CN106414659B - 利用氧化还原处理提高裂缝清洁的方法 - Google Patents

利用氧化还原处理提高裂缝清洁的方法 Download PDF

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CN106414659B
CN106414659B CN201580020081.4A CN201580020081A CN106414659B CN 106414659 B CN106414659 B CN 106414659B CN 201580020081 A CN201580020081 A CN 201580020081A CN 106414659 B CN106414659 B CN 106414659B
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艾曼·R·阿勒-纳赫利
哈泽姆·H·阿巴斯
艾哈迈德·S·阿勒-奥泰比
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Abstract

提供了一种由于残留粘性材料的清除而改进从地层中回收烃的方法。该方法包括以下步骤:用压裂液压裂地层以产生裂缝,所述压裂液包含:粘性流体组分,其能够有效压裂地层而在裂缝中留下残留粘性材料,所述粘性流体具有粘度;支撑剂组分,其包含支撑剂,所述支撑剂能够有效地使裂缝保持打开,其中该支撑剂组分通过粘性流体组分而运送至裂缝;以及清洁流体,该清洁流体包含能够有效引发放热反应组分的酸前体,以及能够有效产生热量的放热反应组分,其中所产生的热量能够有效降低残留粘性材料的粘度,从而产生能够有效地从地层中流出的低粘度材料。

Description

利用氧化还原处理提高裂缝清洁的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及提高压裂后的地层中的烃回收的组合物和方法。更具体而言,本发明涉及降低压裂液粘度的组合物和方法。
背景技术
包含支撑剂的水力压裂液被广泛用于提高含烃储层的生产力,所述储层包括碳酸盐地层和砂岩地层。在水力压裂操作过程中,在足以使储层破裂并产生裂缝的压力和速度下泵入压裂处理液。压裂操作通常由三个主要阶段构成,其包括前置液阶段、支撑剂流体阶段和后冲洗液阶段。前置液阶段一般包括将前置液泵入地层。前置液是引发和扩展裂缝的粘性胶凝流体。辅助裂缝可从裂缝处蔓延而发展为裂缝网。裂缝网可包括裂缝和辅助裂缝。辅助裂缝可将裂缝连接在一起。
支撑剂流体阶段包括将支撑剂流体泵入地层的裂缝中。支撑剂流体包含混合有粘性胶凝流体或粘弹性表面活性剂流体的支撑剂。支撑剂流体中的支撑剂存留在裂缝中并产生可供烃流动的传导性裂缝。最后阶段(后冲洗液阶段)包括将粘性胶凝流体泵入到裂缝中以保证支撑剂流体被推进裂缝内部。虽然这三个阶段具有不同的目的,但是它们都是使用高粘性流体和/或胶凝流体来达到这些目的。
传统方法的不利方面是:在裂缝中会残留较大体积的胶凝材料或聚合物材料。胶凝材料可在裂缝中的支撑剂周围富集或者可在裂缝中自由流动。胶凝材料会阻断裂缝从而降低裂缝的传导性。从储层流出的烃不能使胶凝材料移动。传统的用于清洁裂缝的方法涉及降粘剂或其它使流体粘度降低的物质。这些传统方法不能彻底地清洁裂缝,而留下残留粘性材料并降低传导性。
发明内容
本发明涉及提高压裂后的地层中的烃回收的组合物和方法。更具体而言,本发明涉及降低诸如胶凝压裂液和/或粘性压裂液之类的压裂液的粘度的组合物和方法。
一方面,提供了一种由于残留粘性材料得以清理从而改进了地层中的烃回收的方法。该方法包括用压裂液压裂地层以产生裂缝的步骤。所述压裂液包含:粘性流体组分,所述粘性流体组分能够有效地压裂地层以产生裂缝而在裂缝中留下残留的粘性材料,所述粘性流体组分具有粘度;支撑剂组分,所述支撑剂组分包含支撑剂,所述支撑剂能够有效地使裂缝保持打开,其中所述支撑剂组分通过所述粘性流体组分而运送至裂缝;以及清洁流体。
所述清洁流体包含:酸前体,所述酸前体能够有效地引发放热反应组分;以及能够有效产生热量的放热反应组分,其中该热量能够有效降低所述残留粘性材料的粘度从而产生低粘度材料,该低粘度材料能够从地层中流出。裂缝可包括由裂缝扩展出的辅助裂缝。
在某些方面,所述放热反应组分包括含铵化合物和含亚硝酸根化合物。在本发明的某些方面,所述含铵化合物为NH4Cl并且所述含亚硝酸根化合物为NaNO2。在本发明的某些方面,所述酸前体为三醋精。
在本发明的第二方面,提供一种用于降低裂缝中残留粘性材料的粘度的清洁流体。所述清洁流体包含:酸前体,所述酸前体能够有效地引发放热反应组分;以及能够有效地产生热量的放热反应组分,其中该热量能够有效地降低所述残留粘性材料的粘度从而产生低粘度材料,该低粘度材料能够有效地从地层中流出。
在某些方面,所述放热反应组分包括含铵化合物和含亚硝酸根化合物。在本发明的某些方面,所述含铵化合物为NH4Cl并且所述含亚硝酸根化合物为NaNO2。在本发明的某些方面,所述酸前体为三醋精。
在第三方面,提供一种在水力压裂之后清洁裂缝的方法。该方法包括以下步骤:在水力压裂操作中压裂地层从而产生裂缝;以及将清洁流体注入到裂缝中以降低残留粘性材料的粘度。
在本发明的某些方面,压裂地层的步骤包括用压裂液压裂地层以产生裂缝的步骤。所述压裂液包含:粘性流体组分,所述粘性流体组分能够有效地压裂地层以产生裂缝,而在裂缝中留下残留粘性材料,所述粘性流体组分具有粘度;以及支撑剂组分,所述支撑剂组分包含支撑剂,所述支撑剂能够有效地将裂缝保持打开,其中所述支撑剂组分通过所述粘性流体组分而运送至裂缝。在本发明的某些方面,所述清洁流体包含:酸前体,所述酸前体能够有效地引发放热反应组分;以及能够有效地产生热量的放热反应组分,其中该热量能够有效地降低所述残留粘性材料的粘度从而产生低粘度材料,该低粘度材料能够有效地从地层中流出。在本发明的某些方面,所述放热反应组分包括含铵化合物和含亚硝酸根化合物。在某些方面,所述含铵化合物为NH4Cl并且所述含亚硝酸根化合物为NaNO2。在某些方面,所述酸前体为三醋精。
附图简要说明
参照下面的说明书、权利要求书和附图,本发明的这些以及其他特征、方面和优点将会变得更容易理解。但是需要注意的是,附图仅示出了本发明的若干实施方案,因此不能认为附图是对本发明范围的限制,因为本发明的范围还承认其他的等同实施方案。
图1是清洁流体对残留粘性材料的粘度的效果的图示。
图2是放热反应组分所产生的热量和压力的图示。
图3a和3b是在清洁流体的放热反应组分反应之前的残留粘性材料的图示。
图4是放热反应组分的反应对于压裂液粘度的效果的图示。
具体实施方式
虽然将结合若干实施方案对本发明进行说明,本领域的普通技术人员将会理解,本文所描述的装置和方法的多个例子、变型和改变都在本发明的范围和实质内。因此,本文所述的实施方案并没有破坏所要求的本发明的共性并且也不限制权利要求。
在一个方面,提供了一种由于清理了残留粘性材料而改进地层中的烃回收的方法。水力压裂操作利用压裂液压裂地层而产生裂缝。例如,地层包括砂岩和碳酸盐。
压裂液包含粘性流体组分和支撑剂组分。粘性流体组分具有粘度。粘性流体组分能够有效地增加压裂液的粘度。粘性流体组分包括稠化水性流体、非稠化水性流体、凝胶类流体、凝胶油类流体、酸类流体和泡沫流体。凝胶类流体包括纤维素衍生物和瓜尔胶类流体。纤维素衍生物包括羧甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羧甲基羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素和甲基羟乙基纤维素。
瓜尔胶类流体包括羟丙基瓜尔胶、羧甲基瓜尔胶、与来自于硼砂/硼酸水溶液中的硼离子交联的瓜尔胶、和与有机金属化合物交联的瓜尔胶。有机金属化合物包括锆盐、铬盐、锑盐和钛盐。凝胶油类流体包括磷酸铝-酯油凝胶。在本发明的至少一个实施方案中,粘性流体组分为瓜尔胶水溶液,其瓜尔胶的浓度为约0.1%至约15%,约0.1%至约10%,约1%至约10%,约2%至约8%,约4%至约10%。
支撑剂组分包含支撑剂。支撑剂能够有效地将由粘性流体组分产生的裂缝保持打开。任何能够有效地将裂缝保持为打开从而产生传导性裂缝的支撑剂都适用于本发明。在一些实施方案中,支撑剂组分包含具有粘度的粘性载体流体。粘性载体流体包括稠化水性流体、非稠化水性流体、凝胶类流体、凝胶油类流体、酸类流体和泡沫流体。凝胶类流体包括纤维素衍生物和瓜尔胶类流体。纤维素衍生物包括羧甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羧甲基羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素和甲基羟乙基纤维素。
瓜尔胶类流体包括羟丙基瓜尔胶、羧甲基瓜尔胶、与来自于硼砂/硼酸水溶液中的硼离子交联的瓜尔胶、和与有机金属化合物交联的瓜尔胶。有机金属化合物包括锆盐、铬盐、锑盐和钛盐。凝胶油类流体包括磷酸铝-酯油凝胶。在一些实施方案中,水力压裂操作使用一阶段压裂液,其中该压裂液同时包含粘性流体组分和支撑剂组分,其中粘性流体组分将支撑剂组分运载至裂缝。
在至少一个实施方案中,水力压裂操作使用多阶段压裂液,其中粘性流体组分被注入到裂缝中,随后再注入粘性载体流体中的支撑剂组分。在一些实施方案中,在支撑剂组分注入之后,会注入额外的粘性流体,以保证支撑剂位于裂缝中。所述额外的粘性流体具有粘度。
在一些实施方案中,粘性流体组分、粘性载体流体和额外的粘性流体的粘度相同。在一些实施方案中,粘性流体组分、粘性载体流体和额外的粘性流体的粘度不相同。在支撑剂处于裂缝中之后停止压裂液的注入,并使压裂液从裂缝中渗出。在一些实施方案中,包含粘性流体组分和/或支撑剂组分和/或后冲洗液组分和/或放热反应组分的水力压裂液的注入不会产生泡沫或者不会向包括水力裂缝的水力地层(hydraulic formation)中引入泡沫。
水力压裂操作可在水力地层的裂缝中留下残留粘性材料。残留粘性材料可包括羧甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羧甲基羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、甲基羟基乙基纤维素、瓜尔胶、羟丙基瓜尔胶、羧甲基瓜尔胶、与硼交联的瓜尔胶、磷酸铝-酯油凝胶和与有机金属化合物交联的瓜尔胶。有机金属化合物包括锆盐、铬盐、锑盐和钛盐。在本发明的一些实施方案中,残留粘性材料为胶凝材料。在本发明的一些实施方案中,残留粘性材料为聚合物材料。在本发明的至少一个实施方案中,残留粘性材料为瓜尔胶。残留粘性材料的粘度大于压裂液的粘度。在本发明的至少一个实施方案中,残留粘性材料位于裂缝中的支撑剂的周围和/或附近。
在支撑剂位于裂缝中之后,清洁流体起到除去残留粘性材料的作用。在一个实施方案中,清洁流体与压裂液混合。在本发明的使用多阶段压裂液的至少一个实施方案中,清洁流体为在水力压裂操作的各个阶段中使用的流体中的组分。在可供替代的实施方案中,将清洁流体仅仅加入到水力压裂操作的最后阶段的流体中,例如,后冲洗液阶段。在一些实施方案中,在水力压裂操作之后,将清洁流体泵入到压裂地层中作为单独的步骤。
在一些实施方案中,清洁流体包含酸前体和放热反应组分。放热反应组分的反应使得释放了动能和热能。放热反应组分的反应产生热量并增加压力。所产生的热量增加了周围流体的温度,周围流体包括残留在裂缝中的压裂液和残留粘性材料。温度的增加降低了压裂液的粘度。温度的增加降低了留在裂缝中的残留粘性材料的粘度,从而产生低粘度材料。低粘度材料从地层的裂缝中流到井筒。压力的增加提供了上升能量从而推动低粘度材料通过井筒到达地面。残留粘性材料的除去增加了裂缝的传导性。裂缝传导性的增加加快了压裂液的渗出,提高了压裂效率,使对额外的压裂作业需求降至最低,缩短了压裂和采油之间的时间,并促进了烃流动,这转化为更高的烃回收率。
酸前体为释放氢离子从而引发放热反应组分的反应的任意酸。酸前体包括三醋精(1,2,3-三乙酰氧基丙烷)、乙酸甲酯、HCl和醋酸。在至少一个实施方案中,酸前体为三醋精。在至少一个实施方案中,酸前体为醋酸。
放热反应组分包括一个或多个氧化还原反应物,其发生放热反应从而产生热量并增加压力。放热反应组分包括尿素、次氯酸钠、含铵化合物和含亚硝酸根化合物。在本发明的至少一个实施方案中,放热反应组分包括含铵化合物。含铵化合物包括氯化铵、溴化铵、硝酸铵、硫酸铵、碳酸铵和氢氧化铵。
在至少一个实施方案中,放热反应组分包括含亚硝酸根化合物。含亚硝酸根化合物包括亚硝酸钠和亚硝酸钾。在至少一个实施方案中,放热反应组分同时包括含铵化合物和含亚硝酸根化合物。在至少一个实施方案中,含铵化合物为氯化铵NH4Cl。在至少一个实施方案中,含亚硝酸根化合物为亚硝酸钠NaNO2
在本发明的至少一个实施方案中,放热反应组分包括两种氧化还原反应物:NH4Cl和NaNO2,其按照以下进行反应:
在根据上式的放热反应组分的反应中,产生的气体和热量有助于残留粘性材料粘度的降低。
放热反应组分被引发并发生反应。在本发明的至少一个实施方案中,放热反应组分在裂缝中被引发。在本发明的至少一个实施方案中,酸前体通过释放氢离子引起放热反应组分进行反应。
在至少一个实施方案中,放热反应组分通过热量引发。在前置液注入或卤水的预冲洗的过程中,井筒温度降低并达到低于120°F(48.9℃)的温度。然后将本发明的压裂液注入到井中,井筒温度上升。当井筒温度达到大于或等于120°F的温度时,引发氧化还原反应物的反应。在至少一个实施方案中,在没有酸前体的存在下,通过温度引发氧化还原反应物的反应。在至少一个实施方案中,当放热反应组分存在于裂缝中时,通过热量引发放热反应组分。
在至少一个实施方案中,通过pH引发放热反应组分。将碱加入到本发明的压裂液中,以将pH调节至介于9和12之间。在至少一个实施方案中,碱为氢氧化钾。将含有碱的压裂液注入到地层中。注入压裂液之后,注入酸以将pH调节至低于6。当pH低于6时,引发了氧化还原反应物的反应。在至少一个实施方案中,当放热反应组分存在于裂缝中时,放热反应组分通过pH引发。
在本发明的至少一个实施方案中,在水力压裂操作后将清洁流体引入到裂缝中。使用双管柱绕式油管将放热反应组分和酸前体引入到井筒中。在至少一个实施方案中,放热反应组分包含NH4Cl和NaNO2。酸前体为醋酸。醋酸与NH4Cl混合,并使用双管柱绕式油管的另一侧与NaNO2并行注入。放热反应组分和酸前体在裂缝中发生混合。
实施例
实施例1。在室温下,将包含3M NH4Cl和3M NaNO2的清洁流体的放热反应组分加入到含有1体积%的瓜尔胶的溶液中,见图3。由热量引发放热反应组分。在反应前、反应中和反应后使用Chandler粘度计测量溶液的粘度。在放热反应组分的反应之前,残留粘性材料的粘度为85cP。图1为放热反应组分的反应后的粘度的图。该图示出了残留粘性材料的粘度降低至小于8.5cP。图3b示出在放热反应组分的反应之后含有残留粘性材料的溶液。
实施例2。由3M NH4Cl和3M NaNO2制备放热反应组分的溶液。将该溶液置于室温下的高压反应釜中,初始压力为1000psi。反应釜的温度增加。在约120°F下引发反应,见图2。由于该反应,反应釜内的温度达到545°F的温度和3,378psi的压力,见图2。
实施例3。放热反应组分表现出与粘性流体组分(此处为x交联凝胶)的相容性。也制备了含有粘性流体组分、放热反应组分和支撑剂组分的压裂液,其表现出相容性。将不含支撑剂组分的压裂液在高压反应釜中加热至井筒温度以进行活化,从而引发放热反应组分的反应。由反应产生的热降低了粘性流体组分的粘度从而得到低粘度材料,无需注入降粘剂。使用chandler粘度计,在反应前和反应后测量包含粘性流体组分和放热反应组分的压裂液的粘度。如图4所示,压裂液的粘度从1600cp降低至10cp。结果示出,放热反应组分和此类型的处理能够在进行压裂作业之后清洁裂缝。
尽管已经详细描述了本发明,应当理解可以在不偏离本发明的原理和范围下对本发明进行各种变化、替代和改变。因此本发明的范围应由如下权利要求及其适当的法律等同物来确定。
除非文中明确指出,否则所述单数形式的“一个”、“一种”以及“所述”包括复数的指代对象。
“任选”或“任选地”表示其后描述的事件或者情况可能发生或者可能不发生。本说明书包括其中的事件或者情况发生的实例以及不发生的实例。
此处的范围可以表示从大约一个特定值和/或至大约另一个特定值。当表示这样的范围时,认为另一个实施方案是从一个特定值和/或至另一个特定的值,包括所述范围之内的所有组合。
在本申请的全文中,当引用专利或出版物时,除非这些文献与本文的陈述相矛盾,否则这些引用文献的全部公开内容旨在通过引用的方式并入本申请中,以更全面地描述本发明所属领域的状态。
如本文和所附权利要求书中所用的“包含”、“具有”和“包括”及其全部的语法变型形式均意在具有不排除额外要素或步骤的开放的、非限制性含义。
如本文所用的术语如“第一”和“第二”是任意指派的并仅意在区分装置的两种或更多种组件。应当理解词“第一”和“第二”不起到其他目的并且不是该组件名称或描述中的一部分,它们也不必然限定该组件的相对地点或位置。另外,应当理解仅使用术语“第一”和“第二”不要求存在任何“第三”组件,不过可在本发明的范围下构思这种可能性。

Claims (19)

1.一种由于残留粘性材料的清除而改进地层中的烃回收的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
用压裂液压裂地层以产生裂缝,所述压裂液包含:
粘性流体组分,所述粘性流体组分能够有效地压裂所述地层以产生所述裂缝,从而在所述裂缝中留下残留粘性材料,所述粘性流体组分具有粘度;
支撑剂组分,所述支撑剂组分能够有效地使所述裂缝保持打开,
其中所述支撑剂组分通过所述粘性流体组分而运送至所述裂缝;以及
在压裂所述地层之后,用清洁流体降低所述残留粘性材料的粘度,所述清洁流体由酸前体和放热反应组分组成:
所述酸前体能够有效引发放热反应组分,并且所述酸前体包括选自由三醋精、乙酸甲酯、HCl和醋酸构成的组中的至少一种组分,以及
在所述支撑剂组分处于所述裂缝中之后,能够产生热量的所述放热反应组分,并且所述放热反应组分包括选自由尿素、次氯酸钠、氯化铵、溴化铵、硝酸铵、硫酸铵、碳酸铵、氢氧化铵、亚硝酸钠和亚硝酸钾构成的组中的至少一种组分,其中所述热量能够有效降低所述残留粘性材料的粘度从而产生低粘度材料,该低粘度材料能够有效地从所述地层中流出,并且其中所述用于改进烃回收的方法不产生泡沫。
2.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述放热反应组分包括含铵化合物和含亚硝酸根化合物。
3.权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述含铵化合物包括NH4Cl并且所述含亚硝酸根化合物包括NaNO2
4.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述酸前体包括三醋精。
5.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述用压裂液压裂地层以产生裂缝的步骤进一步包括形成辅助裂缝和裂缝网的步骤。
6.一种用于降低裂缝中残留粘性材料的粘度的清洁流体,所述清洁流体由酸前体和放热反应组分组成:
所述酸前体能够有效引发放热反应组分,所述任选的酸前体包含至少一种选自如下组的组分,该组包括:三醋精、乙酸甲酯、HCl、醋酸及其混合物,以及
能够产生热量的所述放热反应组分,所述放热反应组分包括选自由尿素、次氯酸钠、氯化铵、溴化铵、硝酸铵、硫酸铵、碳酸铵、氢氧化铵、亚硝酸钠和亚硝酸钾及其混合物构成的组中的至少一种组分,并且所述放热反应组分包含至少一种3摩尔(M)浓度的含铵化合物和至少一种3摩尔(M)浓度的含亚硝酸根化合物,其中该热量能够有效降低所述残留粘性材料的粘度从而产生低粘度材料,该低粘度材料能够有效地从所述地层中流出。
7.权利要求6所述的清洁流体,其中所述含铵化合物包括NH4Cl并且所述含亚硝酸根化合物包括NaNO2
8.权利要求6所述的清洁流体,其中所述酸前体包括三醋精。
9.一种清洁水力压裂操作中的裂缝的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
在水力压裂操作中压裂地层从而产生裂缝,其中压裂所述地层的步骤包括用压裂液压裂所述地层以产生所述裂缝的步骤,所述压裂液包含:
粘性流体组分,所述粘性流体组分能够有效压裂所述地层以产生所述裂缝而在所述裂缝中留下残留粘性材料,所述粘性流体组分具有粘度;
支撑剂组分,所述支撑剂组分能够有效地使所述裂缝保持打开,其中所述支撑剂组分通过所述粘性流体组分而运送至所述裂缝;以及
将清洁流体注入到所述裂缝中,以通过产生由放热反应产生的热量来降低所述残留粘性材料的粘度,其中至少部分地通过所述地层的热量来引发所述放热反应以进行反应,在所述支撑剂组分处于所述裂缝中之后,所述清洁流体能够降低所述残留粘性材料的粘度,其中所述清洁裂缝的方法不产生泡沫,
其中所述清洁流体由酸前体和放热反应组分组成。
10.权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述清洁流体包含:
酸前体,所述酸前体能够引发放热反应组分,并且所述酸前体包括选自由三醋精、乙酸甲酯、HCl和醋酸构成的组中的至少一种组分,以及
能够产生热量的所述放热反应组分,并且所述放热反应组分包括选自由尿素、次氯酸钠、氯化铵、溴化铵、硝酸铵、硫酸铵、碳酸铵、氢氧化铵、亚硝酸钠和亚硝酸钾构成的组中的至少一种组分,
其中该热量能够有效降低所述残留粘性材料的粘度从而产生低粘度材料,该低粘度材料能够有效地从所述地层中流出。
11.权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述放热反应组分包括含铵化合物和含亚硝酸根化合物。
12.权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述含铵化合物包括NH4Cl并且所述含亚硝酸根化合物包括NaNO2
13.权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述酸前体包括三醋精。
14.权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述用压裂液压裂地层以产生裂缝的步骤进一步包括形成辅助裂缝和裂缝网的步骤。
15.权利要求10所述的方法,还包括用引发条件引发所述放热反应组分的步骤,该引发条件选自由氢离子的释放、所述放热反应组分的温度的增加、以及其组合构成的组。
16.权利要求9所述的方法,其中压裂所述地层的步骤包括向所述压裂液中加入碱以增加所述压裂液和所述地层的pH。
17.权利要求9所述的方法,其中将所述清洁流体注入到所述裂缝中以降低所述残留粘性材料的粘度的步骤使得所述残留粘性材料的粘度降低至低粘度,所述低粘度为所述残留粘性材料的粘度的1/10。
18.权利要求9所述的方法,还包括通过使所述地层的内部地层温度达到120°F来引发所述清洁流体中的放热反应组分的步骤。
19.权利要求9所述的方法,还包括以下步骤:
首先将所述压裂液的pH增加至介于pH 9和pH 12之间,并且在将所述清洁流体注入所述裂缝之后,将所述清洁流体的pH降低至6以下。
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