CN106131724B - 在头戴式耳机中的主动噪声降低 - Google Patents

在头戴式耳机中的主动噪声降低 Download PDF

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CN106131724B
CN106131724B CN201610298100.6A CN201610298100A CN106131724B CN 106131724 B CN106131724 B CN 106131724B CN 201610298100 A CN201610298100 A CN 201610298100A CN 106131724 B CN106131724 B CN 106131724B
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M.克里斯托夫
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Harman Becker Automotive Systems GmbH
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Abstract

公开了涉及用于具有刚性杯状外壳的头戴式耳机的主动噪声降低系统和方法的实施方案，所述刚性杯状外壳具有外表面和内表面，所述内表面包括具有开口的腔。所述系统和方法包括在有规律地分布在所述外表面上的至少三个位置处拾取声音并提供代表所拾取的声音的第一电信号。所述系统和方法还包括：过滤所述第一电信号以提供第二电信号以及在所述腔的开口中从所述第二电信号产生声音。使用被配置来使得穿过所述外壳从所述外表面那边行进到所述内表面那边的噪声由在所述开口中产生的所述声音降低的传递特性来执行滤波。

Description

在头戴式耳机中的主动噪声降低
技术领域
本公开涉及主动噪声控制(ANC)头戴式耳机和用于操作ANC 头戴式耳机的方法。
背景技术
头戴式耳机可包括也被称为主动噪声消除(ANC)的主动噪声降低。通常，噪声降低可被分类为反馈噪声降低或前馈噪声降低或其组合。在反馈噪声降低系统中，麦克风位于从噪声源延伸到收听者的耳朵的声路径中。扬声器位于麦克风和噪声源之间。来自噪声源的噪声和从扬声器发出的反噪声由麦克风收集，且基于其中的残余噪声，反噪声被控制以降低来自噪声源的噪声。在前馈噪声降低系统中，麦克风位于噪声源和扬声器之间。噪声由麦克风收集，在相位上反转并从扬声器发出以降低外部噪声。在组合前馈/反馈(混合)噪声降低系统中，第一麦克风位于在扬声器和收听者的耳朵之间的声路径中。第二麦克风位于在噪声源和扬声器之间的声路径中并从噪声源收集噪声。第二麦克风的输出用于使从第一麦克风到扬声器的声路径的传输特性与来自噪声源的噪声到达收听者的耳朵所沿着的声路径的传输特性相同。扬声器位于第一麦克风和噪声源之间。由第一麦克风收集的噪声在相位上反转并从扬声器发出以降低外部噪声。希望改进已知的头戴式耳机以便降低由多个噪声源从多个方向发出的噪声。
发明内容
主动噪声降低头戴式耳机包括具有内表面和外表面的刚性杯状外壳，其中内表面包括具有开口的腔。头戴式耳机还包括被配置来在有规律地分布在外表面上的至少三个位置处拾取声音并提供代表所拾取的声音的第一电信号的麦克风布置和被配置来基于第一电信号提供第二电信号的主动噪声控制滤波器。此外，头戴式耳机包括被布置在腔的开口中并被配置来从第二电信号产生声音的扬声器。主动噪声控制滤波器具有被配置来使得穿过外壳从外表面那边行进到内表面那边的噪声由扬声器所产生的声音降低的传递特性。
公开了具有刚性杯状外壳的头戴式耳机的主动噪声降低方法，刚性杯状外壳具有凸表面和包括具有开口的腔的凹表面。该方法包括在有规律地分布在凸表面上的至少三个位置处拾取声音以及提供代表所拾取的声音的第一电信号。该方法还包括：过滤第一电信号以提供第二电信号，以及在腔的开口中从第二电信号产生声音。使用被配置来使得穿过外壳从凸表面那边行进到凹表面那边的噪声由在开口中产生的声音降低的传递特性来执行滤波。
当检查下面的附图和详细描述时，其它系统、方法、特征和优点对本领域中的技术人员将是或将变得明显。意图是全部这样的额外系统、方法、特征和优点被包括在这个说明书中，在本发明的范围内，并被下面的权利要求保护。
附图说明
参考附图从非限制性实施方案的下面的描述中可更好地理解本公开，其中下面：
图1是示例性反馈型主动噪声控制(ANC)耳机的简化图示；
图2是示例性前馈型ANC耳机的简化图示；
图3是示例性混合型ANC耳机的简化图示；
图4是具有常规单个小(参考)麦克风的示例性耳机的简化图示；
图5是具有界面式(参考)麦克风(areal microphone)的示例性耳机的简化图示；
图6是具有近似于界面式麦克风的(参考)麦克风阵列的示例性耳机的简化图示；
图7是在图6中示出的麦克风阵列的下游连接的电路的简化电路图；
图8是有规律地布置在耳机的外壳上的示例性麦克风阵列的简化图示；以及
图9是带有麦克风阵列和具有桶状形状的外壳的另一示例性耳机的简化图示。
具体实施方式
图1是示例性反馈型主动噪声控制(ANC)耳机100(例如作为具有两个耳机的头戴式耳机的部分)的简化图示。由管101表示的声路径(也被称为通道)由也被称为外听道的耳道和耳机100的部分建立，噪声、即主要噪声102在第一端109处从噪声源103被引入到耳机100的部分内。主要噪声102的声波穿过管101行进到管101的第二端110，当耳机100附着到收听者的头时，声波从第二端110辐射到例如收听者的耳朵104的鼓膜。为了降低或消除在管101中的主要噪声102，声辐射换能器例如扬声器105将抵消声音106引入到管101 内。抵消声音106具有对应于主要噪声102或与主要噪声102相同的振幅，但是相反的相位。进入管101的主要噪声102由误差麦克风 107收集并由反馈ANC处理模块108处理以产生抵消信号并接着由扬声器105发出以降低主要噪声102。误差麦克风107布置在扬声器 105的下游并因此比扬声器105更接近管101的第二端110，即它更接近收听者的耳朵104，特别是它的鼓膜。
图2是示例性前馈型ANC耳机200的简化图示。耳机200不同于图1所示的耳机100，因为麦克风201布置在管101的第一端109 和扬声器105之间，而不是如图1所示的耳机100中的麦克风107一样布置在扬声器105和管101的第二端110之间。此外，代替反馈 ANC处理模块108，前馈ANC处理模块202连接在麦克风、即麦克风201和扬声器105之间。如所示的前馈ANC处理模块202可以是例如非自适应滤波器，即具有固定传递函数的滤波器，但可以可选地结合额外的误差麦克风203是自适应的，误差麦克风203布置在扬声器105和管101的第二端110之间并控制前馈ANC处理模块202(的传递函数)。
图3是示例性混合型ANC耳机300的简化图示。基于上面结合图1和图2所述的头戴式耳机100和200，(参考)麦克风201感测主要噪声102，且它的输出用于模拟从扬声器105到(误差)麦克风 107的传输特性，使得它匹配主要噪声102到达管101的第二端110 所沿着的路径的传输特性。主要噪声102和从扬声器105辐射的声音由(误差)麦克风107感测，使用从扬声器105到误差麦克风107的信号路径的所适应的(例如估计的)传输特性在相位上反转，并接着由布置在两个麦克风201和107之间的扬声器105发出，从而降低在收听者的耳朵104处的不希望有的噪声。信号反转、传输路径模拟(估计)和——视情况而定——适应由混合ANC处理模块301执行。例如，混合ANC处理模块301可包括类似于处理来自麦克风201的信号的图2所示的前馈ANC处理模块202的前馈处理模块以及类似于处理来自麦克风107的信号的图1所示的反馈ANC处理模块108的反馈处理模块。
在图4所示的示例性耳机400(具有两个耳机的前馈ANC头戴式耳机的部分)中，刚性杯状外壳401具有内、例如凸表面402和包括具有开口405的腔404的外、例如凹表面403。用于将电信号转换成声音的电声换能器例如扬声器406布置在腔404的开口405中并从由主动噪声控制滤波器407提供的电信号产生声音。主动噪声控制 (ANC)滤波器407通常被提供有仅来自单个(参考)麦克风408 的电信号，单个(参考)麦克风408只在外壳401的凸表面402上的一个位置处拾取声音。ANC滤波器407可例如被配置来提供前馈型或混合型的主动噪声控制。即使麦克风408具有全向特性，由噪声源 409发出的声音的部分410仍可由麦克风408拾取，而另一部分411 可以不被麦克风408拾取。但是，部分410和411都可到达戴着头戴式耳机的收听者(未示出)的耳朵，使得由麦克风408拾取的声音和因而对应于所拾取的声音的电信号不或不完全代表到达收听者的耳朵的声音。多少麦克风信号对应于由收听者感知的声音取决于噪声源 409的位置和方向性。作为结果，头戴式耳机的噪声降低性能尤其取决于噪声源409相对于麦克风408的位置和噪声源409的方向性。
在基于图4所示的耳机400的图5所示的示例性耳机500中，麦克风408由可覆盖凸表面402 的面积的多于50％、例如多于75％、多于90％或高达100％的界面式麦克风501(即具有延伸的膜面积的麦克风)代替。可由任何压力或力敏膜例如机电膜(EMFi)制造界面式麦克风501，机电膜是具有蜂窝状结构的永电体材料。由于与强永久电荷组合的有孔隙的内部结构，EMFi优于其它固体聚合物永电体的优点基于其柔韧性，这使EMFi对垂直于其表面施加的动力非常敏感。基本材料可以是低价聚丙烯(PP)。
EMFi可由被空气孔隙分离的几个聚丙烯层组成。施加到膜的表面的外力将改变空气孔隙的厚度。驻存在聚丙烯/孔隙界面上的电荷将然后相对于彼此移动，且作为结果，产生电极的镜像电荷。所产生的电荷与膜厚度的变化成比例。由于材料的弹性，所产生的电荷也与作用在膜上的力(或压力)成比例。通过在连续过程中执行的对形成蜂窝状结构的特别制造的聚合物进行双轴取向来制造基本有孔隙的 PP膜。可例如在美国专利号4,654,546或Jukka Lekkala和Mika Paajanen的“EMFi-New Electret Material for Sensors andActuators” (第十届国际永电体研讨会,1999)中找到EMFi的更详细的描述。在制造过程期间，EMFi材料由电晕放电装置充电。最后，膜被涂覆有导电电极层，完成EMFi结构。膜具有三层，其中几微米厚的表面层是光滑和均匀的，而占优势的较厚的中间区段充满由叶状PP层分离的平孔隙。
可选地，界面式麦克风可通过多个麦克风601被近似，每个麦克风601具有比待近似的界面式麦克风明显小的膜面积。麦克风601形成麦克风阵列并有规律地分布在凸表面402上，且麦克风601的方向性可使得它们重叠，使得对于半球体的任何立体角，麦克风601中的至少一个从在任何位置处的方向噪声源直接接收噪声。
例如，麦克风602可具有全向特性，且它们的输出信号可如图7 所示通过加法器701加起来以提供可代替上面关于图5所述的界面式麦克风501的输出信号的输出信号。由于麦克风输出信号的合计，麦克风602的阵列展示与界面式麦克风类似的方向行为，这意味着它可被看作在听觉上捕获零房间模式的传感器。此外，由于麦克风输出信号的合计，由麦克风产生的噪声降低了10log10(N)[dB]，其中N是所使用的麦克风的数量。除了那以外，通常，小膜麦克风602的噪声行为本身已经好于界面式麦克风501的噪声行为。
图8是麦克风602的阵列的前视图，麦克风602的横向视图在图 6中示出。如可看到的，麦克风有规律地分布在凸表面402上，这意味着麦克风602可根据某个已制定的规则、法则、原理或类型而形成、构建、布置或排序。特别地，麦克风602可等边或等角地被布置为规则多边形(二维布置)或可具有是全等规则多边形的面，全部多面角作为规则多面体(三维布置)是全等的。例如，可使用可布置在等边三角形的角处的三个麦克风602。其它布置可具有布置在正方形的角中的四个麦克风。有规律地分布的三个或四个麦克风或更多麦克风的多个布置可组合以形成更复杂的布置。例如，图8示出13个麦克风 602的菱形布置。
外壳可具有各种形式，例如，如在图4-6中所示的头戴式耳机中的似碟形状或如在图9中所示的似桶形状(外壳901)，其中麦克风 602布置在底壁902上以及在桶的侧壁903上。ANC滤波器407例如结合前馈ANC或混合ANC处理模块可具有常规类型，其基本自适应和非自适应结构例如在Sen M.Kuo和Dennis R.Morgan的“Active Noise Control:ATutorialReview”(Proceedings of the IEEE,第87卷, 第6期,1999年6月)中被描述。
为了说明和描述的目的呈现实施方案的描述。对实施方案的适当修改和变化可按照上述描述被执行，或可从实践方法时获取。例如，除非另外提到，可由适当的设备和/或设备的组合执行一个或多个所述方法。也可以用除了在本申请中描述的顺序以外的各种顺序、并行地和/或同时执行所述方法和相关行动。所述系统在性质上是示例性的，并可包括额外的元件和/或省略元件。本公开的主题包括各种系统和配置的全部新颖和非明显的组合和子组合以及所公开的其它特征、功能和/或性质。
如在本申请中使用的，以单数形式叙述并以词“一”继续的元件或步骤应被理解为不排除多个所述元件或步骤，除非这样的排除被规定。此外，对本公开的“一个实施方案”或“一个示例”的提及并没有意图被解释为排除也合并所叙述的特征的额外实施方案的存在。术语“第一”、“第二”和“第三”等仅用作标签，且并不意欲对它们的对象强加数字要求或特定的位置顺序。

Claims (13)

1.一种主动噪声降低头戴式耳机，其包括：
刚性杯状外壳，其具有凹表面和凸表面；所述凹表面包括具有开口的腔；
麦克风布置，其被配置来在有规律地分布在所述凸表面上的至少三个位置处拾取声音并提供代表所拾取的声音的第一电信号；
主动噪声控制滤波器，其被配置来基于所述第一电信号提供第二电信号；以及
扬声器，其布置在所述腔的所述开口中并被配置来从所述第二电信号产生声音；其中
所述主动噪声控制滤波器具有被配置成通过由所述扬声器所产生的所述声音来使得穿过所述外壳从所述凸表面那边行进到所述凹表面那边的噪声降低的传递特性；
其中所述麦克风布置包括被配置来在所述凸表面的大于50％的表面面积上拾取声音的界面式麦克风，所述界面式麦克风是具有延伸的膜面积的麦克风。
2.如权利要求1所述的头戴式耳机，其中所述麦克风布置包括被配置来在所述凸表面的大于90％的表面面积上拾取声音的界面式麦克风。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的头戴式耳机，其中所述界面式麦克风包括声压敏感膜。
4.如权利要求3所述的头戴式耳机，其中所述声压敏感膜由机电膜制成。
5.如权利要求1所述的头戴式耳机，其中所述麦克风布置包括布置在有规律地分布在所述凸表面上的所述至少三个位置处的至少三个单独的麦克风。
6.如权利要求5所述的头戴式耳机，其中所述至少三个单独的麦克风连接在信号组合器模块的上游，所述信号组合器模块被配置来组合来自所述至少三个单独的麦克风的电输出信号以形成所述第一电信号。
7.如权利要求6所述的头戴式耳机，其中信号组合器模块包括将来自所述至少三个单独的麦克风的所述电输出信号加起来以形成所述第一电信号的加法器。
8.如权利要求5-7中的任一项所述的头戴式耳机，其中所述至少三个单独的麦克风是全向麦克风。
9.如权利要求1所述的头戴式耳机，其中所述主动噪声控制滤波器连接到前馈主动噪声控制路径内。
10.一种用于具有刚性杯状外壳的头戴式耳机的主动噪声降低方法，所述刚性杯状外壳具有凹表面和凸表面；所述凹表面包括具有开口的腔；所述方法包括：
在有规律地分布在所述凸表面上的至少三个位置处拾取声音以及提供代表所拾取的声音的第一电信号；
过滤所述第一电信号以提供第二电信号；以及
在所述腔的所述开口中从所述第二电信号产生声音；其中
使用被配置成通过由在所述开口中产生的所述声音来使得穿过所述外壳从所述凸表面那边行进到所述凹表面那边的噪声降低的传递特性来执行滤波；
其中所述声音在所述凸表面的大于50％的表面面积上被界面式麦克风拾取，所述界面式麦克风是具有延伸的膜面积的麦克风。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法，其中所述声音在所述凸表面的大于90％的表面面积上被拾取。
12.如权利要求10所述的方法，其中所述声音由布置在有规律地分布在所述凸表面上的所述至少三个位置处的至少三个单独的麦克风拾取。
13.如权利要求12所述的方法，其中所述第一电信号是代表所述声音的单独电信号的和。
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