CN106167466A - 一种含天然脂环结构的离子液体及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种含天然脂环结构的离子液体及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种含天然脂环结构的离子液体,该离子液体的分子式为[CH3C3H3N2CnH2n+1]X,(X=C6H10NO2或C10H15O4S),化学名称为1‑烷基‑3‑甲基咪唑1‑氨基环戊烷甲酸盐或1‑烷基‑3‑甲基咪唑樟脑磺酸盐。本发明利用季铵盐离子交换法合成含天然脂环结构离子液体,所选的阴离子原料是天然产物的衍生物,无需特殊制备,不用先期功能化;可以缩短反应流程;反应操作简单,可控性强。该离子液体作为减摩添加剂应用于烷基环戊烷润滑油,或以烷基环戊烷为基础油的润滑脂。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种含天然脂环结构的离子液体及其制备方法和应用。该离子液体作为减摩添加剂应用于烷基环戊烷润滑油,或以烷基环戊烷为基础油的润滑脂。
背景技术
多烷基化环戊烷(MACs)具有低的挥发性、高的热稳定性和化学稳定性,在空间机械的润滑上有很大的应用潜力,并已取得了空间应用的实际经验。(D. J. Carre, C. G.Kalogeras, S. V. Didziulis, R. Bauer. Recent experience with synthetichydrocarbon lubricants for spacecraft applications. Aerospace Corp., Report TR(5935)-3, June 1995;W. R. Jones, Jr., A. K. Poslowski. Evaluation ofseveral space lubricants using a vacuum four-ball tribometer. NASA TM- 1998-208654, October 1998.)。
多烷基化环戊烷的核心五元环使这类化合物具有高的热稳定性和化学稳定性。但是,由于此类化合物属于非极性化合物,对基底的吸附力较弱,摩擦过程中边界润滑膜容易被破坏,因此其极压性能相对比较弱。
离子液体是一类强极性的化合物,有着独特的溶解性能,高热稳定性和极低的蒸气压。研究显示,离子液体结构中的不同官能基团能显著改变其性能。如果利用离子液体所特有的“可设计性”,通过化学合成的方法在离子液体中引入五元环,使取代环戊烷和离子液体各自的优异性能相结合,将有利于增强多烷基化环戊烷与基底的吸附能力,改进其摩擦学性能。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种含天然脂环结构的离子液体及其制备方法和应用。
一种含天然脂环结构的离子液体,其特征在于该离子液体的结构式如式()所示,分子式为[CH3C3H3N2CnH2n+1]X,X为C6H10NO2或C10H15O4S,化学名称为1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑1-氨基环戊烷甲酸盐或1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑樟脑磺酸盐,
式(I) ,
其中,n为4~10的整数。
本发明化合物的合成方法如式(Ⅱ)所示:
式(Ⅱ)
其中,n为4~10的整数。
本发明通过溴化1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑和1-氨基环戊烷甲酸或樟脑磺酸反应,得到含天然脂环结构的离子液体。
一种含天然脂环结构的离子液体的制备方法,其特征在于以溴化1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑和1-氨基环戊烷甲酸或樟脑磺酸为原料,反应温度20~90℃,反应时间2~10小时,反应结束后洗涤、干燥生成物得到目标产物。
所述溴化1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑与1-氨基环戊烷甲酸或樟脑磺酸的摩尔比为1: 1.1~3.6。
所述溴化1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑为溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑、溴化1-己基-3-甲基咪唑、溴化1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑或溴化1-癸基-3-甲基咪唑。
在实验室中,我们具体的制备过程是:在圆底烧瓶中,加入溴化1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑,在搅拌过程中,加入1-氨基环戊烷甲酸或樟脑磺酸的水溶液,于20~90℃,搅拌1~5小时,用二氯甲烷萃取三次,二氯甲烷相用水洗涤三次后无水硫酸镁干燥过夜,减压蒸去溶剂,再在100℃/0.1 mmHg减压抽1小时,除去可能含有的水份,得到目标产物。
上述离子液体作为减摩添加剂以超声分散于烷基环戊烷基础油中。以润滑油总重为基准,离子液体添加量为0.1~2.0wt%。
文献报道利用离子液体所特有的“可设计性”,通过功能化阴阳离子,可以得到预期性能的离子液体。近年来,针对阳离子的功能化有大量文献报道,但是较少涉及针对于阴离子的功能化研究。另外,为了实现离子液体的功能化,不可避免地会引入一些较大的基团,必然会提高离子液体的熔点,因而限制了功能化离子液体适用的范围。
本发明的新颖之处在于:利用离子液体所特有的“可设计性”,通过化学合成的方法在离子液体中引入取代的五元环。离子液体本身带有负电荷,在摩擦过程中很容易与摩擦副的正电荷点结合,形成很稳定的过渡态,而且这种过渡态的构型非常有序,并能保持一定的厚度,在摩擦过程中起到减摩抗磨的作用,因此其摩擦学性能很好。咪唑部分杂环中的氮原子有利于提高共扼杂环的热稳定性,并赋予润滑剂良好的极压抗磨性能和高闪点。所选的阴离子原料是天然产物的衍生物,无需特殊制备,不用先期功能化,操作简单;可以缩短反应流程,可控性强。因为是不对称阴离子,其最终产物在室温(25℃)下呈淡黄色或黄色的粘稠透明液体,20℃粘度280~450 mm2·s-1,粘度指数110~130,倾点<-30℃,初始热分解温度﹥350℃,该化合物具有很宽的液相温度范围、优异的高低温性能和良好的粘温性能。
本发明的优点在于:
(1) 随着人们环境保护意识的日益增加,对化工产品的环保性能提出了更高的要求。本发明的离子液体,阴离子是天然产物的衍生物,在微生物作用下易降解,从而达到环保要求。
(2) 通过化学合成的方法将取代环戊烷和离子液体二者的优异性能相结合,化合物具有很宽的液相温度范围、优异的高低温性能、良好的粘温性能。由于分子结构的相似性,化合物与取代环戊烷有良好的相容性,可以作为减摩添加剂应用于烷基环戊烷润滑油,或以烷基环戊烷为基础油的润滑脂。
本发明所述润滑剂的摩擦学性能采用模拟真空条件摩擦磨损试验机评价。实验条件:真空度,10-4Pa;载荷,3N;转速,300 rpm;时间,1h。实验上试球为Si3N4球或9Cr18钢球,下试盘为半径24mm的GCr15钢盘。
具体实施方式
本发明可通过如下实施例进一步说明,以下实施例仅用于说明本发明的具体实施方案,而不是用于限制本方法的应用。
实施例1
合成1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑1-氨基环戊烷甲酸盐。
在圆底烧瓶中,加入52.56g(0.24mol)溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑,在搅拌过程中,加入34.8g(0.27mol) 1-氨基环戊烷甲酸水溶液,于40℃,搅拌2小时,用二氯甲烷萃取三次,二氯甲烷溶液再用蒸馏水洗涤三次,之后用无水硫酸镁干燥过夜,减压蒸去溶剂,再在100℃/0.1 mmHg减压抽1小时,得到目标产品。
实施例2
合成1-己基-3-甲基咪唑1-氨基环戊烷甲酸盐。
在圆底烧瓶中,加入59.28g(0.24mol) 溴化1-己基-3-甲基咪唑,在搅拌过程中,加入36.1g(0.28mol) 1-氨基环戊烷甲酸水溶液,于40℃,搅拌3小时。其余同实施例1。
实施例3
合成1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑1-氨基环戊烷甲酸盐。
在圆底烧瓶中,加入66.00g(0.24mol) 溴化1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑,在搅拌过程中,加入38.7g(0.30mol) 1-氨基环戊烷甲酸水溶液,于50℃,搅拌4小时。其余同实施例1。
实施例4
合成1-癸基-3-甲基咪唑1-氨基环戊烷甲酸盐。
在圆底烧瓶中,加入72.72g(0.24mol) 溴化1-癸基-3-甲基咪唑,在搅拌过程中,加入41.3g(0.32mol) 1-氨基环戊烷甲酸水溶液,于50℃,搅拌4小时。其余同实施例1。
实施例5
合成1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑樟脑磺酸盐。
在圆底烧瓶中,加入52.56g(0.24mol)溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑,在搅拌过程中,加入62.64g(0.27mol) 樟脑磺酸水溶液,于40℃,搅拌2小时。其余同实施例1。
实施例6
合成1-己基-3-甲基咪唑樟脑磺酸盐。
在圆底烧瓶中,加入59.28g(0.24mol) 溴化1-己基-3-甲基咪唑,在搅拌过程中,加入64.96g(0.28mol) 樟脑磺酸水溶液,于40℃,搅拌3小时。其余同实施例1。
实施例7
合成1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑樟脑磺酸盐。
在圆底烧瓶中,加入66.00g(0.24mol) 溴化1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑,在搅拌过程中,加入69.60g(0.30mol) 樟脑磺酸水溶液,于50℃,搅拌4小时。其余同实施例1。
实施例8
合成1-癸基-3-甲基咪唑樟脑磺酸盐。
在圆底烧瓶中,加入72.72g(0.24mol) 溴化1-癸基-3-甲基咪唑,在搅拌过程中,加入74.24g(0.32mol) 樟脑磺酸水溶液,于50℃,搅拌4小时。其余同实施例1。
实施例9
将实施例1~8的离子液体分别以质量百分数1.5%、1.0%、0.6%、0.4%、1.4%、0.8%、0.5%、0.3%的加剂量超声分散于烷基环戊烷基础油中,采用模拟真空条件摩擦磨损试验机评价它们的摩擦学性能,结果列于表1。
表1 实施例9实验结果
表1中的结果表明,本发明的化合物应用于烷基环戊烷基础油中具有良好的减摩性能。
Claims (6)
1.一种含天然脂环结构的离子液体,其特征在于该离子液体的结构式如式()所示,分子式为[CH3C3H3N2CnH2n+1] X,X为 C6H10NO2或C10H15O4S,化学名称为1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑1-氨基环戊烷甲酸盐或1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑樟脑磺酸盐,
式(I) ,其中,n为4~10的整数。
2.如权利要求1所述的含天然脂环烷结构的离子液体的制备方法,其特征在于以溴化1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑和1-氨基环戊烷甲酸或樟脑磺酸为原料,反应温度20~90℃,反应时间2~10小时,反应结束后洗涤、干燥生成物得到目标产物。
3.如权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于所述溴化1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑与1-氨基环戊烷甲酸或樟脑磺酸的摩尔比为1: 1.1~3.6。
4.如权利要求2或3所述的制备方法,其特征在于所述溴化1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑为溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑、溴化1-己基-3-甲基咪唑、溴化1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑或溴化1-癸基-3-甲基咪唑。
5.如权利要求1所述含天然脂环烷结构的离子液体作为减摩添加剂以超声分散于烷基环戊烷基础油中的应用。
6.如权利要求5所述的应用,其特征在于以润滑油总重为基准,离子液体添加量为0.1~2.0wt%。
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