CN106620118A - 一种治疗骨关节炎的膏药 - Google Patents

一种治疗骨关节炎的膏药 Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN106620118A
CN106620118A CN201611000606.0A CN201611000606A CN106620118A CN 106620118 A CN106620118 A CN 106620118A CN 201611000606 A CN201611000606 A CN 201611000606A CN 106620118 A CN106620118 A CN 106620118A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
parts
radix
plaster
ibuprofen
osteoarthritis
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN201611000606.0A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
杜娟
时景伟
费丹
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Jilin University
Original Assignee
Jilin University
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Jilin University filed Critical Jilin University
Priority to CN201611000606.0A priority Critical patent/CN106620118A/zh
Publication of CN106620118A publication Critical patent/CN106620118A/zh
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A61K31/192—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having aromatic groups, e.g. sulindac, 2-aryl-propionic acids, ethacrynic acid 
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/21—Amaranthaceae (Amaranth family), e.g. pigweed, rockwort or globe amaranth
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/23—Apiaceae or Umbelliferae (Carrot family), e.g. dill, chervil, coriander or cumin
    • A61K36/232—Angelica
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/23—Apiaceae or Umbelliferae (Carrot family), e.g. dill, chervil, coriander or cumin
    • A61K36/237—Notopterygium
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/26—Aristolochiaceae (Birthwort family), e.g. heartleaf
    • A61K36/264—Aristolochia (Dutchman's pipe)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/35—Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle family)
    • A61K36/355—Lonicera (honeysuckle)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/46—Eucommiaceae (Eucommia family), e.g. hardy rubber tree
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/48—Fabaceae or Leguminosae (Pea or Legume family); Caesalpiniaceae; Mimosaceae; Papilionaceae
    • A61K36/481—Astragalus (milkvetch)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/48—Fabaceae or Leguminosae (Pea or Legume family); Caesalpiniaceae; Mimosaceae; Papilionaceae
    • A61K36/484—Glycyrrhiza (licorice)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/56—Loganiaceae (Logania family), e.g. trumpetflower or pinkroot
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/57—Magnoliaceae (Magnolia family)
    • A61K36/575—Magnolia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/71—Ranunculaceae (Buttercup family), e.g. larkspur, hepatica, hydrastis, columbine or goldenseal
    • A61K36/716—Clematis (leather flower)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/73—Rosaceae (Rose family), e.g. strawberry, chokeberry, blackberry, pear or firethorn
    • A61K36/736—Prunus, e.g. plum, cherry, peach, apricot or almond
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/74—Rubiaceae (Madder family)
    • A61K36/744—Gardenia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/88—Liliopsida (monocotyledons)
    • A61K36/89—Cyperaceae (Sedge family)
    • A61K36/8905—Cyperus (flatsedge)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/70—Web, sheet or filament bases ; Films; Fibres of the matrix type containing drug
    • A61K9/7023—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms

Abstract

本发明涉及中药制剂领域，具体涉及一种治疗骨关节炎的膏药；所述膏药由如下重量份数的原料制成：布洛芬15‑20份、栀子5‑10份、寻骨风5‑10份、马钱子5‑10份、威灵仙5‑10份、桃仁10‑15份、当归5‑10份、香附1‑5份、厚朴5‑10份、杜仲10‑15份、牛膝5‑10份、黄芪10‑15份、金银花5‑10份、羌活5‑10份、甘草1‑5份；本发明提供的膏药具有见效快，无副作用，治疗周期短，修复效果好，膏药成本低廉的特点。

Description

一种治疗骨关节炎的膏药
技术领域
本发明涉及中药制剂领域，具体涉及一种治疗骨关节炎的膏药。
背景技术
骨关节炎为一种退行性病变，是由于增龄、肥胖、劳损、创伤、关节先天性异常、关节畸形等诸多因素引起的关节软骨退化损伤、关节边缘和软骨下骨反应性增生，又称骨关节病、退行性关节炎、老年性关节炎、肥大性关节炎等。骨关节炎患者容易出现关节疼痛、肢体僵硬、关节肿胀、活动受限等，严重影响患者的工作和生活。
中医将骨关节炎纳入“骨痹”范畴。认为其发病不外乎外感风寒湿邪，内伤于肝肾不足，气血失和或有跌仆损伤，均使气血运行不畅，络脉阻滞不通。
目前治疗骨关节炎的膏药多为纯中药制成，药效缓慢，治疗疗程较多，不适用于快节奏的现代生活需求，因此，有必要开发一种药效更快速的膏药。
发明内容
针对现有技术的不足，本发明通过整合中、西药的优势资源，进行合理配比，从而提供了一种药效更迅速、治疗周期更短的治疗骨关节炎的膏药，该膏药能直达患处，作用显著。
为实现以上目的，本发明通过以下技术方案予以实现：
一种治疗骨关节炎的膏药，由如下重量份数的原料制成：布洛芬15-20份、栀子5-10份、寻骨风5-10份、马钱子5-10份、威灵仙5-10份、桃仁10-15份、当归5-10份、香附1-5份、厚朴5-10份、杜仲10-15份、牛膝5-10份、黄芪10-15份、金银花5-10份、羌活5-10份、甘草1-5份。
进一步的，所述的治疗骨关节炎的膏药，由如下重量份数的原料制成：布洛芬16-18份、栀子6-9份、寻骨风6-9份、马钱子6-8份、威灵仙6-8份、桃仁12-14份、当归6-8份、香附2-4份、厚朴6-9份、杜仲11-14份、牛膝6-8份、黄芪12-14份、金银花7-9份、羌活6-9份、甘草2-4份。
进一步的，所述的治疗骨关节炎的膏药，由如下重量份数的原料制成：布洛芬17份、栀子8份、寻骨风8份、马钱子8份、威灵仙8份、桃仁13份、当归7份、香附3份、厚朴8份、杜仲12份、牛膝7份、黄芪13份、金银花8份、羌活8份、甘草4份。
进一步的，所述的治疗骨关节炎的膏药，由如下重量份数的原料制成：布洛芬16份、栀子9份、寻骨风7份、马钱子6份、威灵仙6份、桃仁12份、当归8份、香附2份、厚朴7份、杜仲13份、牛膝6份、黄芪14份、金银花6份、羌活8份、甘草2份。
进一步的，所述的治疗骨关节炎的膏药的制备方法，步骤如下：除布洛芬外，将其余中药成分按传统黑膏药的制法熬成膏体，然后凉至常温，加入布洛芬，将前述膏体和布洛芬搅拌混合均匀，按15g每贴制成膏药，即得。
与现有技术相比，本发明的有益效果在于：
本发明的骨关节炎膏药在传统中药的基础上，增添了布洛芬成分，药效更为显著，此外，本发明提供的膏药中，中药配伍符合中药“君臣佐使”原则。组方科学合理、药物透皮吸收快，治疗时药物可直达患处，快速减轻关节疼痛和肿胀，清凉止血、消炎止痛、有助于修复软组织损伤；具有见效快，无副作用，治疗周期短，修复效果好，膏药成本低廉的特点。
具体实施方式
为使本发明实施例的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将结合本发明的实施例，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1：
一种治疗骨关节炎的膏药，由如下重量份数的原料制成：布洛芬16份、栀子9份、寻骨风7份、马钱子6份、威灵仙6份、桃仁12份、当归8份、香附2份、厚朴7份、杜仲13份、牛膝6份、黄芪14份、金银花6份、羌活8份、甘草2份。
其制备方法为：除布洛芬外，将其余中药成分按传统黑膏药的制法熬成膏体，然后凉至常温，加入布洛芬，将前述膏体和布洛芬搅拌混合均匀，按15g每贴制成膏药，即得。
实施例2：
一种治疗骨关节炎的膏药，由如下重量份数的原料制成：布洛芬17份、栀子6份、寻骨风9份、马钱子7份、威灵仙7份、桃仁13份、当归7份、香附3份、厚朴7份、杜仲12份、牛膝7份、黄芪13份、金银花8份、羌活9份、甘草4份。
其制备方法同实施例1。
实施例3：
一种治疗骨关节炎的膏药，由如下重量份数的原料制成：布洛芬17份、栀子8份、寻骨风8份、马钱子8份、威灵仙8份、桃仁13份、当归7份、香附3份、厚朴8份、杜仲12份、牛膝7份、黄芪13份、金银花8份、羌活8份、甘草4份。
其制备方法同实施例1。
实施例4：
一种治疗骨关节炎的膏药，由如下重量份数的原料制成：布洛芬17份、栀子7份、寻骨风8份、马钱子6份、威灵仙7份、桃仁12份、当归8份、香附4份、厚朴8份、杜仲13份、牛膝6份、黄芪12份、金银花7份、羌活9份、甘草2份。
其制备方法同实施例1。
实施例5：
一种治疗骨关节炎的膏药，由如下重量份数的原料制成：布洛芬15份、栀子7份、寻骨风6份、马钱子8份、威灵仙5份、桃仁12份、当归5份、香附2份、厚朴7份、杜仲13份、牛膝7份、黄芪10份、金银花8份、羌活6份、甘草1份。
其制备方法同实施例1。
实施例6：
一种治疗骨关节炎的膏药，由如下重量份数的原料制成：布洛芬18份、栀子5份、寻骨风7份、马钱子9份、威灵仙8份、桃仁11份、当归10份、香附4份、厚朴9份、杜仲14份、牛膝8份、黄芪12份、金银花7份、羌活9份、甘草4份。
其制备方法同实施例1。
实施例7：
一种治疗骨关节炎的膏药，由如下重量份数的原料制成：布洛芬20份、栀子7份、寻骨风6份、马钱子8份、威灵仙7份、桃仁13份、当归7份、香附4份、厚朴8份、杜仲12份、牛膝8份、黄芪13份、金银花7份、羌活5份、甘草2份。
其制备方法同实施例1。
以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案，而非对其限制；尽管参照前述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明，本领域的普通技术人员应当理解：其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改，或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换；而这些修改或者替换，并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本发明各实施例技术方案的精神和范围。

Claims (5)

1.一种治疗骨关节炎的膏药，其特征在于，由如下重量份数的原料制成：布洛芬15-20份、栀子5-10份、寻骨风5-10份、马钱子5-10份、威灵仙5-10份、桃仁10-15份、当归5-10份、香附1-5份、厚朴5-10份、杜仲10-15份、牛膝5-10份、黄芪10-15份、金银花5-10份、羌活5-10份、甘草1-5份。
2.如权利要求1所述的治疗骨关节炎的膏药，其特征在于，由如下重量份数的原料制成：布洛芬16-18份、栀子6-9份、寻骨风6-9份、马钱子6-8份、威灵仙6-8份、桃仁12-14份、当归6-8份、香附2-4份、厚朴6-9份、杜仲11-14份、牛膝6-8份、黄芪12-14份、金银花7-9份、羌活6-9份、甘草2-4份。
3.如权利要求1所述的治疗骨关节炎的膏药，其特征在于，由如下重量份数的原料制成：布洛芬17份、栀子8份、寻骨风8份、马钱子8份、威灵仙8份、桃仁13份、当归7份、香附3份、厚朴8份、杜仲12份、牛膝7份、黄芪13份、金银花8份、羌活8份、甘草4份。
4.如权利要求1所述的治疗骨关节炎的膏药，其特征在于，由如下重量份数的原料制成：布洛芬16份、栀子9份、寻骨风7份、马钱子6份、威灵仙6份、桃仁12份、当归8份、香附2份、厚朴7份、杜仲13份、牛膝6份、黄芪14份、金银花6份、羌活8份、甘草2份。
5.如权利要求1-4中任一项所述的治疗骨关节炎的膏药的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤如下：除布洛芬外，将其余中药成分按传统黑膏药的制法熬成膏体，然后凉至常温，加入布洛芬，将前述膏体和布洛芬搅拌混合均匀，按15g每贴制成膏药，即得。
CN201611000606.0A 2016-11-14 2016-11-14 一种治疗骨关节炎的膏药 Pending CN106620118A (zh)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201611000606.0A CN106620118A (zh) 2016-11-14 2016-11-14 一种治疗骨关节炎的膏药

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201611000606.0A CN106620118A (zh) 2016-11-14 2016-11-14 一种治疗骨关节炎的膏药

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN106620118A true CN106620118A (zh) 2017-05-10

Family

ID=58806676

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN201611000606.0A Pending CN106620118A (zh) 2016-11-14 2016-11-14 一种治疗骨关节炎的膏药

Country Status (1)

Country Link
CN (1) CN106620118A (zh)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109771524A (zh) * 2019-03-15 2019-05-21 湖州德本生物科技有限公司 一种关节消肿止痛膏药贴及其制作方法和使用方法

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
黄深荣: "身痛逐瘀汤加减配合施沛特治疗膝关节骨关节炎疗效观察", 《新中医》 *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109771524A (zh) * 2019-03-15 2019-05-21 湖州德本生物科技有限公司 一种关节消肿止痛膏药贴及其制作方法和使用方法

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN104306514A (zh) 一种中药喷剂及其制备方法
CN102178809A (zh) 一种皮肤外用药物及其加工成药剂的方法
CN105477183A (zh) 一种保健酒及其制备方法
CN106036059A (zh) 一种提高牛肉品质的肉牛用中药饲料添加剂
WO2017220052A2 (zh) 一种治疗风湿骨痛配方
CN106620118A (zh) 一种治疗骨关节炎的膏药
CN105998494A (zh) 一种跌打损伤配方
CN102631454A (zh) 一种治疗骨折术后关节粘连的外用中药
CN103446357A (zh) 疏筋活血的泡脚中药组合物
CN104257917B (zh) 一种预防和治疗妇女产后风的瑶药外用制剂及其制备方法
CN105853854A (zh) 一种治疗牛皮癣的中药药膏及制备方法
CN105012814A (zh) 一种治疗皮肤瘙痒症的外用洗剂及其制备方法
WO2017220047A2 (zh) 一种治疗骨节酸痛配方
CN108126179A (zh) 颈腰一贴灵
CN106692942A (zh) 筋骨膏及其制备方法
CN101721631A (zh) 骨质增生热敷药袋
CN206566239U (zh) 一种新型火功舒通宁保健袋
CN105288499A (zh) 一种含有艾叶的具有止痛功效的中药组合物
CN105521326A (zh) 一种治疗黑布拉痒疹的中药
CN105079619A (zh) 一种治疗皮肤瘙痒的药膏及其制备方法
CN105362436A (zh) 一种具有活血化脓功能的中药组合物
CN105194263A (zh) 一种治疗风湿型皮肤瘙痒症的中药组合物及其制备方法
CN104435779A (zh) 一种祛风通络中药组合物及其制备方法
CN105168569A (zh) 一种治疗急性肾炎的中草药胶囊
CN104161846A (zh) 治疗肾盂肾炎的中药制剂

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PB01 Publication
PB01 Publication
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
RJ01 Rejection of invention patent application after publication
RJ01 Rejection of invention patent application after publication

Application publication date: 20170510