is arranged at the lateral wall of the metal bar material reverse taper.
5. high activity metal superfine powder preparation device according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the pressure container body
Sealed by seal cover board between the charging hopper, realize the continuous production for completing to reload in charging hopper.
6. high activity metal superfine powder preparation device according to claim 1, it is characterised in that also including holding to pressure
Body carries out the vacuum extractor of vacuumize process, and the vacuum extractor is connected with the pressure container body.
7. high activity metal superfine powder preparation device according to claim 1, it is characterised in that also including holding to pressure
The gas circuit of inert gas is filled with body.
8. high activity metal superfine powder preparation device according to claim 7, it is characterised in that the inert gas is
High-purity gas of the purity more than 99.999%, the inert gas is high-purity Ar gas or high-purity N2, the inert gas is filled with
It is 0.6~1.2MPa to measure.
9. a kind of high activity metal superfines preparation method, it is characterised in that methods described is applied to claim 1 to 8 times
High activity metal superfine powder preparation device described in one, including：
S10, metal bar material is positioned in charging hopper；
S20, by piston rod by metal bar material push pressure vessel body in；
S30, inert gas is filled with to pressure container body by gas circuit；
S40, metal bar material is molten into by molten metal by heater；
S50, by identical, the in opposite direction ultrasonic wave of ultrasonic wave emitter stage tranmitting frequency, ultrasonic standing wave is formed, in stationary field
Metal drop is crushed dispersion by pressure site position.
10. prepared by high activity metal superfines according to claim 9, it is characterised in that also include before step S20
6.63 × 10 are evacuated to furnace chamber using mechanical pump, lobe pump-1Pa。
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201611224820.4A CN106694894A (en) | 2016-12-27 | 2016-12-27 | High-activity metal superfine powder preparation device and method |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201611224820.4A CN106694894A (en) | 2016-12-27 | 2016-12-27 | High-activity metal superfine powder preparation device and method |
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| CN106694894A true CN106694894A (en) | 2017-05-24 |
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| CN201611224820.4A Pending CN106694894A (en) | 2016-12-27 | 2016-12-27 | High-activity metal superfine powder preparation device and method |
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Cited By (6)
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| CN107824793A (en) * | 2017-10-31 | 2018-03-23 | 中国科学院过程工程研究所 | A kind of device and method for preparing ultra-fine single dispersion metal microballoon |
| CN109622980A (en) * | 2019-01-28 | 2019-04-16 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | A kind of contactless powder by atomization device and method of molten metal ultrasonic standing wave |
| CN110076346A (en) * | 2019-04-22 | 2019-08-02 | 中科音瀚声学技术(上海)有限公司 | A kind of ultrasonic standing wave atomization device suitable for manufacturing lemel |
| CN110116214A (en) * | 2019-04-26 | 2019-08-13 | 西北工业大学 | The uniform tin alloy ball side direction perturbation of micron order sprays preparation facilities |
| CN110238409A (en) * | 2018-12-25 | 2019-09-17 | 西安赛隆金属材料有限责任公司 | Fuel pulverizing plant and method |
| RU2714001C1 (en) * | 2019-04-12 | 2020-02-11 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Ботлихский радиозавод" | Method of forming metal powders for additive technologies in a plasmatron apparatus under the effect of ultrasound |
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