CN106132513A - 过滤器和其生产方法 - Google Patents

过滤器和其生产方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106132513A
CN106132513A CN201580015736.9A CN201580015736A CN106132513A CN 106132513 A CN106132513 A CN 106132513A CN 201580015736 A CN201580015736 A CN 201580015736A CN 106132513 A CN106132513 A CN 106132513A
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filter
supporting body
assembly
ingredient
ion
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CN201580015736.9A
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CN106132513B (zh
Inventor
曼弗雷德·保罗
帕特里克·卢卡
赖纳·波默斯海姆
罗伯特·斯韦雷德朱克
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Lufthansa Technik AG
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Lufthansa Technik AG
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    • B01D46/0027—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours with additional separating or treating functions
    • B01D46/0036—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours with additional separating or treating functions by adsorption or absorption
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于化合气流的组成部分的过滤器，具有承载体和涂覆在承载体的表面上的过滤层。根据本发明提出，过滤层具有接下来的组件：a)用于对组成部分进行物理吸附的组件，b)用于对组成部分进行化学吸附的组件；c)用于溶解包含离子液体的油组成部分的组件。

Description

过滤器和其生产方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于化合气流的组成部分的过滤器，具有承载体和在承载体的表面上涂覆的过滤层。本发明的目的此外还在于一种用于制造这样的过滤器的方法，一种这样的过滤器用于对在交通工具、尤其是飞机中的呼吸空气进行过滤的应用，以及一种配备有根据本发明的过滤器的飞机。
背景技术
许多交通工具，尤其是飞机和例如高速列车通常都压力密封地建造并且人工地通风。飞机具有增压舱，其中在旅行飞行高度中调节处于外部空气压力之上的客舱压力。
增压舱的空气供给通常不仅通过环流和净化客舱空气实现而且还通过混合外部供给的新鲜空气实现。因为在旅行飞行高度中的外部空气处于客舱压力之下，因此待供给的新鲜空气必须被压缩。通常，对于新鲜空气供给来说，来自一个或者多个飞机推进器的压缩机的空气流的一部分(所谓的引气)被分支，冷却到预期的温度水平并且与客舱空气混合。
喷射推进器的引气会受到燃油剩余物或者油雾的污染，尤其是当例如推进器的润滑油进入到轴或者类似物的区域中时并且由压缩机空气流混合。喷射推进器的油包含对人类有危害的成分或者添加剂，例如像磷酸三甲苯酯(TCP)。混合的油残余物此外会导致在飞机中不舒服的油的气味。环流的客舱空气同样会包含有气味物质或者有害物质。
因此在现有技术中已经已知的是，设置有用于推进器的引气和/或环流的客舱空气的过滤器系统。一方面，由显而易见的使用中公开了例如活性炭过滤器。其具有仅仅相对小的吸附能力并且通过物理吸附可逆地形成有害物质，从而其在活性炭过滤器的高负荷的情况中会再次被释放。
此外已知的是，来自客舱空气的不希望的组成部分通过催化氧化反应去除(例如US 2003/0188850 A1，US 2009/0227195 A1，US 2010/0158775 A1和US 2005/0053515A1)。这样的催化系统在安装和运行中是非常复杂的，因为必须持续地满足运行条件，其允许对有害物质的催化氧化反应，例如用于热催化的高于200℃的温度或者用于光催化的UV辐射的供应。WO 2013/124168 A1公开了一种用于过滤客机中的呼吸空气的过滤器颗粒材料。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种用于从气流、尤其是飞机的引气或者客舱空气中去除有害物质、例如像油残留物的简单操作且有效的可能性，其能简单和没有较大的问题地集成在现有的系统中。
该目的由此实现，即过滤层具有以下组件：
a)用于物理吸附组成部分的组件，
b)用于化学吸附组成部分的组件，
c)用于溶解油组成部分的组件，其包含离子液体。
本发明的目的此外还有一种用于制造根据本发明的过滤器的方法，一种这样的过滤器用于对在交通工具、尤其是飞机中的呼吸空气进行过滤的应用，以及一种配备有根据本发明的过滤器的飞机。
首先对在本发明的框架中使用的概念进行描述。
概念承载体描述了能由气流过流或者穿流的基底，其表面能够至少部分地承载了接下来描述的过滤层。合适的承载体例如由机动车技术已知的用于废气催化器的承载体构成。这样的承载体在其体积方面具有与较小的穿流阻力结合的大表面，该穿流阻力允许以较大的气流量穿流。
在承载体的表面上设置有过滤层。其与过流的气体交互作用并产生预期的过滤效果。过滤层的类型和厚度如此地设定，即确保过滤器的需要的穿流能力。
根据本发明，在过滤器成中包含有三个组件。概念组件在该上下文中被功能性地理解并且意味着层的部分或者组成部分，其能施加描述的功能。
第一组件用于物理吸附气流的组成部分。在物理吸附的情况中，被吸收的分子通过通常相对弱的物理学上的力(化合能通常在4-40kJ/mol的范围中)化合到(物理吸附的基底的)组件上。该物理吸附通常不会导致被吸收的物质的化学变化并且通常是可逆的。
另外的组件用于化学吸附气流的组成部分。在化学吸附的情况中，(气流的被化合的组成部分的)吸收物和/或吸收剂(形成用于化学吸附的基底的组件)化学地发生变化。化合能例如可以在800kJ/mol的范围中。化学吸附通常是不可逆的，也就是说化学吸附的组成部分被持续地化合。
根据本发明，第三组件用于溶解油组成部分。概念油组成部分描述例如来自喷射推进器的润滑油的在气流中一同输送的组成部分，通常这样的油组成部分作为气溶胶精细分布地存在于气流中。所述的组件包含溶剂，油组成部分被输送到溶剂中并且借此能从气流中去除。溶剂的汽压和油组成部分的由此出现的溶解根据本发明如此的小，即在相应的过滤器的运行条件下溶剂和/或溶解不以额定值的程度进入到气流中。以下进一步描绘的离子液体被作为溶剂使用。
因此根据本发明的过滤器联合了三个组件并进而也联合了三个功能。用于物理吸附的组件可以根据本发明从活性炭、膨润土、硅石和沸石构成的组中选择，并且起到快速和有效地物理吸附气流的开放的组成部分，例如像空气有害物质、气味或者类似物。
化学吸附的组件允许持续地并进而不可逆地化合气流的相应的不希望的组成部分。在本发明的框架中还可能的是，气流的组成部分首先被物理吸附并进而在过滤器的范围中被确定位置并且接下来实现物理吸附并进而持续地化合。
用于溶解油组成部分的组件允许持续可靠地从气流中去除相应的油气溶胶，借此预防来自润滑油的不希望的油气味以及有害物质进入到飞机的客舱空气中。油组成部分的通过在溶剂中的溶解的去除将油组成部分持续地化合并且为此具有高的容纳容量。
根据本发明的过滤器因此允许安全和快速的、但是也持续和不可逆地去除来自气流的，尤其是飞机客舱的呼吸空气的典型的气味和有害物质组成部分。
本发明的一个重要的特征在于，所述的组件是在承载体上的过滤层的组成部分。本发明获知，即过滤器作为承载体带有在其上安装的过滤层的设计方案实现了一种过滤器，其一方面允许具有良好的过滤效果的高气流流量并且另一方面具有较小的流动阻力，从而其容易地并且尤其是在没有附加措施的情况下集成到现有的系统中、例如用于为飞机客舱提供呼吸空气的系统中。尤其是根据本发明通常不需要设置这样的措施，例如在呼吸空气供应时压力的提升或者提高的泵功率，从而对过滤器的大流动阻力进行补偿。
承载体根据本发明优选地从由陶瓷承载体和金属承载体构成的组中选出。由塑料制成的承载体同样也可以被使用。尤其可以使用这样的承载体，如其在机动车的废气技术中使用的催化器承载体。由金属制成的承载体例如可以具有蜂窝的形式的空腔或者单元，合适的承载体例如在WO 2010/108755 A1中描述。商业上能够获得的承载体例如是EmitecGesellschaft für Emissionstechnologie有限责任公司的
根据本发明，被使用的承载体的单元密度优选在50至1600cpsi(每平米英寸的单元)的范围中，进一步优选的是100至1000cpsi和150至500cpsi的范围。单元壁的厚度优选在10-100μm的范围中，进一步优选的是在10-50μm。单元在横截面(垂直于流动方向的截面)中的形状例如可以是正弦的、矩形的、三角形的或者六边形的。
根据本发明的承载体可以就有外罩，其例如可以具有0.5-5mm、进一步优选地1-2mm的壁厚。外罩用于对承载体进行稳定。可替换的是，也可以放弃外罩并且承载体基本上形状配合地引入到流动通道中，其壁对承载体进行稳定。
承载体在流动方向上的长度可以根据本发明为10-1000mm、优选为10-100mm。通过根据本发明的过滤器导致的压力损失优选为10mbar或者更少、进一步优选为5mbar或者更少。用于物理吸附的组件从由活性炭、膨润土、硅石和沸石构成的组中选择。
用于化学吸附的组件根据本发明可以合适的氨基酸或者氨基酸序列，尤其是肽或者蛋白。肽通常比蛋白具有更短的链，在两个概念类别之间获得平滑的过渡。这样的肽或者蛋白可以通过化学吸附来化合有害物质，其是所谓的蛋白质反应基底，也就是化合物，其与用于化学吸附的组件的蛋白质或者蛋白质衍生物发生反应并且出现化学化合。以下除去典型的空气有害物质，如醛(尤其是甲醛)和许多暂时的有机化合物(挥发性有机化合物VOC)。合适的氨基酸序列可以例如通过蛋白、例如硬蛋白质的水解来制造，此外，例如可以使用诸如像绵羊绒纤维的含角蛋白的纤维。
根据本发明，用于溶解油组成部分的组件包括离子液体。离子液体是盐，其在过滤器的运行温度时通常是液态的。典型的是，离子液体在100℃之下的温度时是液体的，优选也在室温时。离子液体具有非常低的、几乎不能测量的蒸汽压并且提供用于油组成部分的良好的溶解特性。
优选的是，根据本发明的离子液体包含从由也许可能的烃基化的咪唑鎓离子、吡啶离子、吡咯烷鎓离子、胍盐离子、脲阳离子、硫脲离子、哌啶离子、吗啉离子、铵离子和磷离子构成的组中选出的离子以及从由四氟硼酸根、三氟醋酸根、三氟甲基磺酸根、六氟磷酸根、亚膦酸根、甲苯磺酸根、酰亚胺基、酰胺基、硫酸根和卤离子构成的组中选出的阴离子。
在本发明的优选的设计方案中，过滤层具有矩阵。概念矩阵理解为一物质，其作为结构形成器使用并且承载描述的组件。矩阵的组成部分可以包括用于物理吸附和/或化学吸附的组件。矩阵此外可以包括粘合剂，例如粘合剂从由甘露糖醛酸盐、古罗糖盐、藻酸盐和胶质盐构成的组中选出的粘合剂。该粘合剂例如作为碱性盐首先以水性溶剂的形式提供。通过碱离子相对于例如碱土离子(有时是Ca2+离子)的交换，可以从溶解的盐中获得不溶解的盐，其借此析出或者被提供并且因此对相应的过滤层进行定位或者固定。根据本发明同样可能的是，通过合适的有机阳离子对该提供进行影响，例如低聚物或者多聚物离子，如PEI(聚醚酰亚胺)，PDMDAAC(聚(二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵))或者PLL(多聚赖氨酸)。本发明通过令人惊讶的方式发现，被使用的离子液体的阳离子也能够用于进行输送或者位置做出贡献。
具有所述的粘合剂的这样的矩阵也可以包围或者包封离子液体。油在由碱金属藻酸盐构成的矩阵中的油的包封例如在US 4,389,419中描述。该步骤参考本发明的公开。
本发明的目的还在于一种用于制造根据本发明的过滤器的方法，其特征在于以下步骤：
a)提供承载体，
b)为承载体的表面涂覆过滤层。
优选的是承载体的表面涂覆有过滤层的组成部分的溶液。其可以进一步地通过将承载体浸入到这样的溶液中或者与该溶液接触实现。之后涂层就能优选地实现固定。这优选地通过固化过滤层的粘合剂来实现。该固化可以通过温度的影响或者优选地通过化学反应实现。尤其是该反应可以通过施加另外的组件来实现。
如果粘合剂例如从由甘露糖醛酸盐、古罗糖盐、藻酸盐和胶质盐构成的组中选出，那么其如作为碱性盐首先以水性溶剂的形式提供并且与另外组分混合。该水性的溶剂被涂覆到承载体的表面上，例如通过浸渍。通过相对于碱土离子来交换碱离子可以从溶解性的盐中获得不溶解的盐，其借此析出或者被提供并且因此对相应的过滤层进行定位或者固定。这可以通过浸入到碱土离子的溶剂中或者利用碱土离子的溶剂进行冲刷实现。
本发明的另外的目的是根据本发明的过滤器用于对在交通工具，尤其是飞机中的呼吸空气进行过滤的应用。根据本发明，在引气最初被输送到客舱的空调系统中之前，可以实现对引气的过滤，从而去除油残余物和从推进器的压缩机部分中收集的另外的有害物质。可替换地或者附加的是，循环的客舱空气被过滤，从而也去除其他的空气有害物质，气味或者类似物。
本发明的目的此外还在于一种飞机，其包含至少一个根据本发明的过滤器。该过滤器可以用于对引气或者循环的客舱空气进行净化并且布置在一个或者多个以下的安装区域中：
-在引气阀门和冷却单元之间，
-在冷却单元和混合单元之间，
-在混合单元和客舱和/或驾驶舱中的供应管的出口之间。
所使用的概念接下来结合实施例进行描述。优选的是布置在混合单元和客舱和/或驾驶舱的供应管中的出口之前的增压舱内部。
附图说明
本发明的实施例接下来被描述。图中示出：
图1示意性地示出了根据本发明的过滤器；
图2示意性地示出了飞机的空调系统。
具体实施方式
图1示意性地示出了根据本发明的过滤器1。具有蜂窝类型的结构的承载体21处于其内部。如在图1的下部细节截面图中可见，在承载体21的上表面上承载有过滤层22。在该实例中，该过滤器具有200cpsi的单元密度。单元壁由40μm厚的、由材料DIN 1.4767(利用钇和铪制成合金的含铝的铁氧体铬钢)构成的金属合金薄膜组成。过滤器的外罩具有1.5mm的厚度，外罩的材料是金属合金DIN 1.4509(不锈的铁氧体铬钢)。外罩的长度为84.5mm，在每个纵向端部外罩超出过滤器矩阵5mm。
根据本发明的过滤器的制造如下地描述：
实例1
在900ml水中溶解或者分解接下来的组成部分：
-80-100，优选90g膨润土
-30-60，优选45g活性炭
-20-50，优选35g甲基咪唑硫酸乙酯，
-2-8，优选5g N-(L-α-天门冬氨酰)-L-苯丙氨酸甲酯
-4-8，优选6g海藻酸钠。
如此生产的溶剂或者分散剂被涂覆到承载体21上，优选的是将承载体浸入到该溶剂中。如此预处理的承载体接下来被进入到2％的水性氯化钙溶剂中。通过钙的进入(或者另外的合适的多价金属离子)产生不可溶解的藻酸盐，其用于胶化或者固化过滤层。接下来在空气流中干燥。在下一步骤中，在固定的过滤层上附加地涂覆离子液体。为此目的，承载体浸入到1-乙基-2-甲基咪唑硫酸乙酯中或者对其喷洒该离子液体并在空气流中干燥。
实例2
如在实例1中一样，在那里描述的溶剂或者混合物被制造并且涂覆在承载体的表面上。该过滤层的固定然而在第二步骤中直接通过将承载体浸入到1-乙基-2-甲基咪唑硫酸乙酯中并且接下来在空气流中干燥来实现。在本发明的该变体方案中，也就是说在唯一的步骤中执行过滤层的固定或者胶化并且涂覆离子液体。
图2示意性地示出了客机的空调系统。飞机的客舱4和驾驶舱5由供应管6提供空气。该空气是由恒温处理的新鲜空气和被过滤的循环的客舱空气构成的混合物。
新鲜空气通过来自一个或者多个推进器7的压缩机的所谓的引气的分支提供。基于压缩而变热的引气(温度典型为215℃-260℃)的主要部分被输送给冷却单元8并且冷却到希望的温度。被冷却的气流提供给混合单元9。
使用过的客舱空气通过管路10从客舱中抽出并且在用于循环和过滤客舱空气的装置11中净化。该装置11根据现有技术地工作。在混合单元9中被净化的、循环的客舱空气和被冷却的新鲜空气以预定比例混合并且通过供应管6输送给驾驶舱和客舱。为了调节在客舱中的温度，通过管路12可以分支一部分热的、还没冷却的引气并且与从混合单元9向驾驶舱5和客舱4输送的空气流混合。
根据本发明的过滤器可以在这样的空调系统中安装在不同的位置中，其在附图中以参考标号1，2和3标示。
在安装位置1中，还热的引气直接在其离开推进器7之后被过滤。该安装位置是有优点的，即也许在引气中存在的油残留物直接在从推进器中喷出之后被过滤并且不会进入到空调系统中。在该位置处的缺点尤其是通过高温、高流动速度和高压造成的变得困难的运行条件，这使根据本发明的过滤器的有效运行变得困难。
在可能的安装位置2的情况中，一方面已经冷却的引气和另一方面为了温度调节的目的而分支出的引气的热部分分别通过至少一个根据本发明的过滤器净化。在此这样的事实是有问题的，即必须对具有非常不同的温度的两个空气流进行过滤。
优选的是在安装位置3设置根据本发明的过滤器并且已经加温的空气直接在其输送到驾驶舱5或者客舱4之前被过滤。
该安装位置3具有各种优点。过滤器在该安装位置处由按比例冷却的空气以很少变化的温度穿流。空气流在安装位置3处的温度在每种情况中都在100℃以下并且因此允许过滤器的按比例的简单的因为非必要方式的耐热的结构。供应管6的横截面通常大(典型的直径例如150-164mm)，其允许了过滤器的相应较大的并进而有效的横截面，该过滤器为此以具有较小的流动速度的略微压缩的空气穿流。安装位置3为此出于维护的目的而能够被良好地触及，因为其处于增压舱的内部，例如实现了通过相应的开口进入到飞机的前货舱中的通道。取决于飞机类型，必要的安装位置3的数量是可变的。在A320家族的商业客机的情况中，例如需要五个过滤器，对于波音737则需要三个过滤器。

Claims (22)

1.一种用于化合气流的组成部分的过滤器(20)，具有承载体(21)和涂覆在所述承载体(21)的表面上的过滤层(22)，其特征在于，所述过滤层(22)具有接下来的组件：
a)用于对所述组成部分进行物理吸附的组件，
b)用于对所述组成部分进行化学吸附的组件，
c)用于溶解包含离子液体的油组成部分的组件。
2.根据权利要求1所述的过滤器(20)，其特征在于，所述承载体(21)从由陶瓷承载体和金属承载体构成的组中选出。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的过滤器(20)，其特征在于，所述承载体(21)具有50至1600cpsi、进一步优选100至1000cpsi、进一步优选150至500cpsi的格密度。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的过滤器(20)，其特征在于，所述过滤器在使用条件下具有10mbar或者更少、有利地5mbar或者更少的压力下降。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的过滤器(20)，其特征在于，用于物理吸附的组件从由活性炭、膨润土、硅石和沸石构成的组中选择。
6.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的过滤器(20)，其特征在于，用于化学吸附的组件包含肽或者蛋白。
7.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的过滤器(20)，其特征在于，用于化学吸附的组件包含含有角蛋白的纤维。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的过滤器(20)，其特征在于，离子液体包含从由也许可能的烃基化的咪唑鎓离子、吡啶离子、吡咯烷鎓离子、胍离子、脲阳离子、硫脲离子、哌啶离子、吗啉离子、铵离子和磷离子构成的组中选出的离子以及从由四氟硼酸根、三氟醋酸根、三氟甲基磺酸根、六氟磷酸根、亚膦酸根、甲苯磺酸根、酰亚胺基、酰胺基、硫酸根和卤离子构成的组中选出的阴离子。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的过滤器(20)，其特征在于，所述过滤层(22)具有矩阵，其中，所述矩阵的组成部分有利地包括用于物理吸附的组件和/或用于化学吸附的组件。
10.根据权利要求9所述的过滤器(20)，其特征在于，所述矩阵包括粘合剂。
11.根据权利要求10所述的过滤器(20)，其特征在于，所述粘合剂从由甘露糖醛酸盐、古罗糖盐、藻酸盐和胶质盐构成的组中选出。
12.根据权利要求9至11中任一项所述的过滤器(20)，其特征在于，所述矩阵包围所述离子液体。
13.一种用于制造根据权利要求1至12中任一项所述的过滤器(20)的方法，其特征在于以下步骤：
c)提供承载体(21)，
d)为所述承载体(21)的表面涂覆过滤层(22)。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法，其特征在于，所述承载体(21)的所述表面涂覆有所述过滤层(22)的组成部分的溶液。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法，其特征在于，在涂覆所述过滤层(22)的组成部分的溶液之后实现固定。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其特征在于，所述固定通过固化所述过滤层(22)的粘合剂实现。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法，其特征在于，所述粘合剂的固化通过借助于施加另外的组件的反应实现。
18.一种根据权利要求1至12中任一项所述的、用于过滤在交通工具，尤其是飞机中的呼吸空气的过滤器(20)的应用。
19.一种根据权利要求1至12中任一项所述的、用于过滤来自飞机推进器的压缩机的引气的过滤器(20)的应用。
20.一种飞机，其特征在于，所述飞机具有至少一个用于过滤呼吸空气的根据权利要求1至12中任一项所述的过滤器(20)。
21.根据权利要求20所述的飞机，其特征在于，至少一个过滤器(20)布置在一个或者多个接下来的安装区域(1，2，3)处：
-在引气阀门和冷却单元(8)之间，
-在冷却单元和混合单元(9)之间，
-在混合单元(9)和客舱(4)和/或驾驶舱(5)中的供应管(6)的出口之间。
22.根据权利要求21所述的飞机，其特征在于，至少一个过滤器(20)在增压舱内部布置在客舱(4)和/或驾驶舱(5)中的供应管(6)的出口之前。
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