CN106154603B - Liquid crystal phase-shifting unit and phase-controlled antenna formed by same - Google Patents
Liquid crystal phase-shifting unit and phase-controlled antenna formed by same Download PDFInfo
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- CN106154603B CN106154603B CN201610615534.4A CN201610615534A CN106154603B CN 106154603 B CN106154603 B CN 106154603B CN 201610615534 A CN201610615534 A CN 201610615534A CN 106154603 B CN106154603 B CN 106154603B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/1313—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells specially adapted for a particular application
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
- H01Q3/30—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array
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- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a liquid crystal phase shift unit and a phased antenna formed by the same, which are characterized in that an interlayer is formed by an upper medium substrate and a lower medium substrate which are parallel to each other, nematic liquid crystal is sealed in the interlayer to form a liquid crystal layer, metal microstrip structures are formed on the surfaces of the upper medium substrate and the lower medium substrate, bias voltage is applied by using the metal microstrip structures, and a bias electric field is formed in the liquid crystal layer, so that the arrangement direction of liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer is changed, the dielectric constant of the liquid crystal layer is changed, and the phase of a reflected wave is changed; in the array formed by the liquid crystal phase shift units, required phase distribution is obtained by applying different voltages to each unit, so that corresponding beam pointing is obtained or wave front shaping is realized. The invention adopts an electric control mode to change the phase shift characteristic, can work in the frequency range of 100 plus 1000GHz, and has the advantages of easy processing, miniaturization and low cost.
Description
Technical Field
the invention belongs to the field of imaging and radar of terahertz electronics, and particularly relates to a liquid crystal reflection phase-shifting unit and a phased reflection type array antenna formed by the same.
Background
phased array antennas have a more rapid and accurate beam scanning capability than conventional mechanically scanned antennas. More remote target searching and more stable and reliable performance can be realized.
the microstrip reflective array antenna combines the advantages of the traditional parabolic reflective antenna and the microstrip array antenna. Has high radiation efficiency and wide beam scanning angle. The core of the research on the microstrip reflective array is how to design the structure and size of each unit so that the unit can realize specific phase compensation on the incident wave, thereby forming a specific beam. The traditional microstrip reflective array antenna mainly has the following design methods, firstly, the phase compensation is realized by changing the structural size of a microstrip patch; secondly, phase delay lines with different lengths are loaded on different patches to compensate the phase; thirdly, different phase compensation is obtained by rotating the patch unit by different angles; and fourthly, loading a gap on the substrate under the patch to realize phase shift.
In the method, when the structure of the microstrip array is determined, the microstrip array can not be changed any more, the beam direction of the antenna is determined, and the phase control cannot be realized. If the phase shift change of the phase shift unit needs to be controlled in an electric control mode and the like, the phase shift can be realized by adding one phase shifter to each array element. The traditional phase shifter comprises a varactor phase shifter, a ferrite phase shifter, a PIN diode phase shifter, an MEMS phase shifter and the like. The parasitic characteristic of the varactor diode in a high frequency band is serious, and the varactor diode can only be applied to a low frequency band; the phase shift characteristic of the ferrite phase shifter is easy to migrate along with the external environment and is difficult to accurately control; the MEMS phase shifter has the defects of needing a precise processing technology, high implementation difficulty, high manufacturing cost and the like; the high-displacement phase shifter based on the PIN diode occupies a larger area, so that the space between array elements is inevitably increased, and the grating lobe index of the antenna is deteriorated. Due to the restriction of multiple factors such as high-frequency performance of devices (variable capacitance diodes), processing difficulty (MEMS), circuit area (PIN diodes) and the like, the working frequency of the reflective phased arrays is generally below a W wave band, and the reflective phased arrays are difficult to work at higher frequency.
Disclosure of Invention
the invention aims to avoid the defects in the prior art and provides the liquid crystal phase-shifting unit with small processing difficulty, miniaturization and low cost and the phase-controlled antenna formed by the liquid crystal phase-shifting unit, so that the phase-shifting characteristic is changed in an electric control mode, and the liquid crystal phase-shifting unit can work in the frequency range of 100 plus 1000 GHz.
the invention adopts the following technical scheme for solving the technical problems:
The liquid crystal phase shift unit of the invention has the structural characteristics that: the sandwich structure is characterized in that an interlayer is formed by an upper dielectric substrate and a lower dielectric substrate which are parallel to each other, nematic liquid crystal is sealed in the interlayer to form a liquid crystal layer, metal micro-strip structures are formed on the surfaces of the upper dielectric substrate and the lower dielectric substrate, bias voltage is applied by using the metal micro-strip structures, and a bias electric field is formed in the liquid crystal layer, so that the arrangement direction of liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer is changed, the dielectric constant of the liquid crystal layer is changed, and the phase of reflected waves is changed.
The liquid crystal phase shift unit of the invention is also characterized in that: the upper dielectric substrate and the lower dielectric substrate are the same in shape and size.
The liquid crystal phase shift unit of the invention is also characterized in that: the upper dielectric substrate and the lower dielectric substrate are both of a cube structure with the side length D and the thickness t 1.
The liquid crystal phase shift unit of the invention is also characterized in that: the metal microstrip structure includes: the metal patch comprises an upper layer metal patch positioned on the upper surface of the upper layer dielectric substrate and a middle layer metal patch positioned on the lower surface of the upper layer dielectric substrate, wherein the upper layer metal patch and the middle layer metal patch are the same in size and shape, positioned at the positions opposite to each other up and down and are in a strip shape with the length of L, the width of W and the thickness of t 0; a connecting wire which has the width of w and the thickness of t0 and is electrically connected with the lower metal patch is crossly etched on the lower surface of the upper dielectric substrate in a cross shape with the lower metal patch; and a layer of lower metal patch is fully covered on the upper surface of the lower dielectric substrate to be used as a grounding electrode.
The liquid crystal phase shift unit of the invention is also characterized in that: and applying a bias voltage on the middle-layer metal patch through a connecting wire, forming a bias electric field in the liquid crystal layer by using the bias voltage applied on the middle-layer metal patch and the grounding electrode, and changing the arrangement direction of liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer by using the bias electric field so as to change the dielectric constant of the liquid crystal layer and change the phase of a reflected wave.
the phase control antenna formed by the liquid crystal phase shift unit has the structural characteristics that: in the array formed by the liquid crystal phase shift units, required phase distribution is obtained by applying different voltages to each unit, so that corresponding beam pointing is obtained or wave front shaping is realized.
compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention utilizes the characteristic that the liquid crystal reflection unit can continuously change the phase of the reflected wave through electric control, adopts an electric control mode to change the phase shift characteristic, has continuously adjustable phase, can work in the frequency band of 100 plus 1000GHz, and has small processing difficulty, miniaturization and low cost.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an array of liquid crystal phase shifting cells according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a front view of a liquid crystal phase shift unit structure according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a patch structure on the lower surface of a first substrate according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view of a liquid crystal phase shift unit according to the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a phase shift curve of the liquid crystal phase shift unit at a frequency of 315 GHz;
Reference numbers in the figures: 1 upper dielectric substrate, 2 lower floor's dielectric substrate, 3 liquid crystal layers, 4 upper metal paster, 5 intermediate level metal paster, 6 lower floor's metal paster, 7 connecting wires.
Detailed Description
Referring to fig. 1, fig. 3, fig. 4 and fig. 5, the liquid crystal phase shift unit in this embodiment has the following structural form: an interlayer is formed by an upper dielectric substrate 1 and a lower dielectric substrate 2 which are parallel to each other, nematic liquid crystal is sealed in the interlayer to form a liquid crystal layer 3, metal microstrip structures are formed on the surfaces of the upper dielectric substrate and the lower dielectric substrate, bias voltage is applied by using the metal microstrip structures, a bias electric field is formed in the liquid crystal layer, the arrangement direction of liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer is changed, the dielectric constant of the liquid crystal layer is changed, and the phase of reflected waves is changed.
In specific implementation, the corresponding structural arrangement also includes:
The upper dielectric substrate and the lower dielectric substrate are the same in shape and size.
The upper dielectric substrate and the lower dielectric substrate are both in a cube structure with the side length D and the thickness t 1.
the upper-layer metal patch 4 is positioned on the upper surface of the upper-layer dielectric substrate, the middle-layer metal patch 5 is positioned on the lower surface of the upper-layer dielectric substrate, the upper-layer metal patch and the middle-layer metal patch are the same in size and shape, are positioned at the positions opposite to each other up and down, and are in a strip shape with the length of L, the width of W and the thickness of t 0; a connecting wire 7 which has the width w and the thickness t0 and is electrically connected with the lower metal patch is crossly etched on the lower surface of the upper dielectric substrate in a cross shape with the lower metal patch 6; and a layer of lower metal patch is fully covered on the upper surface of the lower dielectric substrate to be used as a grounding electrode.
And applying a bias voltage on the middle-layer metal patch through a connecting wire, forming a bias electric field in the liquid crystal layer by using the bias voltage applied on the middle-layer metal patch and the grounding electrode, and changing the arrangement direction of liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer by using the bias electric field so as to change the dielectric constant of the liquid crystal layer and change the phase of a reflected wave.
Referring to fig. 2, the phased antenna formed by the liquid crystal phase shift unit in this embodiment obtains the required phase distribution by applying different voltages to each unit in the array formed by the liquid crystal phase shift unit, so as to obtain the corresponding beam pointing direction or implement wavefront shaping.
in a specific implementation, the thickness of the liquid crystal layer is t2, the periphery of the liquid crystal layer is sealed by epoxy resin, and the upper surface and the lower surface of the liquid crystal layer are oriented by polyimide films;
The lower-layer metal patch is a dipole metal patch manufactured on the lower surface of the upper-layer dielectric substrate, the connecting wires and the lower-layer metal patch are crossed on the same plane in a cross shape, the thicknesses of the connecting wires and the lower-layer metal patch are t0, and the upper-layer dielectric substrate and the lower-layer dielectric substrate are made of quartz.
The invention applies voltage on the metal patch through the connecting wire, thereby forming an electric field in the liquid crystal layer. The orientation of nematic liquid crystal molecules changes under the action of an electric field, and the dielectric constant of the liquid crystal changes accordingly. The electrical characteristics of the liquid crystal material can be changed by applying a bias voltage to the liquid crystal layer, thereby changing the phase of the reflected wave at the surface of the phase shift unit. The required phase compensation can be obtained by controlling the voltage by obtaining a corresponding phase shift curve after a simulation test is carried out on the liquid crystal phase shift unit. The required phase distribution is obtained in the array formed by the liquid crystal phase shift units by applying different voltages to each unit, so as to obtain the corresponding beam pointing direction.
The invention adopts the dipole metal patch structure, simplifies the structure while obtaining the required performance, and simplifies the manufacturing process. The phase-shifting characteristic of the phase-shifting unit is further optimized by utilizing the upper metal patch, the phase-shifting range of the unit is increased, and the performance of the phase-shifting unit is optimized.
The method comprises the following steps of (1) setting in specific application:
D＝420um，t1＝250um；
Selecting nematic liquid crystal with the model number of GT3-23001 in the liquid crystal layer, wherein the thickness t2 of the liquid crystal layer is 25 um;
The upper layer metal patch, the middle layer metal patch, the lower layer metal patch and the connecting line are all made of metal copper, and the thickness of the upper layer metal patch, the middle layer metal patch, the lower layer metal patch and the connecting line is 1 um; l is 225um, W is 35um, W is 5um, the central working frequency of the phase shift unit is 315 GHz; the liquid crystal phase shift unit is simulated by using electromagnetic simulation software, and a 315GHz phase shift curve shown in FIG. 6 is obtained. It can be seen from the graph that the phase of the reflected wave is changed by the change of the dielectric constant of the liquid crystal at the frequency of 315 GHz. When the dielectric constant of the liquid crystal is changed from 2.47 to 3.26, the phase shift of the reflected wave reaches 260 degrees, which shows that the phase shift unit has good phase shift characteristics.
Manufacturing an upper-layer metal patch, a middle-layer metal patch and a connecting wire on the surface of the upper-layer dielectric substrate in a photoetching mode, and plating a grounding electrode on the upper surface of the lower-layer dielectric substrate; sealing the upper dielectric substrate and the lower dielectric substrate by using epoxy resin to form an interlayer gap, and injecting nematic liquid crystal into the interlayer gap; in order to align the liquid crystal molecules parallel to the substrates when no bias voltage is applied, a polyimide film is used to orient the liquid crystal layer. The size of the dipole patch is related to the working frequency of the liquid crystal phase-shifting unit, and the working frequency can be changed by adjusting the size of the dipole patch.
Fig. 2 shows a 30X30 array antenna, which is composed of the above-mentioned antenna elements. The bias voltage is applied to each antenna column through a connecting line, and the phase shift unit can change the dielectric constant of the liquid crystal layer by applying voltage to the patch unit, so that the phase of the reflected wave can be adjusted. After the mutual corresponding relation between the dielectric constant of the liquid crystal material and the applied voltage is measured through experiments, the required phase compensation can be obtained by applying specific voltages on different antenna units, so that the wave beam is focused in the required direction, and meanwhile, the wave beam scanning can be realized. The array antenna shown in fig. 2 can realize angular scanning of a beam in one plane.
Claims (4)
1. A liquid crystal phase shift unit is characterized in that: an interlayer is formed by an upper dielectric substrate and a lower dielectric substrate which are parallel to each other, an interlayer gap is formed between the upper dielectric substrate and the lower dielectric substrate by sealing with epoxy resin, a nematic liquid crystal is sealed in the interlayer to form a liquid crystal layer, in order that liquid crystal molecules can be arranged in parallel to the substrates when no bias voltage is applied, a polyimide film is adopted to orient the liquid crystal layer, the size of a dipole patch is related to the working frequency of a liquid crystal phase-shifting unit, the working frequency can be changed by adjusting the size of the dipole patch, and metal microstrip structures are formed on the surfaces of the upper dielectric substrate and the lower dielectric substrate;
the metal microstrip structure includes: the metal patch comprises an upper layer metal patch positioned on the upper surface of the upper layer dielectric substrate and a middle layer metal patch positioned on the lower surface of the upper layer dielectric substrate, wherein the upper layer metal patch and the middle layer metal patch are the same in size and shape, positioned at the positions opposite to each other up and down and are in a strip shape with the length of L, the width of W and the thickness of t 0; a connecting line which has the width of w and the thickness of t0 and is electrically connected with the middle-layer metal patch is crossly etched on the lower surface of the upper-layer dielectric substrate in a cross shape with the middle-layer metal patch; a layer of lower metal patch is fully covered on the upper surface of the lower dielectric substrate to serve as a grounding electrode;
Applying bias voltage on the middle-layer metal patch through a connecting wire, forming a bias electric field in the liquid crystal layer by using the bias voltage applied on the middle-layer metal patch and the grounding electrode, and changing the arrangement direction of liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer by using the bias electric field so as to change the dielectric constant of the liquid crystal layer and change the phase of a reflected wave; the phase shift characteristic is changed in an electrically controlled manner, so that the phase shift circuit can work in the frequency range of 100-1000 GHz.
2. The liquid crystal phase shift unit according to claim 1, wherein the upper dielectric substrate and the lower dielectric substrate have the same shape and size.
3. The liquid crystal phase shift unit of claim 1, wherein: the upper dielectric substrate and the lower dielectric substrate are both of a cube structure with the side length D and the thickness t 1.
4. A phased antenna constructed using liquid crystal phase shifting elements as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the array formed by said liquid crystal phase shifting elements, a desired phase distribution is obtained by applying different voltages to each element, thereby obtaining a corresponding beam directivity or realizing wavefront shaping.
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| CN201610615534.4A CN106154603B (en) | 2016-07-29 | 2016-07-29 | Liquid crystal phase-shifting unit and phase-controlled antenna formed by same |
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| CN113972453B (en) * | 2020-07-24 | 2022-04-05 | 上海天马微电子有限公司 | Phase shifter, manufacturing method thereof and antenna |
| CN114326182B (en) * | 2022-01-10 | 2022-12-20 | 北京华镁钛科技有限公司 | Device and method for testing phase-shifting gray curve of liquid crystal phase shifter |
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