CN106538613B - 一种用于河蟹养殖中防控水瘪子病的中草药复合制剂 - Google Patents

一种用于河蟹养殖中防控水瘪子病的中草药复合制剂 Download PDF

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CN106538613B
CN106538613B CN201610965664.0A CN201610965664A CN106538613B CN 106538613 B CN106538613 B CN 106538613B CN 201610965664 A CN201610965664 A CN 201610965664A CN 106538613 B CN106538613 B CN 106538613B
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吴伟
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Freshwater Fisheries Research Center of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于河蟹养殖中防控水瘪子病的中草药复合制剂,属于水产养殖技术领域。其主要取金银花、五倍子、青蒿,按比例称重后加水煎煮,煎煮液按重量比例与水杨酸、柠檬酸和聚六亚甲基双胍混合均匀、分装,最后包装入库。本发明采用的是对河蟹安全无毒的中草药植物,配以有机酸、高分子环保型杀菌剂等各种物质,集抗菌抗病毒、杀灭微孢子虫、解除养殖环境毒素侵害、防病促生长于一体,成分明确,效果广泛,可直接泼洒,使用方便,生物可利用率高,不受环境条件的影响;使用后可快速修复河蟹养殖生态环境、降低养殖环境中重金属、农药的残留,有效减少养殖环境中的微孢子虫、细菌和病毒的数量,降低河蟹“水瘪子”病害的发病几率,保护机体组织,促进生长,提高河蟹的养殖产量和质量。

Description

一种用于河蟹养殖中防控水瘪子病的中草药复合制剂
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于河蟹养殖中防控水瘪子病的中草药复合制剂,属于水产养殖技术领域。
背景技术
随着虾蟹养殖业的快速发展,虾蟹疾病出现高危害、多发性和复杂化的特点,影响着虾蟹养殖业的健康发展。近年来,长江流域河蟹养殖区出现了蟹农俗称的“水瘪子”病,发病率高达15%~50%,目前还在不断加重。“水瘪子”病是河蟹肝胰腺坏死病的俗称,病蟹最主要的特点是肝胰腺坏死。2015年河蟹养殖中出现“水瘪子”病的比例之多,涉及范围之广(江苏兴化,高淳,苏州,安徽,武汉等主要养殖区都有发生),数量之多,已引发业界强烈反响。“水瘪子”病发病是从6月中下旬开始,有些蟹的肝胰腺少数发白,养殖户称花肝;随着水温的升高,逐渐发展为整个肝发白,腹腔有积水,附肢无肌肉,不吃食而死亡,甚至有的养殖户整塘蟹死亡,给蟹农造成巨大的经济损失,目前还没有有效的防治措施。当前对其病因的研究已经开展,但尚未达到共识,但不外乎3种原因:有人认为是因投冰鲜鱼而引入的细菌或病毒所致;有人认为是微孢子虫感染所致;更有人认为是养殖环境恶劣、使用菊酯类农药清塘等毒素积聚所产生。各种防治方法均有一点点效果,但效果不佳。因此,在河蟹养殖上急需开发一种集抗菌抗病毒、杀灭微孢子虫、解除养殖环境毒素侵害、防病促生长、保肝护肝于一体的复合制剂,具有多效、安全、快速、吸收利用率高、使用方便等特点,直接投入水体,有效防治“水瘪子”病,提高养殖效益。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服上述不足之处,提供一种用于河蟹养殖中防控水瘪子病的中草药复合制剂。其利用中草药有效成分、有机酸、环保型高分子杀菌剂等各种物质,经合理组配,快速有效地抑制养殖环境中的病原生物体,解除养殖环境中的毒素污染,修复河蟹机体受损组织,提高免疫力,抵御“水瘪子”病害,促进河蟹的生长,从而提高河蟹的养殖产量和质量。。
按照本发明提供的技术方案,一种用于河蟹养殖中防控水瘪子病的中草药复合制剂,配方比例按重量份计如下:取中草药制剂75~85份,水杨酸1~3份,柠檬酸1~3份和聚六亚甲基双胍12~20份;将以上原料组份按比例称重后在常温下混合均匀即得产品防控水瘪子病的中草药复合制剂。
所述中草药制剂制备过程如下:取金银花28~32份,五倍子55~70份和青蒿6~12份,均匀混合,加入物料总量10~15倍的水,煮沸后保持煮沸状态2~3小时,取出冷却,即得中草药制剂。
所述水杨酸、柠檬酸和聚六亚甲基双胍的有效含量均大于98%。
1、金银花:又名忍冬(Lonicera japonica),为忍冬科忍冬属植物忍冬及同属植物干燥花蕾或带初开的花。金银花自古被誉为清热解毒的良药,它性甘寒气芳香,甘寒清热而不伤胃,芳香透达又可祛邪。金银花既能宣散风热,还善清解血毒,用于各种热性病,如身热、发疹、发斑、热毒疮痈、咽喉肿痛等症,均效果显著。现代研究证明,金银花含有绿原酸、木犀草素苷等药理活性成分,对溶血性链球菌、金黄葡萄球菌等多种致病菌及上呼吸道感染致病病毒等有较强的抑制力,另外还可增强免疫力、抗早孕、护肝、抗肿瘤、消炎、解热、止血(凝血)、抑制肠道吸收胆固醇等,其临床用途非常广泛。本发明应用金银花抗菌、抗病毒、提高免疫力和清热解毒作用,抑制河蟹养殖中的病原生物,促进河蟹的生长代谢。
2、五倍子:学名为Rhus chinensis Mill.,又名百虫仓、百药煎、棓子,为同翅目蚜虫科的角倍蚜或倍蛋蚜雌虫寄生于漆树科植物“盐肤木”及其同属其他植物的嫩叶或叶柄,刺伤而生成一种囊状聚生物虫瘿,经烘焙干燥后所得。中药材五倍子为漆树科植物盐肤木、青麸杨或红麸杨叶上的干燥虫瘿,主要由五倍子蚜寄生而形成,其性寒,味酸、涩,具有敛肺降火、涩肠止泻、敛汗止血、收湿敛疮等功效,主治肺虚久咳、久泻久痢、便血痔血、痈肿疮毒、皮肤湿烂等症。 五倍子含有鞣酸,有沉淀蛋白质的作用,皮肤溃疡面、黏膜与其接触后,组织蛋白质即被凝固,形成一层保护膜,起收敛作用,同时小血管也被压迫收缩,血液凝结而呈止血作用。腺细胞的蛋白质被凝固引起分泌抑制,使黏膜干燥,神经末梢蛋白质的沉淀,可呈微弱的局部麻醉现象。五倍子中所含鞣酸对正常小肠运动无甚影响,但由于其收敛作用而减轻肠道炎症,故可制止腹泻。体外试验表明,五倍子煎剂对金黄色葡萄球菌、乙型溶血性链球菌、肺炎球菌、绿脓杆菌、痢疾杆菌、炭疽杆菌、白喉杆菌、大肠杆菌、伤寒和副伤寒杆菌等均有明显的抑菌和杀菌作用。五倍子煎剂对接种于鸡胚的流感甲型PR8株病毒有抑制作用,此作用可能与其中所含的鞣酸有关。鞣酸可与若干金属、生物碱或甙类形成不溶解化合物,因而可用作解毒剂。本发明应用五倍子的抗微孢子虫、抗菌、解毒作用,保护河蟹机体不受损害。
3、青蒿:学名为Artemisia carvifolia,一年生草本。茎直立,上部多分枝,具纵棱线。叶子互生,茎中部的叶子二回羽状分裂,线形小裂片。夏季开花,头状花序半球形,多数,成圆锥状,花管状,外面为雌花,内层为两性花。青蒿含挥发油,也含艾蒿碱及苦味素等。对血吸虫和花枝睾吸虫具杀灭作用;可提高淋巴细胞的转化率,促进机体细胞的免疫作用;对多种细菌有抑制作用,挥发油对皮肤癣有杀灭作用;能减慢心率、抑制心肌收缩力、降低冠脉流量。该品苦寒清热,辛香透散,可清透虚热,凉血除蒸,解暑,截疟。本发明应用青蒿作为杀虫抑菌、调节免疫、清热护肝的药物,促进河蟹生长。
4、水杨酸:水杨酸是一种脂溶性的有机酸,为白色针状晶体或毛状结晶性粉末。易溶于乙醇、乙醚、氯仿,微溶于水,在沸水中溶解。其具有防腐杀菌作用,可祛除汗臭、止痒消肿、止痛消炎。本发明应用水杨酸作为抗真菌剂和清除河蟹表面微型生物的粘附,防止病原生物侵染河蟹机体。
5、柠檬酸:柠檬酸化学名称为2-羟基丙烷-1,2,3-三羧酸,分子式为C6H8O7,分子量为192.14,柠檬酸为无色半透明晶体或白色颗粒或白色结晶性粉末,无臭、味极酸, 在潮湿的空气中微有潮解性。柠檬酸是一种较强的有机酸,溶于水、乙醇、乙醚,不溶于苯,微溶于氯仿。水溶液显酸性,有3个H可以电离,加热可以分解成多种产物,与酸、碱、甘油等发生反应。柠檬酸是有机酸中第一大酸,由于物理性能、化学性能、衍生物的性能,是广泛应用于食品、医药、日化等行业最重要的有机酸。
柠檬酸在化学上可作化学分析用试剂,用作实验试剂、色谱分析试剂及
生化试剂;用作络合剂,掩蔽剂;用以配制缓冲溶液。采用柠檬酸或柠檬酸
盐类作助洗剂,可以迅速沉淀金属离子,提高表面活性剂的性能,是一种优良的鳌合剂。柠檬酸具有促进动物生长,改善产品品质,提高抗病能力及成活率,提高饲料转化率,缩短饲喂周期等特点。柠檬酸具有收缩、增固毛细血管并降低其通透性的作用,还能提高凝血功能及血小板数量,缩短凝血时间和出血时间,具有一定的止血作用制药工业用作医药清凉剂,测血钾。
本发明以柠檬酸为主要原料,其作用原理是利用其络合部分重金属离子,降低环境物质对河蟹的毒性,同时提高河蟹的抗病能力。
6、聚六亚甲基双胍:结构式为C3H6-NH-C-NH-C3H6,为多胍类高分子聚合物,易溶于水,水溶液无毒、无色、无嗅。不燃、不爆,对各种材料无浸蚀作用,无腐蚀性,有极强的杀灭细菌的能力,而且广谱、高效、并具有长期抑菌作用。在水溶液中能产生电离,它的亲水基部分含有强烈的正电性,吸附通常呈负电性的各类细菌、病毒,进入细胞膜,抑制膜内脂质体合成,造成菌体凋亡,达到最佳的杀菌效果。其能迅速杀灭水体中的革兰氏阴性菌、漂浮弧菌、副溶血弧菌、溶藻弧菌等有害细菌,杆状病毒和藻类,维持养殖生态平衡。本发明利用其安全有有效的杀菌控藻功能,控制病原微生物的生长。
本发明的有益效果:本发明采用的是对河蟹安全无毒的中草药植物、有机酸、高分子环保型杀菌剂等各种物质,集抗菌抗病毒、杀灭微孢子虫、解除养殖环境毒素侵害、防病促生长于一体,成分明确,效果广泛,可直接泼洒,使用方便,生物可利用率高,不受环境条件的影响;使用后可快速修复河蟹养殖生态环境、降低养殖环境中重金属、农药的残留,有效减少养殖环境中的微孢子虫、细菌和病毒的数量,降低河蟹“水瘪子”病害的发病率达50%以上,保护机体组织,促进生长,河蟹产量可提高20%以上,养殖质量同步提升。
具体实施方式
以下实施例中金银花、五倍子、青蒿等中草药药材均购自中国(亳州)中药材交易中心,水杨酸、柠檬酸和聚六亚甲基双胍均购自化工市场。
实施例1 一种用于河蟹养殖中防控水瘪子病的中草药复合制剂,其组份比例按重量份数计:取金银花30份,五倍子60份,青蒿10份;将以上原料组份按比例称重后混合,加入其重量10倍的水,煮沸后保持煮沸状态2小时,取出冷却,即成中草药制剂。取中草药制剂80份,水杨酸2份,柠檬酸2份,聚六亚甲基双胍16份;将以上原料组份按比例称重后在常温下混合均匀为防控水瘪子病的中草药复合制剂,最后包装入库。
实施例2 一种用于河蟹养殖中防控水瘪子病的中草药复合制剂,其组份比例按重量份数计:取金银花32份,五倍子58份,青蒿10份;将以上原料组份按比例称重后混合,加入其重量15倍的水,煮沸后保持煮沸状态2.5小时,取出冷却,即成中草药制剂。取中草药制剂82份,水杨酸3份,柠檬酸2份,聚六亚甲基双胍13份;将以上原料组份按比例称重后在常温下混合均匀为防控水瘪子病的中草药复合制剂,最后包装入库。
实施例3 一种用于河蟹养殖中防控水瘪子病的中草药复合制剂,其组份比例按重量份数计:取金银花28份,五倍子65份,青蒿7份;将以上原料组份按比例称重后混合,加入其重量12倍的水,煮沸后保持煮沸状态2小时,取出冷却,即成中草药制剂。取中草药制剂82份,水杨酸3份,柠檬酸3份,聚六亚甲基双胍12份;将以上原料组份按比例称重后在常温下混合均匀为防控水瘪子病的中草药复合制剂,最后包装入库。
应用实施例1 应用于江苏吴江地区的河蟹养殖
江苏吴江地区的一组河蟹养殖塘,池塘面积为20亩,平均水深1.0米,放养密度为1600只/亩,共计池塘6个。5月起将按实例1配方的用于河蟹养殖中防控水瘪子病的中草药复合制剂用池塘水稀释后泼洒于其中3个池塘,每亩每米水深用量为250mL,每2周使用1次,连续使用6次。养殖过程中,未使用中草药复合制剂的池塘中河蟹水瘪子病发病率平均为42%,病蟹吃食减少,出水活力减弱,最终亩产量140斤,应用本发明的池塘中河蟹的发病率大约为10%,亩产量180斤,发病率降低了76.2%,产量增加28.6%。
应用实施例2 应用于江苏宜兴地区的河蟹养殖
江苏宜兴地区的一组河蟹养殖塘,池塘面积为10亩,平均水深1.0米,放养密度为1200只/亩,共计池塘4个。5月起将按实例2配方的用于河蟹养殖中防控水瘪子病的中草药复合制剂用池塘水稀释后泼洒于其中2个池塘,每亩每米水深用量为250mL,每2周使用1次,连续使用5次。养殖过程中,未使用中草药复合制剂的池塘中河蟹水瘪子病发病率平均为38%,病蟹吃食减少,出水活力减弱,最终亩产量100斤,应用本发明的池塘中河蟹的发病率大约为12%,亩产量120斤,发病率降低了68.4%,产量增加20.0%。
应用实施例3 应用于江苏高淳地区的河蟹养殖
江苏高淳地区的一组河蟹养殖塘,池塘面积为15亩,平均水深1.0米,放养密度为1000只/亩,共计池塘4个。5月起将按实例3配方的用于河蟹养殖中防控水瘪子病的中草药复合制剂用池塘水稀释后泼洒于其中2个池塘,每亩每米水深用量为250mL,每2周使用1次,连续使用6次。养殖过程中,未使用中草药复合制剂的池塘中河蟹水瘪子病发病率平均为52%,病蟹吃食减少,出水活力减弱,最终亩产量100斤,应用本发明的池塘中河蟹的发病率大约为8%,亩产量152斤,发病率降低了84.6%,产量增加52%。

Claims (2)

1.一种用于河蟹养殖中防控水瘪子病的中草药复合制剂,其特征是配方比例按重量份计如下:取中草药制剂75~85份,水杨酸1~3份,柠檬酸1~3份和聚六亚甲基双胍12~20份;将以上原料组份按比例称重后在常温下混合均匀即得产品防控水瘪子病的中草药复合制剂;
所述中草药制剂制备过程如下:取金银花28~32份,五倍子55~70份和青蒿6~12份,均匀混合,加入物料总量10~15倍的水,煮沸后保持煮沸状态2~3小时,取出冷却,即得中草药制剂。
2.如权利要求1所述用于河蟹养殖中防控水瘪子病的中草药复合制剂,其特征是:所述水杨酸、柠檬酸和聚六亚甲基双胍的有效含量均大于98%。
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