CN106370576A - Simulation apparatus and method for researching permeability of coal rock - Google Patents
Simulation apparatus and method for researching permeability of coal rock Download PDFInfo
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- CN106370576A CN106370576A CN201510426635.2A CN201510426635A CN106370576A CN 106370576 A CN106370576 A CN 106370576A CN 201510426635 A CN201510426635 A CN 201510426635A CN 106370576 A CN106370576 A CN 106370576A
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a simulation apparatus and a method for researching the permeability of coal rock. The simulation apparatus comprises: a stress loading cavity; a sealing sleeve configured into a sealing cavity for arranging coal rock; a fluid container communicated to the sealing cavity; and a stress loading shaft arranged in the stress loading cavity and used for applying stress on the coal rock by extruding the sealing sleeve. According to the present invention, with the simulation apparatus, the condition close to the actual situation in the stratum during the research of the permeability of the coal rock can be achieved, and the influence of the matrix desorption shrinkage, the fracture closure and the combination of the matrix desorption shrinkage and the fracture closure on the permeability change under the stress anisotropy simulating condition during the discharging-extracting process can be respectively and quantitatively measured, such that the stimulated measurement of the coal rock directional permeability and the dynamic process of the coal rock directional permeability change along with the pore pressure reducing during the discharging-extracting process can be achieved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to coal petrography Exploitation research technical field, particularly a kind of for studying Permeability Oe Coal And Porous Rock And Fractured Rock
Analog and method.
Background technology
Because coal-bed gas exploitation has complexity, and gradually show problems in recovery process, therefore close
Desorbing in reason simulation and cognitive reservoir, diffusion and flow event are the keys realizing coal bed gas high-efficiency mining.Existing
Generally carry out coal-bed gas exploitation research by studying Permeability Oe Coal And Porous Rock And Fractured Rock in having.
At present, a kind of analog for studying Permeability Oe Coal And Porous Rock And Fractured Rock includes the stress loading for arranging coal petrography
Chamber, the fluid container connecting with stress loading chamber, and it is arranged on the stress loading axle in stress loading chamber.When
When needing the permeability measuring coal petrography, first pass through stress loading axle and coal petrography is pressurizeed, then held by fluid
Device adds fluid in stress loading chamber.But, stress loading chamber is provided with the stress loading axle for movement
Afterwards, the sealing effectiveness being easily caused stress loading chamber is poor.I.e. it is easy to the sealed environment of impact coal petrography.
Therefore, how to solve the problems, such as that the sealing in existing stress loading chamber is poor, be those skilled in the art
The technical issues that need to address.
Content of the invention
The present invention provides a kind of analog for studying Permeability Oe Coal And Porous Rock And Fractured Rock, is provided with sealing around coal petrography
Set is such that it is able to improve the seal of coal petrography local environment, and then improves verity during simulation Permeability Oe Coal And Porous Rock And Fractured Rock.
The analog for studying Permeability Oe Coal And Porous Rock And Fractured Rock of the present invention, comprising: stress loading chamber；Sealing shroud, structure
Cause the annular seal space for arranging described coal petrography；Fluid container, is used for holding fluid and passing through fluid circuit and institute
State annular seal space connection；And stress loading axle, it is arranged in described stress loading chamber, and is configured to through extruding
Described sealing shroud and to described coal petrography apply stress.
In one embodiment, described sealing shroud include with respect to two ends become uncovered body, and be arranged on institute
State the pressure-bearing body of the open-mouth of body, wherein said pressure-bearing body forms sealing after extruding and between described body.
In one embodiment, described stress loading axle include being arranged on x at the opening end of described body to
Axle, wherein said pressure-bearing body is fixed on described x on axle.
In one embodiment, it is provided with the loading passage for supporting described body in described stress loading chamber,
And it is provided with described stress loading axle in described loading passage.
In one embodiment, the described passage that loads includes being connected to respectively the y in the outside of described body to loading
Passage and z to loading passage, and be connected to described body opening end x to loading passage.
In one embodiment, described y is to loading passage and z to loading passage and corresponding stress loading axle
Form the hydraulic cavities for promoting stress loading axle between outer end, and described x is answered with corresponding to loading passage
The sidepiece of power loading axis forms the hydraulic cavities for promoting stress loading axle.
In one embodiment, also include being arranged on be used on described fluid circuit porosity measurement for coal petrography,
Absorption measurement and the volumetric standard of diffusion coefficient measurement offer standard, and the buffering appearance for buffer gas
Device, wherein said fluid circuit is run through described stress loading axle and is connected with described coal petrography.
In one embodiment, also include for the vacuum pump of described annular seal space evacuation and described annular seal space
The moisture trap of connection and gas flowmeter, and for controlling the temperature control of the temperature of described sealing intracavity
Device.
The method to study Permeability Oe Coal And Porous Rock And Fractured Rock for the analog according to any one of above-mentioned of the present invention, bag
Include: step one, coal petrography is put in annular seal space, and completes Preparatory work of experiment work；Step 2, to described sealing
In chamber, injection need to measure gas to pressure p, and makes the described coal petrography equilibrium adsorption time more than 24 hours；Step 3,
Reduce pressure in described annular seal space to p0, and measure initial infiltration amount k of coal petrography0；Step 4, makes described close
Pressure in envelope chamber is from p0It is reduced to pb, and so that described annular seal space is in communication with the outside, measure after 2-10 minute
Infiltration capacity k of coal petrographyb, after 24 hours or when exporting no gas, measure infiltration capacity k of coal petrography againb′；
Step 5, according to the permeability of experimental data research coal petrography.
In one embodiment, it is p in pressurebWhen, the permeability integrated contributory factor δ=k of coal petrographyb′/k0；
During reduced pressure, the permeability variation factor of influence δ that crack closure causesf=kb/k0；
During reduced pressure, the permeability variation factor of influence δ that causes during coal petrography adsorbed gas desorbingd=
(kb′-kb)/k0.
In one embodiment, repeat step two to five at least one times, pressure p wherein in each operating processb
All different.
With respect to prior art, the analog of the present invention can provide better sealed environment for coal petrography.
As such, it is possible to make when studying Permeability Oe Coal And Porous Rock And Fractured Rock closer to the practical situation in stratum, so that this simulation dress
Put and can be close with the practical situation on stratum.And be capable of utilizing three-dimensional to load under simulant bearing conditions of coal seam
Axle to simulate under the conditions of stress anisotropy, close respectively by the desorbing contraction of measurement mining process mesostroma, crack
Close and its comprehensively permeability variation is affected such that it is able to realize analogue measurement coal petrography respectively to permeability and its with row
The dynamic process that during adopting, pore pressure reduces and changes.
Brief description
Hereinafter will be based on embodiment and refer to the attached drawing is being described in more detail to the present invention.
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the analog for studying Permeability Oe Coal And Porous Rock And Fractured Rock of the present invention.
The internal structure schematic diagram in the stress loading chamber in Fig. 2 present invention.
Fig. 3 is the a-a sectional view of Fig. 2.
Fig. 4 is the b portion partial schematic diagram of Fig. 2.
Fig. 5 be x to permeability variation situation.
Fig. 6 be y to permeability variation situation.
Fig. 7 be z to permeability variation situation.
In the accompanying drawings, identical part uses identical reference.Accompanying drawing is not drawn according to actual ratio.
Specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the invention will be further described.
As depicted in figs. 1 and 2, the analog for studying Permeability Oe Coal And Porous Rock And Fractured Rock of the present invention is included for holding
The stress loading chamber 1 of coal petrography 106, and it is separately positioned on sealing shroud 105 and stress in stress loading chamber 1
Loading axis.Sealing shroud 105 forms the annular seal space for arranging coal petrography 106, can simulate coal petrography 106 at place
Permeability under sealing state.Stress loading axle applies stress through crush seal set 105 to coal petrography 106,
Thus simulating the permeability when there being strata pressure for the coal petrography 106.Arrange by the way, coal petrography institute can be made
That locates is environmental sealing preferable, when studying coal petrography 106 permeability closer to the practical situation in stratum, from
And so that this analog and the practical situation on stratum is close.
In one embodiment, as shown in Figures 2 and 3, stress loading axle includes the orthogonal x of three-dimensional to axle
101st, y is to axle 109 and z to axle 103.Wherein, x is each to axle 103 to axle 109 and z to axle 101, y
It is provided with two.Two x are oppositely arranged to axle 101, are located at the both sides of coal petrography 106 respectively.Two y are to axle
109 is also to be oppositely arranged, and is also located at the both sides of coal petrography 106 respectively.Two z are also oppositely arranged to axle 103,
And it is located at the both sides of coal petrography 106 respectively.By said structure, it is capable of utilizing three under simulant bearing conditions of coal seam
Under the conditions of simulating stress anisotropy to loading axis respectively measurement mining process mesostroma desorbing shrink,
Closing of fracture and its synthesis affect on permeability variation such that it is able to realize analogue measurement coal petrography 106 respectively to infiltration
Rate and its dynamic process reducing with pore pressure during mining and changing.
Further, it is additionally provided with the loading passage for guiding stress loading axle in stress loading chamber 1.So,
Certain support force can be provided by loading passage for stress loading axle, reduce stress loading axle in motion simultaneously
During there is the probability of sideslip, but also hydraulic pressure can be formed between passage and stress loading axle loading
Chamber.So can manually force (forcing) pump 2 inject liquid in hydraulic cavities to promote stress loading axle to move.As
This setting, structure is simple, easy for installation, save trouble and labor.
When stress loading axle includes x to axle 101, y to axle 109 and z to axle 103, load passage simultaneously
Including for guide x from x to axle 101 to load passage 102, for guide y from y to axle 109 to plus
Carry passage 110, and for guiding z to the z of axle 103 to loading passage 104.Wherein, x is to axle 101
Side wall and x to load passage 102 side wall between formed hydraulic cavities 107.Y is to the end of axle 109 and y
Form hydraulic cavities 111 between the end of loading passage 110.End from z to axle 103 and z to loading passage
Form hydraulic cavities 108 between 104 end.It is arranged such, structure is simple, be easy to assemble stress loading axle.
In one example, when needing mount stress loading axis, first by two y to axle 109 all from stress plus
Carry chamber 1 is internally mounted to stress y into loading passage 110.Secondly, by two z to axle 103 respectively from
The outside in stress loading chamber 1 is arranged on z into loading passage 104, and will be used for installing z to axle by baffle plate
103 installing port closure.Then, an x is first installed to axle 101, and coal petrography 106 is put into stress loading
In chamber 1.Finally, another one x is connected in sealing shroud 105 to axle 101, and x is installed to baffle plate
On stress loading chamber 1.When installing x to axle 101, two x can all stretch out stress to axle 101 and add
Carry chamber 1, in order to by x to axle 101 adjust coal petrography 106 x to position.Wherein, it is being provided with stress
After loading axis, stress loading chamber 1 is still configured to sealing structure, to improve sealing effectiveness further.
In addition, as shown in Figures 2 and 3, sealing shroud 105 is included in the body becoming uncovered state along x upwards
1051, and it is fixed on x to the pressure-bearing body 1052 of axle 101 end.Pressure-bearing body 1052 by x to axle 101
After extruding, extend towards both sides, thus forming sealing state and body 1051 between, and then by body 1051
Form annular seal space with pressure-bearing body 1052.As such, it is possible to reduce sealing shroud 105 be damaged after pressurized
Probability, thus effectively improve the service life of sealing shroud 105.
Body 1051 substantially becomes the shape identical rectangle with coal petrography 106.Body 1051 is being placed on stress
When in LOADED CAVITY 1, body 1051 is connected to y to loading passage 110 and z to loading on passage 104.This
Sample, when mounted, plays one to loading passage 104 to body 1051 to loading passage 110 and z by y
Fixed position-limiting action.
Further, body 1051 is provided with along x to the extension extending.The endoporus of extension becomes taper.x
Also become taper to the outside loading passage 102.Arrange x to position this in passage 102 to loading by extension
Body 1051, in order to install, locating bodies 1051 and coal petrography 106, thus prevent coal petrography 106 in x to sending out
Raw sideslip.The material of sealing shroud 105 can be rubber etc..
In addition, as shown in figure 1, analog also includes the fluid connecting by fluid circuit 10 with annular seal space
Container.Fluid container includes being provided with helium gas cylinder 7, methane gas cylinder 7, nitrogen gas cylinder 7 and dioxide bottle 7
One or more of.When needing using gas cylinder 7, open the valve 9 controlling corresponding to gas cylinder 7, make gas
Bottle 7 is held on annular seal space.Fluid container can also include the intermediate receptacle 3 for depositing liquid simultaneously
With the constant-flux pump 4 for injecting fluid.Constant-flux pump 4 is arranged on fluid circuit 10.Constant-flux pump 4 and middle appearance
The method that device 3 injects liquid is same as the prior art, and here is omitted.
Fluid circuit 10 runs through stress loading axle and arranges, in order to arrange.In one example, in stress
The middle part of loading axis is provided with, with sealing shroud 105, the through hole connecting with fluid circuit 10.Further, in stream
Air relief valve 8 and pressure gauge 11 are additionally provided with body pipeline 10.Pressure in analog is adjusted by air relief valve 8,
Thus research permeability at various pressures.Pressure gauge 11 is used for measuring the pressure value in annular seal space.Pressure
Table 11 can be connected with fluid circuit 10 by such as six-way valve 12.
Additionally, analog also includes being separately positioned between fluid container and stress loading chamber 1 and and fluid hose
The buffer container 6 of road 10 connection and volumetric standard 5.The porosity measurement being coal petrography 106 by volumetric standard 5,
Absorption measurement and diffusion coefficient measurement provide reference.Play certain when gas being discharged by buffer container 6
Stabilization, reduces the fluctuation of gas.Wherein, the using method of volumetric standard 5 and prior art Plays hold
The using method of device 5 is identical, repeats no more herein.
Analog can include being arranged on the temperature controller 14 in stress loading chamber 1 outside, should in order to control
Temperature in power LOADED CAVITY 1.Analog can also include moisture trap 17 and gas flowmeter 16.Gas
Water separator 17 is connected with the inside of annular seal space by measuring pipeline 18 with gas flowmeter 16, with by gas
Water separator 17 and gas flowmeter 16 monitor gas flow when permeability survey or air water two phase fluid flow.
Analog still further comprises the vacuum pump 13 for annular seal space is carried out with evacuation, being filled with
Before the fluid needing, by vacuum pump 13, the air in analog or other media are discharged, to reduce
The interference of other gases.The vacuum-pumping pipeline 15 being connected with vacuum pump 13 simultaneously with fluid circuit 10 and measurement
Pipeline 18 connects.
In one example, using the method for this simulation analysis coal petrography 106 permeability, comprising:
Step one, demarcates coal petrography 106, measures the coal petrography 106 made and is placed in coal petrography 106 stress loading system
In, connect test device；
Step 2, adjusts stress loading axle by three manual pumps, adjusts the pressure in three directions for the coal petrography 106,
The residing triaxial state of stress under reservoir state of simulation coal petrography 106.
Step 3, closes the valve 9 of analog, opens vacuum pump 13, and realization is in analog and coal petrography
Original adsorbed gas desorption in 106 substrate and crack.Wherein, the pumpdown time is according to coal petrography 106 size
Select the corresponding time, to ensure gas desorbing from coal petrography 106 of original absorption in coal petrography 106 substrate.
Step 4, selects a kind of needs measured gas type (he, co2、n2、ch4), by adjusting
Reducing pressure valve 8 makes buffer container 6 reach the pressure p under the simulation original adsorption conditionses of reservoir, and keeps buffering to hold
Device 6 connected with annular seal space more than 24 hours, realized coal petrography 106 absorption gases at high pressure under simulation stress state
Reach the simulation approximate initial condition of reservoir coal petrography 106.
Step 5, adjusting air relief valve 8 makes the reduced pressure in annular seal space to a certain setting pressure p0, and measure
X to, y to z to original permeability amount kx0、ky0、kz0.
Step 6, makes the reduced pressure of annular seal space to p by adjusting air relief valve 8b, and make and gas flowmeter 16
The port opening of the pipeline connecting, so that annular seal space is in communication with the outside.Certainly other outlets can also be made (big
I sets as the case may be) open, so that annular seal space is in communication with the outside.Pass through gas when 2-10 minute
Effusion meter 16 measure coal petrography 106 x to, y to, z to infiltration capacity kxb、kyb、kzb.During ready to balance
Between reach after 24 hours or outlet no gas when (ensure the adsorbed gas desorbing in coal petrography 106), again
Measurement x to, y to z to infiltration capacity kxb′、kyb′、kzb′；
Step 7, according to the permeability of experimental data research coal petrography 106.
In one example, it is p in pressurebWhen, the permeability integrated contributory factor δ of coal petrography 106x(x to)
=kxb′/kx0；δy(y to)=kyb′/ky0；δz(z to)=kzb′/kz0.
During reduced pressure, the permeability variation factor of influence δ that crack closure causesfx(x to)=kxb/kx0；
δfy(y to)=kyb/ky0；δfz(z to)=kzb/kz0.
During reduced pressure, the permeability variation factor of influence δ that causes during adsorbed gas desorbingdx(x to)
=(kxb′-kxb)/kx0；δdy(y to)=(kyb′-kyb)/ky0；δdz(z to)=(kzb′-kzb)
/kz0.
Certainly, can with repeat step three to seven at least one times in experimentation.Pressure wherein in each experiment
pbAll differ, so that the permeability variation of the coal petrography 106 when being reduced to different pressures can be simulated.
Additionally, in measurement data, can also measure in x to, y to the infiltration with a z direction thereto
Measure or measure overall infiltration capacity.Wherein, separately measurement coal petrography 106 x to, y to z to infiltration
The method of amount is identical with existing measuring method, repeats no more herein.
Due to keeping coal petrography 106 triaxial pressure to keep certain certain value in whole process, by changing the pressure of air relief valve
Power can control coal petrography 106 pore pressure, and not under changing environment, pore pressure reduced realization simulation triaxial stress
Cheng Zhong, coal petrography 106 adsorbed gas desorbing, closing of fracture and its synthesis affect on permeability variation.
In a specific embodiment, the coal petrography 106 of 10 × 10 × 10cm making is placed in stress loading
Chamber 1, assembles each loading axis and annular seal space respectively.After pressurized pump 2 carries out being forced into 1mpa, system is taken out very
After sky, then confined pressure (being realized by being passed through experimental gas) is loaded onto 15mpa, keeps coal petrography each stress to add
Carry size identical, be 15mpa.
Select co2 gas as measurement medium, make buffer container 6 reach simulation reservoir by adjusting air relief valve 8
Pressure 14mpa under original adsorption conditionses, and keep buffer container 6 to connect more than 24 hours with annular seal space,
Realization coal petrography 106 absorption gases at high pressure under simulation stress state reach simulation reservoir coal petrography 106 and approximately stablize shape
State.Adjusting air relief valve 8 makes in annular seal space to a certain setting pressure, and measure x to, y to z at the beginning of
Beginning permeability amount kx0、ky0、kz0.
Then, make the reduced pressure of annular seal space to system confined pressure 0.5mpa by adjusting air relief valve 8, and make and gas
The port opening of the pipeline that flowmeter body 16 connects.When 2-10 minute, coal petrography is measured by gas flowmeter 16
106 x to, y to, z to infiltration capacity calculate permeability kxb、kyb、kzb.The ready to balance time reaches 24
After hour or outlet no gas when (ensure adsorbed gas desorbing in coal petrography 106), measure again x to,
Y to z to infiltration capacity kxb′、kyb′、kzb′；
Adjust successively air relief valve 8 obtain confined pressure be 14,12,10,8,6,4, under the conditions of 2mpa, simulation three
Axial stress is under changing environment, during pore pressure reduces, coal petrography adsorbed gas desorbing, closing of fracture and its comprehensive
Close and permeability variation is affected.
(curve c represents the permeability variation curve that crack closure causes, curve d to analysis result such as Fig. 5 to Fig. 7
Represent the permeability variation curve that coal petrography adsorbed gas desorbing causes) shown in, test result shows to reduce in confined pressure
During adsorbed gas desorbing, the impact to Permeability Oe Coal And Porous Rock And Fractured Rock for the closing of fracture gradually change, each stage is to oozing
The contribution of rate is also different thoroughly, and during this gives cbm development, permeability dynamic prediction provides method and handss
Section.
Although by reference to preferred embodiment, invention has been described, without departing from the scope of the present invention
In the case of, it can be carried out with various improvement and part therein can be replaced with equivalent.Especially, only
Otherwise there is structural hazard, the every technical characteristic being previously mentioned in each embodiment all can combine in any way
Come.The invention is not limited in specific embodiment disclosed herein, but include falling within the scope of the appended claims
All technical schemes.
Claims (11)
1. a kind of analog for studying Permeability Oe Coal And Porous Rock And Fractured Rock, comprising:
Stress loading chamber；
Sealing shroud, is configured for arranging the annular seal space of described coal petrography；
Fluid container, is used for holding fluid and connecting with described annular seal space by fluid circuit；And
Stress loading axle, it is arranged in described stress loading chamber, and be configured to through extrude described sealing shroud and right
Described coal petrography applies stress.
2. analog according to claim 1 it is characterised in that described sealing shroud include relative
The uncovered body of two ends one-tenth, and it is arranged on the pressure-bearing body of the open-mouth of described body, wherein said pressure-bearing body warp
Form sealing and between described body after extruding.
3. analog according to claim 2 is it is characterised in that described stress loading axle includes setting
Put x at the opening end of described body to axle, wherein said pressure-bearing body is fixed on described x on axle.
4. the analog according to Claims 2 or 3 is it is characterised in that in described stress loading chamber
In be provided with loading passage for supporting described body, and be provided with described stress loading in described loading passage
Axle.
5. analog according to claim 4 is it is characterised in that described loading passage is included respectively
The y in outside being connected to described body is to loading passage and z to loading passage, and is connected to described body
The x of opening end is to loading passage.
6. analog according to claim 5 is it is characterised in that described y is to loading passage and z
To the hydraulic pressure being formed between loading passage and the outer end of corresponding stress loading axle for promoting stress loading axle
Chamber, and described x is formed for promoting stress loading axle to loading passage with the sidepiece of corresponding stress loading axle
Hydraulic cavities.
7. the analog according to any one of claim 1-6 is it is characterised in that also include being arranged on
Porosity measurement for coal petrography, absorption measurement and diffusion coefficient are used on described fluid circuit offer standard is provided
Volumetric standard, and the buffer container for buffer gas, wherein said fluid circuit runs through described stress and adds
Carry axle and connect with described coal petrography.
8. the analog according to any one of claim 1-6 is it is characterised in that also include for right
Moisture trap and gas flowmeter that the vacuum pump of described annular seal space evacuation is connected with described annular seal space, with
And for controlling the temperature controller of the temperature of described sealing intracavity.
9. the side to study Permeability Oe Coal And Porous Rock And Fractured Rock for a kind of analog according to any one of claim 1-8
Method, comprising:
Step one, coal petrography is put in annular seal space, and completes Preparatory work of experiment work；
Step 2, the injection in described annular seal space need to measure gas to pressure p, and makes described coal petrography equilibrium adsorption
Time was more than 24 hours；
Step 3, the pressure in the described annular seal space of reduction to p0, and measure initial infiltration amount k of coal petrography0；
Step 4, makes the pressure in described annular seal space from p0It is reduced to pb, and so that described annular seal space is in communication with the outside,
Infiltration capacity k of coal petrography is measured after 2-10 minuteb, after 24 hours or when exporting no gas, measure coal again
Infiltration capacity k of rockb′；
Step 5, according to the permeability of experimental data research coal petrography.
10. method according to claim 9 is it is characterised in that be p in pressurebWhen, the infiltration of coal petrography
Rate integrated contributory factor δ=kb′/k0；
During reduced pressure, the permeability variation factor of influence δ that crack closure causesf=kb/k0；
During reduced pressure, the permeability variation factor of influence δ that causes during coal petrography adsorbed gas desorbingd=
(kb′-kb)/k0.
11. methods according to claim 9 it is characterised in that repeat step two to five at least one times,
Pressure p wherein in each operating processbAll different.
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| CN107330220A (en) * | 2017-07-20 | 2017-11-07 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | Consider this coal seam concordant gas drilling design method of permeability anisotropy |
| CN107437364A (en) * | 2017-08-25 | 2017-12-05 | 刘伟 | A kind of Permeability Oe Coal And Porous Rock And Fractured Rock teaching experimental equipment and method |
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| CN112362558A (en) * | 2020-12-09 | 2021-02-12 | 中国地质大学（北京） | Anisotropic relative permeability testing arrangement |
| CN113358541A (en) * | 2021-06-08 | 2021-09-07 | 中国地质大学（北京） | A triaxial permeability testing arrangement for deep coal bed gas exploitation |
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