CN106635739A - Frond swinging type culture system and use method thereof - Google Patents

Frond swinging type culture system and use method thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106635739A
CN106635739A CN201610969462.3A CN201610969462A CN106635739A CN 106635739 A CN106635739 A CN 106635739A CN 201610969462 A CN201610969462 A CN 201610969462A CN 106635739 A CN106635739 A CN 106635739A
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frond
incubator
culture
streaming
culture systems
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王卫
周丰
易思富
安彦君
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HUNAN YANDI BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERING Co Ltd
CHANGDE YANDI BIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGY Co Ltd
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HUNAN YANDI BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERING Co Ltd
CHANGDE YANDI BIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGY Co Ltd
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12MAPPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M23/00Constructional details, e.g. recesses, hinges
    • C12M23/02Form or structure of the vessel
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12MAPPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M23/00Constructional details, e.g. recesses, hinges
    • C12M23/22Transparent or translucent parts
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12MAPPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M27/00Means for mixing, agitating or circulating fluids in the vessel
    • C12M27/16Vibrating; Shaking; Tilting
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/20Bacteria; Culture media therefor

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
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  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Clinical Laboratory Science (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
  • Virology (AREA)
  • Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a frond swinging type culture system. The system comprises an upper C-shaped incubator, a power system, a fixed pulley, a slide rail, a tension iron ball, a steel wire, a lever strut and a lever; one end of the upper C-shaped incubator is provided with an incubator opening and an incubator multi-functional opening switch; the power system is connected to the tension iron ball by the lever, the lever is supported by the lever strut, and the lever strut is mounted on the ground; the steel wire is wound on the fixed pulley to connect the tension iron ball and the upper C-shaped incubator; culture solution and frond are contained in the upper C-shaped incubator; a lubricating zone is arranged between the upper C-shaped incubator and the slide rail. The frond swinging type culture system can be used to remarkably reduce pollution in frond culture and remarkably lower production cost in frond culture.

Description

A kind of frond pendulum streaming culture systems and its using method
Technical field
The present invention relates to biological technical field, is more particularly to a kind of frond pendulum streaming culture systems and its using method.
Background technology
Nostoc is to intend spherical nostoc (Nostoc sphaeoides K ü in Nostoc (Nostoc Vauch) Being commonly called as tzing), it belongs to Cyanophyta (Cyanophyta), Cyanophyceae (Cyanophyceae), beads Cutleriales (Nostocales), nostocaceae (Nostocaceae).Nostoc, Nostoc commune, deliver vegetables precious rare, nostoc is also known as green Bird's nest.Moreover, 18 kinds of amino acid are contained in nostoc, including eight kinds of amino acid needed by human, dry total protein Up to 56% or so, crude fat 8.11%, carbohydrate 12.69%, ash content 10.88%, chlorophyll 30.98mg/g is anti-bad Hematic acid 5.50mg/g, the close fresh dates of Vitamin C content are higher than hawthorn more than 5 times, higher than citrus 5 times;Vitamin B1, B2 are higher than one As Homonemeae;Rich in mineral matter and trace element, also phycobniliprotein and polysaccharide bioactive ingredients, its content is reachable respectively 10-20% (DW) and 25-47% (DW), nostoc polysaccharide is also a kind of important bioactivator, is shown certain Improve immunity of organisms, antineoplastic biological effectiveness.Simultaneously its calcium content is higher than general vegetables, is a kind of fabulous natural richness Calcium nutrient health-care food.
The medical value of nostoc is also precious, is the good merchantable brand of food and medicament dual-purpose.《Compendium of Materia Medica》、《The property of medicine is examined》、《The whole nation Chinese herbal medicine collects》Effect Deng nostoc is called:Improving eyesight beneficial gas, make us having it is sub, antipyretic it is clear every, sharp stomach, convulsive seizure due to phlegm-fire can treat.Can be beautiful Hold beauty treatment, physical fitness, replenish the calcium, anticancer, long eat macrobiosis, dispelling fatigue, restrain, control yctalopia etc..
Nostoc, Nostoc commune, the density delivered vegetables are more than the density of nutrient solution, and during Liquid Culture, frond is easy to settle, piles up In incubator bottom, it is unfavorable for light and absorbs nutrition.Therefore frond and nutrient solution must in some way be stirred.
Existing frond Liquid Culture is open culture, is suspended using ventilation and is driven, and its problem for existing is intercourse meeting band Enter the pollution sources such as PM2.5 in air, heavy metal, dust, miscellaneous algae spore, microorganism, virus.Dirt in nostoc meeting enriched air Dye source and cause edible safety poor, it is therefore extremely harsh to the air quality requirements in culture environment.And existing liquid training Under foster pattern, constantly it is passed through the air of Jing process to stir frond, and cultivates waste liquid and directly discharge to environmentally undesirable, needs process Discharge again afterwards, therefore energy consumption is larger, it is relatively costly.And Water Evaporation amount is big, artificial moisturizing is needed, waste freshwater resources.
Under existing Liquid Culture pattern, at present someone is passed through without the air for processing, and is that this manually advises nostoc Modelling cultivation base build remote mountain area in, but mountain area environment is good, and the diversity of miscellaneous algae is extremely enriched, so that culture water body is received Miscellaneous algae pollution is more serious, and water body easily deteriorates, and need to spend manually carry out in a large number and change water and cleaning incubator, cost of labor compared with It is high.
Under existing frond Liquid Culture technology, aerating system is needed to carry out aeration, waste liquid is discharged again after need to processing, while right Air is processed, and consumes substantial amounts of electric energy, drastically increases the production cost of nostoc.The open culture of existing liquid Under, moisture evaporation is very fast, causes loss of moist amount big, waste water resource, and causes nutrient content to concentrate and cause culture water body Physical and chemical index change, trained frond is damaged, the damaged death rate is high, and production stability is poor.In sum, current Under the natural environment being degrading, it is accordingly required in particular to a kind of new culture systems and method solving above technical problem, be this and Propose the present invention.
The content of the invention
(1) technical problem to be solved
For the deficiency of existing frond Liquid Culture technology, the purpose of the present invention is to reduce the dirt in frond Liquid Culture Dye, improves frond edible safety, reduces the damaged death rate, improves production stability, reduces the cost of culture frond, and provides A kind of frond pendulum streaming culture systems and its using method.
(2) technical scheme
In order to solve above-mentioned technical problem, the invention provides a kind of frond puts streaming culture systems, the system includes:On " C " shape incubator, dynamical system, fixed pulley, sliding rail, pulling force iron ball, steel wire, lever pillar, lever;Upper " C " shape culture Device one end is provided with incubator opening and incubator multi-functional opening switch;Dynamical system Jing lever connect pulling force iron ball, lever by Lever pillar is supported, and lever pillar is installed on the ground;Steel wire bypasses fixed pulley connection pulling force iron ball and upper " C " shape incubator; Equipped with nutrient solution and frond in upper " C " shape incubator;Upper is lubrication belt between " C " shape incubator and sliding rail.
Preferably, described frond is >=1mm nostoc, Nostoc commune and the one kind in delivering vegetables.
Preferably, described upper " C " shape incubator is prepared by transparent material.
Preferably, described upper " C " shape incubator is prepared by transparent glass or transparent plastics;It is preferred that by transparent electricity Controlled dimming glass preparation.
Preferably, there is lubricating oil on described lubrication belt.
Preferably, described pulling force iron ball is stainless steel solid ball.
Preferably, described dynamical system is the forcing press that iron ball can be prized by lever.
Preferably, described upper " C " shape incubator is multiple.
Preferably, described upper " C " shape incubator is 1-3.
Preferably, multi-functional opening switch has automatic single-way exhaust function, closing incubator and water supply and drainage function.
Present invention also offers the method for putting streaming culture systems culture frond using described frond, the method include as Lower step (raw materials used commercial obtain):
Step one:Prepare frond algae kind;The component of the production of hybrid seeds nutrient solution used by the algae kind:
Step 2:To filling nutrient solution (12) in upper " C " shape incubator (2);Carry out disinfection;Institute in upper " C " shape incubator Use nutrient solution component:
Step 3:Inoculation frond in nutrient solution (12) in upper " C " shape incubator (2);
Step 4:Start frond pendulum streaming culture systems, drive iron ball per 30min automatic dynamical systems (3) once Interval moves vertically up and down, and the pulling force of generation pulls upper " C " shape incubator (2) to make list on sliding rail (5) by fixed pulley Pendular motion, drives the frond and culture liquid movement in incubator.
(3) beneficial effect
Culture systems of the present invention are driven to single actuations, often drive once, can pause the long period, without the need for Continuous Drive. Using the less frictional force of kinetic energy and slide rail of single actuations so that the swing that culture vessel can be on slide rail back and forth, cause training Nutrient solution swings and drives frond motion, until driving force disappears, then carries out driving next time, therefore without the need for continuously consuming energy, shows Writing reduces production cost.Culture systems of the present invention, the pollution sources that will not be brought into air, effective control pollution rate can be effective Suppress water body to deteriorate, extend single batch of cultivation cycle, reduce artificial and energy consumption cost.The culture systems of the present invention wave of the evaporation without water body Take, maintain the constant of the culture water yield, the effective nutrient concentration change in nutrient solution is extremely faint, will not cause the reason of nutrient solution Change index fluctuation, to frond fanout free region.Culture systems of the present invention need not be ventilated, to air quality no requirement (NR).
Description of the drawings
In order to be illustrated more clearly that the embodiment of the present invention or technical scheme of the prior art, below will be to embodiment or existing The accompanying drawing to be used needed for having technology description is briefly described, it should be apparent that, drawings in the following description are only this Some embodiments of invention, for those of ordinary skill in the art, on the premise of not paying creative work, can be with Other accompanying drawings are obtained according to these accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is the generalized section that frond of the present invention puts streaming culture systems;
Mark in figure:1st, culture systems, 2, upper " C " shape incubator, 3, dynamical system, 4, fixed pulley, 5, sliding rail, 6, Lubrication belt, 7, frond, 8, pulling force iron ball, 9, steel wire, 10, lever pillar, 11, lever, 12, nutrient solution, 13, incubator opening, 14th, incubator multi-functional opening switch, 15, ground.
Specific embodiment
Embodiments of the present invention are described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.Following examples are used for The present invention is illustrated, but can not be used for limiting the scope of the present invention.
The present invention provides a kind of pendulum streaming culture systems of the closing driven by forcing press, using press pressure, prizes Lever elevates upwards iron ball, and pulling force when iron ball does downwards freely falling body pulls steel wire by fixed pulley, so as to elevate " C " shape One end of incubator, nutrient solution and frond to the other end of incubator flows, and when press pressure tilts iron ball, steel wire is received Contracting, the incubator after elevating along slide rail sweep away when, inertia causes the other end to be elevated, and nutrient solution and frond to the other end flows, Using inertia and the minimum frictional force of slide rail, incubator can on slide rail back and forth movement, until the kinetic energy of first time driving force is disappeared Consumed, then carried out driving next time, at the same can manual control drive pause duration, eliminate increasing gas system, can also reach and turn over The purpose of dynamic frond, greatlys save production cost.
Nutrient solution component used in upper " C " shape incubator:
Culture place is with temperature-controlling system, with the warmhouse booth of electronic-control dimming glass control light.
Culture luminous intensity:2000-10000lux
Cultivation temperature:28-40℃
The volume of filling nutrient solution is the 60-80% of upper " C " incubator volume.
Embodiment 1:
The present embodiment is the pendulum streaming culture systems that forcing press drives:The culture systems include transparent upper " C " shape frond Incubator, forcing press dynamical system, pulling force iron ball, crescent sliding rail is connected between dynamical system and pulling force iron ball Lever, if lever pillar on the ground, also including fixed pulley, bypasses the steel wire of fixed pulley, and steel wire one end is connected with iron ball, and one End is connected with incubator, has lubrication belt on sliding rail and incubator contact surface, and for reducing frictional force is swung.Described culture Device is made up of transparent plastics.There is lubricating oil on described lubrication belt.The pulling force iron ball is stainless steel solid ball.Described Dynamical system is the forcing press that downwards can be pushed on lever, and iron ball is lifted up so that the steel wire of iron ball side is in contraction State.
Embodiment 2:
Using the method for the systematic cultivation nostoc of embodiment 1
1. by culture systems be built in top for electronic-control dimming glass composition, periphery be plastic sheeting, with spraying or spray In the warmhouse booth of temperature-controlling system.
2. nutrient solution and sterilization are configured:Nutrient solution is poured into incubator, incubator is then closed, is used in incubator outer wall Ultraviolet irradiation sterilization 24 hours.
3. nostoc sphaeroides are prepared:
1). the triangular flask of 500ml is selected, loads 100ml nutrient solutions, under (121 DEG C, 30min), high pressure steam sterilization;
2). the frond 10 of exponential phase is selected, with 75% alcohol disinfecting 3 seconds, with sterile water wash 3 times, is repeated Sterilization 3 times, then makes algal filament liquid with homogenizer, in accessing the nutrient solution in step 2, rocks uniform;
3). in nutrient solution in step 2, crumpled gauze is added, rocked so that algal filament is stained with crumpled gauze;
4). will in culture dish bottom, layer overlay cotton, plus nutrient solution moistening cotton, the metafiltration paper of lid one on cotton, and Afterwards single one layer of paving is stained with the crumpled gauze of algal filament, at 20-25 DEG C, under 2000-5000lux, starts quiescent culture;
5). find crumpled gauze on have green sphere frond bring out, crumpled gauze is picked up with tweezers be put into it is aseptic In 500ml triangular flasks, aseptic culture fluid, and logical filtrated air stirring are then added so that crumpled gauze motion is got up, and treats crumpled gauze Upper frond fully drops, and when being suspended in nutrient solution, takes out crumpled gauze.Continue the culture that suspends of ventilating, changed per 7 days and once cultivate Liquid and tap, until by algae kind culture to 1mm, 20-25 DEG C of condition of culture, 2000-5000lux.
The component of the nutrient solution prepared used by nostoc sphaeroides:
4. frond is inoculated with:By the nostoc of the 1mm prepared in step 3, according to 5g/L inoculated and cultureds;
5. start dynamical system, per 30min automatics once, drive iron ball interval to move vertically up and down the pulling force of generation Culture vessel is pulled to do simple harmonic motion in orbit by fixed pulley, so as to drive frond and culture liquid movement in incubator, Reach the purpose of stirring.
It is used to cultivate the nutrient solution component of nostoc in described upper " C " incubator and is:
The culture systems are arranged in the warmhouse booth with temperature control control photosystem;
The culture luminous intensity of the culture systems:6000lux;
The cultivation temperature of the culture systems:30℃;
The inoculum concentration is 5g/L;
The volume of the filling nutrient solution is the 80% of upper " C " incubator volume.
Cultivation results:
1st, the fresh weight speed of growth:
The history of life (mm) 1mm 2mm 3mm 4mm 5-6mm
The average daily fresh algae speed of growth (g/100g. days) 30% 20% 20% 18% 15%
2nd, cultivation results statistics
Using the method culture nostoc, the output cycle is 4 months (120 days), hardness with the increase of group size by Step increase, dry product yield also increases with colony and increases, and fresh goods water content reduces with the increase of colony.Nostoc phycobilin Content is apparently higher than chlorophyll, and the content of carotenoid is relatively stable.
3rd, nutrient content testing result:
The nostoc cultivated up to 5-6mm is dried, 100g dry products Kjeldahl's method detection protein is taken, anthrone ratio is used Color method determines nostoc polysaccharide, and with Method of burning of high temperature ash content is determined, and with direct drying method water content is determined, and measurement result is as follows:
4th, vitamin and mineral element testing result:
The nostoc cultivated up to 5-6mm is dried, sample presentation asks the result of testing agency's generation inspection mineral element and vitamin It is as follows:
Species Content
Calcium, Ca 900.79(mg/100g)
Magnesium, Mg 377.95(mg/100g)
Potassium, K 328.39mg/100g
Iron, Fe 40.41mg/100g
Zinc, Zn 11mg/kg
Selenium, Se 129μg/kg
Phosphorus, P 430mg/100g
Copper, Cu 1.5mg/kg
Manganese, Mn 1.67mg/kg
Sodium, Na 474.26mg/100g
Vitamin A 0.0501mg/100g
Beta carotene 1.67mg/100g
Vitamin D 6.75μg/100g
Vitamin E 2.35mg/100g
Vitamin K 514μg/100g
Cobastab1 0.091mg/100g
Cobastab2 0.29mg/100g
Cobastab6 0.1mg/100g
Folic acid 44.3μg/100g
Cobastab12 0.12mg/100g
Detected by sample presentation, from terms of testing result, contained using nostoc obtained by culture systems culture of the present invention abundant Mineral element, particularly calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, the rich content of sodium ion, and rich and varied vitamin and active polysaccharide, this Nostoc obtained by systematic cultivation is high protein algae.
Power consumption measuring and calculating:
Dynamical system power consumption in this culture systems:Under same units yield, 1KW power consumptions per hour are 1 degree, this training system The every 30min of system starts once, and the power power consumption of daily 1KW is 12 degree, and traditional continuity ventilation suspends and cultivates, 24 hours Ceaselessly power consumption is required for, daily 1KW power consumption is 24 degree, so the system can at least save 50% energy consumption cost.In addition Cost of labor is reduced, the culture systems of the present invention can significantly reduce the cost of culture frond.
Embodiment of above is merely to illustrate the present invention, rather than limitation of the present invention.Although with reference to embodiment to this It is bright to be described in detail, it will be understood by those within the art that, technical scheme is carried out various combinations, Modification or equivalent, without departure from the spirit and scope of technical solution of the present invention, all should cover will in right of the invention Ask in the middle of scope.

Claims (10)

1. a kind of frond puts streaming culture systems, it is characterised in that the system includes:Upper " C " shape incubator (2), dynamical system (3), fixed pulley (4), sliding rail (5), pulling force iron ball (8), steel wire (9), lever pillar (10), lever (11);Upper " C " shape training Foster device (2) one end is provided with incubator opening (13) and incubator multi-functional opening switch (14);Dynamical system (3) Jing levers (11) Connection pulling force iron ball (8), lever (11) is supported by lever pillar (10), and lever pillar (10) is on ground (15);Steel wire (9) fixed pulley (4) connection pulling force iron ball (8) and upper " C " shape incubator (2) are bypassed;Equipped with culture in upper " C " shape incubator (2) Liquid (12) and frond (7);Upper is lubrication belt (6) between " C " shape incubator (2) and sliding rail (5).
2. frond according to claim 1 puts streaming culture systems, it is characterised in that and described frond is >=Pueraria lobota of 1mm Celestial rice, Nostoc commune and the one kind in delivering vegetables.
3. frond according to claim 1 puts streaming culture systems, it is characterised in that described upper " C " shape incubator (2) Prepared by transparent material.
4. frond according to claim 3 puts streaming culture systems, it is characterised in that described upper " C " shape incubator (2) Prepared by transparent glass or transparent plastics;It is preferred that being prepared by transparent electronic-control dimming glass.
5. frond according to claim 1 puts streaming culture systems, it is characterised in that have on described lubrication belt (6) Lubricating oil.
6. frond according to claim 1 puts streaming culture systems, it is characterised in that described pulling force iron ball (8) is not for Rust steel medicine ball.
7. frond according to claim 1 puts streaming culture systems, it is characterised in that described dynamical system (3) is energy The forcing press of iron ball is enough prized by lever.
8. the frond according to any one of claim 1-7 puts streaming culture systems, it is characterised in that described upper " C " shape Incubator (2) is multiple.
9. frond according to claim 8 puts streaming culture systems, it is characterised in that described upper " C " shape incubator (2) For 1-3.
10. usage right requires the method that the frond described in any one of 1-9 puts streaming culture systems culture frond, and its feature exists In the method comprises the steps:
Step one:Prepare frond algae kind;The component of the production of hybrid seeds nutrient solution used by the algae kind:
Step 2:To filling nutrient solution (12) in upper " C " shape incubator (2);Carry out disinfection;Training used in upper " C " shape incubator Nutrient solution component:
Step 3:Inoculation frond in nutrient solution (12) in upper " C " shape incubator (2);
Step 4:Start frond pendulum streaming culture systems, drive iron ball interval per 30min automatic dynamical systems (3) once Move vertically up and down, the pulling force of generation pulls upper " C " shape incubator (2) that single pendulum fortune is done on sliding rail (5) by fixed pulley It is dynamic, drive the frond and culture liquid movement in incubator.
CN201610969462.3A 2016-10-28 2016-10-28 Frond swinging type culture system and use method thereof Pending CN106635739A (en)

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Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN203393161U (en) * 2013-07-02 2014-01-15 黄山市中新生物科技有限公司 Novel wavy cell culture shaking table
CN103937668A (en) * 2014-04-09 2014-07-23 中南林业科技大学 Nostoc algae ecological-simulation culturing system and culturing method
CN104789501A (en) * 2015-04-07 2015-07-22 张懋 Gas-phase large-scale cultivation method of nostoc sphaeoides Kutzing

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN203393161U (en) * 2013-07-02 2014-01-15 黄山市中新生物科技有限公司 Novel wavy cell culture shaking table
CN103937668A (en) * 2014-04-09 2014-07-23 中南林业科技大学 Nostoc algae ecological-simulation culturing system and culturing method
CN104789501A (en) * 2015-04-07 2015-07-22 张懋 Gas-phase large-scale cultivation method of nostoc sphaeoides Kutzing

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