CN106533437B - A kind of thin step frequency source circuit in broadband - Google Patents
A kind of thin step frequency source circuit in broadband Download PDFInfo
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- CN106533437B CN106533437B CN201610854402.7A CN201610854402A CN106533437B CN 106533437 B CN106533437 B CN 106533437B CN 201610854402 A CN201610854402 A CN 201610854402A CN 106533437 B CN106533437 B CN 106533437B
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- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000009131 signaling function Effects 0.000 claims description 2
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
- H03L7/00—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation
- H03L7/06—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation using a reference signal applied to a frequency- or phase-locked loop
- H03L7/16—Indirect frequency synthesis, i.e. generating a desired one of a number of predetermined frequencies using a frequency- or phase-locked loop
- H03L7/18—Indirect frequency synthesis, i.e. generating a desired one of a number of predetermined frequencies using a frequency- or phase-locked loop using a frequency divider or counter in the loop
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
- H03L2207/00—Indexing scheme relating to automatic control of frequency or phase and to synchronisation
- H03L2207/12—Indirect frequency synthesis using a mixer in the phase-locked loop
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
- H03L2207/00—Indexing scheme relating to automatic control of frequency or phase and to synchronisation
- H03L2207/50—All digital phase-locked loop
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Abstract
The present invention proposes a kind of frequency source circuit of thin stepping in broadband, exports several hundred megahertzs of thin stepping output signal by DDS to realize the thin stepping output signal of voltage controlled oscillator.Wideband frequency source circuit is realized by selecting the voltage controlled oscillator with broadband character.Using a kind of IQ frequency mixer as RF mixer in invention, the IQ frequency mixer extracts the difference signal of local oscillation signal and intermediate-freuqncy signal, and to local oscillation signal and intermediate-freuqncy signal and signal extract, with time difference signal to the inhibition of local oscillation signal in 20dBc or more, it ensure that the radiofrequency signal of IQ frequency mixer output is not necessarily to enter digital phase discriminator by the filter of pole narrowband well.Compared to common DDS circuit, the circuit debugging difficulty is low, realizes that frequency accuracy is high, and can minimize.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of thin step frequency source circuits in broadband, belong to technical field of microwave circuits.
Background technique
With the continuous development of the communication technology, broadband frequency source wishes that thin step can be compatible with while realizing broadband character
Into characteristic.Use combination or the DDS circuit, mixing of DDS and single digital ring substantially on the implementation of wideband frequency at present
The combination of loop and switch filtering component, former technique can not be compatible with thin stepping and high clutter recognition simultaneously;Second of skill
Art, product power consumption and volume are larger, are unable to satisfy the low-power consumption proposed in the current communications field, small form factor requirements.
Summary of the invention
Present invention solves the technical problem that are as follows: overcome the deficiencies in the prior art proposes a kind of thin step frequency source in broadband
Circuit keeps DDS electric by the way that frequency multiplication filter module, DDS circuit, low-pass filter, amplifier, IQ frequency mixer and 90 ° of electric bridges are added
Road exports several hundred megahertzs of thin stepping output signal to realize the thin stepping output signal of voltage controlled oscillator, by configuring number
Frequency dividing ratio N in phase discriminator realizes broadband character, solve existing frequency source circuit while realizing Broadband emission and thin stepping
The shortcomings that cannot being minimized when output.
The technical solution that the present invention solves are as follows: a kind of thin step frequency source circuit in broadband, including crystal oscillator, number mirror
Phase device, loop filter, voltage controlled oscillator, IQ frequency mixer, 90 ° of electric bridges, the first amplifier, the second amplifier, frequency multiplication filter mould
Block, DDS circuit and low-pass filter;Crystal oscillator generates the output crystal that two-way frequency is identical, amplitude is equal by oscillation
Oscillator signal, two-way frequency is identical, amplitude is equal crystal oscillation signal are sent respectively to digital phase discriminator and frequency multiplication filtering mould
The crystal oscillation signal sent is carried out the corresponding frequency multiplication letter of generation crystal oscillation signal after frequency multiplication filtering by block, frequency multiplication filter module
It number send to DDS circuit, DDS circuit send the low frequency signal output of realization to low-pass filter, and low-pass filter sends DDS
Low frequency signal carries out low-pass filtering, and the low frequency signal with thin stepping, certain bandwidth is obtained after filtering and is sent to 90 ° of electric bridges
1 port;
Low frequency signal is carried out Phase Processing by 90 ° of 2 end of electric bridge, 50 Ω loads, 1 port, is finally exported in 3 ports and 4 ports
Two-way same frequency, etc. amplitudes, 90 ° of phase phase difference of the road I and the road Q signal;The road I and the road Q two paths of signals that 90 ° of electric bridges export are final
It send to the port I of IQ frequency mixer and the port Q.
The amplified letter that digital phase discriminator sends the crystal oscillation signal that crystal oscillator is sent and the first amplifier
Number carry out phase demodulation, when digital phase discriminator, loop filter, voltage controlled oscillator, the first amplifier, the second amplifier and IQ frequency mixer
After the loop of composition reaches locking, the voltage of locking is sent to loop filter, loop filter by the latch voltage sent into
Latch voltage after generating integral filtering after row integral filtering is sent to voltage controlled oscillator, lock of the voltage controlled oscillator after integral filtering
Under constant voltage control, oscillation generates the locking signal that two-way frequency is identical, amplitude is equal, is used as the thin step frequency source in broadband all the way
The output of circuit, another way are sent to the second amplifier, and the second amplifier will be needed for locking signal power amplification to IQ frequency mixer
After local oscillator excitation level, as local oscillator excitation level needed for IQ frequency mixer.The local oscillator that IQ frequency mixer sends the second amplifier
The IQ two paths of signals that signal and 90 ° of electric bridges are sent is mixed, and exports local oscillation signal and 90 ° of electricity in the prevention at radio-frequency port of IQ frequency mixer
The difference signal for the IQ two paths of signals that bridge is sent, amplifies using the first amplifier, and amplified signal is sent to digital phase discriminator.
The crystal oscillator generates the output signal that two-way frequency is identical, amplitude is equal by oscillation.
By changing the oscillation output signal frequency of the crystal oscillator, the thin step frequency source circuit in broadband can be changed
Output frequency.
By changing the stepping and output signal of DDS circuit, stepping and the output frequency of final voltage controlled oscillator can be changed
Rate.
By choose different frequency, different bandwidth voltage controlled oscillator, can be realized final frequency source circuit frequency and
Broadband signal.
The advantages of the present invention over the prior art are that:
(1) it joined DDS circuit in circuit of the present invention, several hundred megahertzs of thin stepping output letter exported by DDS circuit
Number realize the thin stepping output signal of voltage controlled oscillator, the frequency stepping that DDS circuit can export is in hertz magnitude.Effectively
Guarantee final voltage controlled oscillator output frequency stepping also in hertz magnitude.
(2) the IQ two paths of signals of 90 ° of electric bridges output of the invention swashs as intermediate frequency needed for IQ frequency mixer in frequency source circuit
Level is encouraged, while using the reverse isolation characteristic of the second amplifier of IQ frequency mixer local oscillator excitation level port, 90 ° of electric bridges are exported
Signal generate very strong inhibition.
(3) output frequency of the invention is adjustable, can be changed by following methods: changing the crystal oscillation
The oscillation output signal frequency of device;Change the output signal of DDS circuit to realize final frequency source circuit rate-adaptive pacemaker;Change institute
State the frequency range of voltage controlled oscillator.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is frequency source circuit block diagram proposed by the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the frequency source circuit block diagram using mentality of designing of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the radio frequency output signal of IQ frequency mixer when 90 ° of ports electric bridge I are as DDS input.
Specific embodiment
Basic ideas of the invention are as follows: the present invention proposes a kind of frequency source circuit of thin stepping in broadband, including crystal oscillation
Device, digital phase discriminator, loop filter, voltage controlled oscillator, IQ frequency mixer, 90 ° of electric bridges, the first amplifier, the second amplifier, times
Frequency filter module, DDS circuit and low-pass filter.Frequency multiplication filtering is added in the present invention in traditional monocycle numerical frequency source circuit
Module, DDS circuit, low-pass filter, amplifier, IQ frequency mixer and 90 ° of electric bridges, several hundred megahertzs of thin step is exported by DDS
The thin stepping output signal of voltage controlled oscillator is realized into output signal.By select have broadband character voltage controlled oscillator come
Realize wideband frequency source circuit.Using a kind of IQ frequency mixer as RF mixer in invention, the IQ frequency mixer is to local oscillation signal
Extracted with the difference signal of IQ two paths of signals, and to local oscillation signal and IQ two paths of signals and signal inhibit, the same to time difference
Signal inhibits the local oscillation signal of IQ frequency mixer to ensure that penetrating for IQ frequency mixer prevention at radio-frequency port output well in 20dBc or more
Frequency signal is not necessarily to enter the first amplifier by the filter of pole narrowband.Compared to common DDS circuit, the circuit debugging difficulty
It is low, realize that frequency accuracy is high, and can minimize.
The present invention in traditional monocycle digital servo-control circuit by being added frequency multiplication filter module, DDS circuit, low-pass filtering
Device, 90 ° of electric bridges, IQ frequency mixer and amplifier, the thin stepping output signal that makes its DDS export several hundred megahertzs realize voltage-controlled vibration
Swing the thin stepping output signal of device.Voltage controlled oscillator in circuit is chosen, and there is the voltage controlled oscillator of broadband character to realize broadband
Frequency source circuit.Solve the problems, such as that existing frequency source cannot be compatible with thin stepping and Broadband emission simultaneously.
The present invention is described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawing:
Attached drawing 1 give a kind of thin step frequency source circuit in broadband of the present invention it include crystal oscillator, digital phase discriminator,
Loop filter, voltage controlled oscillator, IQ frequency mixer, 90 ° of electric bridges, the first amplifier, the second amplifier, frequency multiplication filter module, DDS
Circuit and low-pass filter;Crystal oscillator generates the output crystal oscillation that two-way frequency is identical, amplitude is equal letter by oscillation
Number, two-way frequency is identical, amplitude is equal crystal oscillation signal is sent respectively to digital phase discriminator and frequency multiplication filter module, frequency multiplication
Filter module by the crystal oscillation signal sent carry out frequency multiplication filtering after generate crystal oscillation signal corresponding frequency-doubled signal send to
DDS circuit, DDS circuit send the output of the DDS signal of realization to low-pass filter, low-pass filter by the DDS signal sent into
Row low-pass filtering obtains the low frequency signal with thin stepping, certain bandwidth and send to 1 port of 90 ° of electric bridges after filtering;
Low frequency signal is carried out Phase Processing by 90 ° of 2 end of electric bridge, 50 Ω loads, 1 port, is finally exported in 3 ports and 4 ports
Two-way same frequency, etc. amplitudes, 90 ° of phase phase difference of the road I and the road Q signal;The road I and the road Q two paths of signals that 90 ° of electric bridges export are final
It send to the port I of IQ frequency mixer and the port Q.
The frequency and signal that digital phase discriminator sends the crystal oscillation signal that crystal oscillator is sent and the first amplifier
Phase demodulation is carried out, when digital phase discriminator, loop filter, voltage controlled oscillator, the first amplifier, the second amplifier and IQ frequency mixer group
At loop reach locking after, the voltage of locking is sent to loop filter, loop filter carries out the latch voltage sent
Latch voltage after generating integral filtering after integral filtering is sent to voltage controlled oscillator, locking of the voltage controlled oscillator after integral filtering
Under voltage control, oscillation generates the locking signal that two-way frequency is identical, amplitude is equal, all the way as the thin step frequency source electricity in broadband
The output on road, another way are sent to the second amplifier, and the second amplifier is by sheet needed for locking signal power amplification to IQ frequency mixer
After the level of drive of shaking, as local oscillator excitation level needed for IQ frequency mixer.The local oscillator that IQ frequency mixer sends the second amplifier is believed
Number and the IQ two paths of signals sent of 90 ° of electric bridges be mixed, export local oscillation signal and 90 ° of electric bridges in the prevention at radio-frequency port of IQ frequency mixer
The difference signal for the IQ two paths of signals sent, amplifies using the first amplifier, and amplified signal is sent to digital phase discriminator.
Output frequency of the invention can be changed by following methods:
(1) change the oscillation output signal frequency of the crystal oscillator.
(2) change the output signal of DDS circuit to realize final frequency source circuit rate-adaptive pacemaker.
(3) change the frequency range of the voltage controlled oscillator.
The indices of frequency source signal caused by the present invention are such as: temperature stability, frequency stability, frequency accuracy
Etc. these indexs for depending on crystal oscillator.
Attached drawing 2 provides a broadband frequency source design example.
Wherein by the first amplifier and the second amplifier use in Fig. 1Instead of crystal oscillator is usedInstead of frequency mixer
WithInstead of.
The index that physical circuit is realized is as follows:
Output frequency: 2.1GHz-6.1GHz
Frequency stepping: 3Hz
Hopping time: < 0.1us
Reference frequency: 100MHz
Output power: 6dBm
Phase demodulation clutter recognition: >=80dBc
Phase noise requirements :≤- 85dBc/Hz@1kHz
≤-95dBc/Hz@10kHz
≤-105dBc/Hz@100kHz
In practical applications, crystal oscillator is divided into two by the reference signal function that oscillation generates output 100MHz to the present invention
Road, all the way as the reference signal of digital phase discriminator, the reference signal as frequency multiplication filter module all the way.Frequency multiplication filter module is defeated
Reference signal of the 1GHz signal as DDS circuit out.Wherein two parts of external control signal control circuit, first is that control
DDS circuit output processed;Second is that the Fractional-N frequency in control digital phase discriminator.Fractional-N frequency first in control signal control digital phase discriminator
Equal to 20, control DDS circuit exports the signal of 100MHz-200MHz using 3Hz as stepping, at this moment in the state of loop-locking,
The radiofrequency signal of the radio-frequency head output of IQ frequency mixer is 2GHz, and voltage controlled oscillator output simultaneously is using 3Hz as the 2.1G- of stepping
2.2G signal, when control DDS circuit exports the last one point (i.e. 200MHz), in control signal control digital phase discriminator
Fractional-N frequency become 21 from 20, the signal that control DDS circuit is again stepping output 100MHz-200MHz using 3Hz, at this moment in ring
In the state of the locking of road, the radiofrequency signal of the radio-frequency head of IQ frequency mixer output is 2.1GHz, and voltage controlled oscillator output simultaneously with
3Hz is the 2.2G-2.3G signal of stepping, and so on.The Broadband emission from 2.1GHz-6.1GHz may be implemented in the circuit, together
Shi Bujin is 3Hz.
The spectral characteristic of IQ frequency mixer and 90 ° of several ports of electric bridge can be worked by circuit in some state be situated between
It continues, when the voltage controlled oscillator first via exports 2.1G, voltage controlled oscillator in addition put by the second amplifier all the way by 2.1GHz signal
Enter the local oscillator port of IQ frequency mixer after big;The 100MHz of DDS circuit output enters 90 ° of electric bridges.Wherein 3,4 ends of 90 ° of electric bridges
Mouth is linked into the road I and the road Q of IQ frequency mixer.At this moment when DDS output connects 90 ° of 1 ports of electric bridge and 90 ° of 2 port of electric bridge ground connection, IQ
The output spectrum of frequency mixer prevention at radio-frequency port is as shown in Fig. 3, and wherein abscissa indicates that rate-adaptive pacemaker, ordinate indicate in attached drawing 3
Output power.Even if the output spectrum characteristic of IQ frequency mixer prevention at radio-frequency port is still similar with attached drawing 3 with the raising of frequency point.
The radiofrequency signal of IQ frequency mixer is amplified to suitable power by the first amplifier and enters back into digital mirror in instances
Phase device.According to digital phase discriminator characteristic, the frequency signal of digital phase discriminator RF FEEDBACK port is to clutter recognition in 20dBc or more
When, wrong lock or false lock phenomenon would not occur.And in the present invention, the inhibition to clutter is surveyed in 25dBc or more, can satisfy
Circuit works normally.
In present example, used component is all made of functional module.Tool is generated using compensation crystal oscillator first
There is the 100MHz crystal oscillation signal of high frequency stability, temperature stability, solves the phenomenon that high/low temperature lower frequency drift;Its
The secondary DDS circuit that uses generates harmonic signal, and DDS circuit can be the module of producer's offer.All circuits are by reasonable
Layout designs can provide local frequency source signal for broadband receiver, transmitter.Debugging difficulty of the present invention is low, highly-safe,
It can be very good to apply in satellite-based communications system.
Non-elaborated part of the present invention belongs to techniques well known.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of thin step frequency source circuit in broadband, it is characterised in that: including crystal oscillator, digital phase discriminator, loop filtering
Device, voltage controlled oscillator, IQ frequency mixer, 90 ° of electric bridges, the first amplifier, the second amplifier, frequency multiplication filter module, DDS circuit and low
Bandpass filter;
90 ° of electric bridges, comprising: 1 port, that is, input port, 2 ports, that is, isolated port, 3 ports, that is, straight-through port and 4 ports couple
Port;2 ports connect 50 Ω load, from 1 port input low frequency signal, then can from 3 ports and 4 ports output two-way same frequency,
Etc. amplitudes, 90 ° of phase phase difference of the road I and the road Q signal;
Crystal oscillator generates the output crystal oscillation signal that two-way frequency is identical, amplitude is equal by oscillation, by two-way frequency
The crystal oscillation signal identical, amplitude is equal is sent respectively to digital phase discriminator and frequency multiplication filter module;
The crystal oscillation signal sent is carried out the frequency-doubled signal of generation crystal oscillation signal after frequency multiplication filtering by frequency multiplication filter module
It send to DDS circuit, DDS circuit receives the external digital controlled signal sent from external, and DDS circuit is in external digital controlled signal
Control under frequency-doubled signal generated into low frequency signal output by phase-accumulated and digital-to-analogue conversion send to low-pass filter;
The low frequency signal that low-pass filter sends DDS carries out low-pass filtering, and one is obtained after filtering has thin stepping, certain band
Wide low frequency signal is sent to 1 port of 90 ° of electric bridges;
Low frequency signal is carried out Phase Processing and branch by 90 ° of electric bridges, finally same in 3 ports of 90 ° of electric bridges and 4 ports output two-way
Frequency, etc. amplitudes, 90 ° of phase phase difference of the road I and the road Q signal;The road I and the road Q two paths of signals that 90 ° of electric bridges export are sent respectively to IQ
The port I and the port Q of frequency mixer;
Digital phase discriminator receives digital controlled signal from outside, and digital phase discriminator is under external Digital Signals, by crystal
Amplified signal that the crystal oscillation signal and the first amplifier that oscillator is sent are sent carries out phase demodulation, when digital phase discriminator,
After the loop that loop filter, voltage controlled oscillator, the first amplifier, the second amplifier and IQ frequency mixer device form reaches locking,
The phase voltage that digital phase discriminator is exported, i.e. latch voltage send the locking that will be sent to loop filter, loop filter
Latch voltage after generating integral filtering after voltage progress integral filtering is sent to voltage controlled oscillator, and voltage controlled oscillator is in integral filtering
Under latch voltage control afterwards, oscillation generates the locking signal that two-way frequency is identical, amplitude is equal, and locking signal is as wide all the way
Output with thin step frequency source circuit, another way locking signal are sent to the second amplifier, and the second amplifier is by locking signal function
After local oscillator excitation level needed for rate is amplified to IQ frequency mixer, as local oscillator excitation level needed for IQ frequency mixer, i.e. IQ mixing
The local oscillation signal of device is sent to the local oscillator port of IQ frequency mixer, the local oscillation signal and 90 ° of electricity that IQ frequency mixer sends the second amplifier
The IQ two paths of signals that bridge is sent is mixed, and exports the IQ that local oscillation signal and 90 ° of electric bridges are sent in the prevention at radio-frequency port of IQ frequency mixer
The difference signal of two paths of signals, amplifies using the first amplifier, and amplified signal is sent to digital phase discriminator;
Crystal oscillator generates the reference signal of output 100MHz by oscillation;The 1GHz signal conduct of frequency multiplication filter module output
The reference signal of DDS circuit.
2. the thin step frequency source circuit in a kind of broadband according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: by changing the crystal
The oscillation output signal frequency of oscillator can change the output frequency of the thin step frequency source circuit in broadband, meet following formula:
Fout=Fref×(N÷R)-Fdds;
In formula, FddsRepresent the thin stairstep signal frequency in broadband of DDS circuit output;FoutRepresent the locking letter of voltage controlled oscillator output
Number frequency;FrefRepresent the output frequency of crystal oscillator;R represents the frequency dividing of the R inside digital phase discriminator;N represents digital phase discriminator
Internal Fractional-N frequency;It include R frequency dividing, Fractional-N frequency, reference input port and RF FEEDBACK port inside digital phase discriminator.
3. the thin step frequency source circuit in a kind of broadband according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: by changing DDS circuit
Output the thin stairstep signal frequency in broadband, the locking signal frequency of the output of final voltage controlled oscillator can be changed;Meet with
Lower formula: Fout=Fref×(N÷R)-Fdds;
In formula, FddsRepresent the thin stairstep signal frequency in broadband of DDS circuit output;FoutRepresent the locking letter of voltage controlled oscillator output
Number frequency;FrefRepresent the output frequency of crystal oscillator;R represents the frequency dividing of the R inside digital phase discriminator;N represents digital phase discriminator
Internal Fractional-N frequency;It include R frequency dividing and Fractional-N frequency inside digital phase discriminator.
4. the thin step frequency source circuit in a kind of broadband according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: by choosing different frequencies
The voltage controlled oscillator of rate, different bandwidth can be realized the frequency and broadband signal of final frequency source circuit.
5. the thin step frequency source circuit in a kind of broadband according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: low-pass filter is by DDS
The low frequency signal sent carries out low-pass filtering, and the bandwidth with thin stepping, the low frequency signal of certain bandwidth is obtained after filtering
Meet the output frequency of frequency multiplication filter module multiplied by 40%, stepping is 3Hz or more, and frequency, which meets, is less than the defeated of frequency multiplication filter module
Frequency is multiplied by 40% out.
6. the thin step frequency source circuit in a kind of broadband according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: DDS circuit connects from outside
The external digital controlled signal sent is received, which can control the thin step that the internal register output of DDS circuit requires
Inlet signal.
7. the thin step frequency source circuit in a kind of broadband according to claim 3, it is characterised in that: digital phase discriminator is from outside
Digital controlled signal is received, the internal register that can control digital phase discriminator changes the frequency dividing ratio N and frequency dividing of digital phase discriminator
Compare R.
8. the thin step frequency source circuit in a kind of broadband according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: voltage controlled oscillator output lock
Determine the relationship that the latch voltage that signal and loop filter export meets positive slope.
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CN112019214A (en) * | 2020-07-07 | 2020-12-01 | 杭州芯影科技有限公司 | Signal source system suitable for millimeter wave security inspection |
CN112422123A (en) * | 2020-11-24 | 2021-02-26 | 武汉滨湖电子有限责任公司 | Low-phase noise frequency synthesizer and local oscillator implementation method |
CN113162617B (en) * | 2021-02-23 | 2023-04-11 | 青岛君戎华讯太赫兹科技有限公司 | Low-phase-noise X-band frequency source and modulation method thereof |
CN113422604B (en) * | 2021-08-24 | 2021-11-16 | 深圳市鼎阳科技股份有限公司 | Frequency synthesizer |
CN114124152B (en) * | 2021-11-18 | 2023-03-10 | 中国航空无线电电子研究所 | Broadband fast-hopping fine-stepping frequency source |
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