CN106092794A - Reciprocating double friction wear testing machine - Google Patents

Reciprocating double friction wear testing machine Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106092794A
CN106092794A CN201610435318.1A CN201610435318A CN106092794A CN 106092794 A CN106092794 A CN 106092794A CN 201610435318 A CN201610435318 A CN 201610435318A CN 106092794 A CN106092794 A CN 106092794A
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bearing
contiguous block
sensor
connecting rod
support
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CN106092794B (en
Inventor
任思源
范招军
王文
王甲闯
易礼松
丁逸峰
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University of Shanghai for Science and Technology
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University of Shanghai for Science and Technology
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/56Investigating resistance to wear or abrasion
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N19/00Investigating materials by mechanical methods
    • G01N19/02Measuring coefficient of friction between materials
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/02Details
    • G01N3/06Special adaptations of indicating or recording means
    • G01N3/066Special adaptations of indicating or recording means with electrical indicating or recording means
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/02Details not specific for a particular testing method
    • G01N2203/06Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
    • G01N2203/0617Electrical or magnetic indicating, recording or sensing means
    • G01N2203/0635Electrical or magnetic indicating, recording or sensing means using magnetic properties
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/02Details not specific for a particular testing method
    • G01N2203/06Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
    • G01N2203/067Parameter measured for estimating the property
    • G01N2203/0682Spatial dimension, e.g. length, area, angle

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  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Testing Of Devices, Machine Parts, Or Other Structures Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to a kind of reciprocating double friction wear testing machine, including tester base, drive system, loading system, friction force measurement system and abrasion amount measuring system, described drive system is fixed on base, driving gear operating is driven by buncher, driving gear drives driven gear work, thus is realized the straight reciprocating motion of maneuvering board by slider-crank mechanism and be operated;Testing machine uses the thought of symmetrical mechanism, is turned to contrary driven gear to drive maneuvering board to do rightabout straight reciprocating motion by two, and during every piece of maneuvering board motion, produced inertia force can be cancelled out each other just.The present invention can simulation test self-lubricating oscillating bearing liner abrasion condition in different operating environment and polishing machine, there is well work continuity and the most wide in range working condition can be provided to select.

Description

Reciprocating double friction wear testing machine
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of reciprocating double friction wear testing machine.
Background technology
All there are friction phenomenon between most plant equipment relative movement part, and most friction is to machinery Operating be all disadvantageous.Friction phenomenon can cause too much loss and the inefficacy of plant equipment of energy, except causing directly Outside economic loss, other are also easily caused to endanger.Therefore, relevant experiment and the research of carrying out tribology are reducing the energy The generation aspect of loss, raising production efficiency, protection environment, minimizing device damage and security incident has highly important meaning Justice.In plant equipment, the friction and wear behavior of parts is by factors such as material, duty, the way of contact and environmental conditions certainly Fixed, in order to fretting wear phenomenon and essence thereof being studied and wear-resisting, anti-attrition and friction material being measured, and correctly The various factors impact on friction and wear behavior is evaluated on ground, it usually needs by friction wear testing machine.Reciprocating friction weares and teares Testing machine is for friction material control of product quality, the main experimental equipment of new material exploitation.
Self-lubricating knuckle bearing is to make at the self-lubricating material of oscillating bearing inner surface pasting pad form.Cause Self-lubricating material plays anti-attrition lubricant effect, so occupying an important position in self-lubricating knuckle bearing technology, and self-lubricating material The performance of material directly affects service behaviour and the working life of self-lubricating knuckle bearing.The abrasion of selflubricating liner material is certainly The principal mode of lubricating joint bearing failure, abrasion makes Internal and external cycle gap increase, and liner loses normal lubricating ability;Sometimes because of height Speed friction, gasket material high temperature bond, in metal surface, causes bearing stuck phenomenon.In many occasions, such as undercarriage system System, the brake system of engine, this inefficacy often results in catastrophic consequence, so to self-lubricating oscillating bearing liner material Friction and wear behavior carry out study important in inhibiting.
Testing machine is for different gasket material reciprocating friction wear tests at different conditions, sliding mainly for difference The tribological property research experiment of selflubricating liner material under the conditions of dynamic speed, different loads, and difference can be carried out Gasket material contrast test under the same conditions, by the frictional force, coefficient of friction and the test specimen that produce in experiments of measuring Wear extent and mutual relation thereof, study the friction and wear behavior of gasket material, can be the friction and wear behavior of research parts The assessment parameters of objective reality is provided, by fundamental test, the friction and wear mechanics of research selflubricating liner material, is beneficial to The design of self-lubricating knuckle bearing, and use opposed mechanism, produced inertia force during the motion of maximum reducing mechanism, does To minimum vibration.
Summary of the invention
The invention aims to make up current reciprocating friction abrasion tester can not multiple liners be carried out simultaneously The deficiency of test, the contrast fretting wear that different gasket material is carried out under identical operating mode simultaneously has been accomplished in the design of double structure Test, it is achieved that variable minimizes;In addition use opposed type reciprocating structure, solve current testing machine and move at work There is the biggest inertia force and produce the problem that vibration is excessive during mechanism's high frequency test, therefore devise a kind of reciprocating double Friction wear testing machine, it is achieved reducing mechanism vibration and the purpose of double contrast test.
In order to achieve the above object, insight of the invention is that
Motion uses gear drive, buncher drive driving gear, driving gear to drive the driven of both sides around Gear.Left and right sides driven gear is being equipped with screwed hole at gear center hole same distance, and two gears are with motor shaft Centered by line symmetrically placed, turn to contrary, screwed hole connects connecting rod by chaining part and bearing fit, and the connecting rod other end is by another An outer connector is connected maneuvering board with bearing fit, and entirety becomes slider-crank mechanism, thus is become by the translating rotation of gear The straight reciprocating motion of maneuvering board, and two pieces of maneuvering boards are rightabout motion in any position, balance out mutually with this Between inertia force.By loading system, the gasket material on maneuvering board is applied active force, with force transducer and current vortex position Displacement sensor measures coefficient of friction and the wear extent of gasket material respectively.By controlling different time, load, and maneuvering board Reciprocating running speed simulate the working condition of self-lubricating oscillating bearing liner under different operating mode.
Conceiving according to foregoing invention, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme that
A kind of reciprocating double friction wear testing machine, including support, drive system, loading system and TT&C system, described Drive system is fixed on support, drives whole test bench running;Described loading system uses one end to load, and one end regulation is flat Weighing apparatus, centre is the structure fixed by axle and bearings and can wave, and is arranged on support, is ensureing that its floating end does not adds The when of load, by regulating the counterweight of the other end, it is achieved swing arm balance at an arbitrary position;Described TT&C system is by force transducer Forming with eddy current displacement sensor, force transducer forms in swing arm structure, is used for measuring the coefficient of friction of gasket material, electricity Eddy displacement sensor is placed on the top of swing arm, is used for measuring the wear extent of gasket material.
Described drive system includes location-plate, rail support plate, maneuvering board, slide block, guide rail, driven gear, driving gear, Buncher, driven gear power transmission shaft, flat key, bearing block, bearing cover, bearing block bearing, gear connecting shaft, connecting rod is inner Bearing, connecting rod outer end bearings, connecting rod, connecting rod shaft, maneuvering board contiguous block;Described buncher is fixed on by screw thread link On support, described driving gear is arranged on the motor shaft of buncher, is connected by flat key and axially positions it;Described Driven gear power transmission shaft is a multidiameter, and two ends are separately installed with two deep groove ball bearings, and are installed along with in bearing block, axle Bearing one end connects bearing cover, limits the degree of freedom of one of them bearing, and the other end connects machine threadably Seat, and limit the degree of freedom of another bearing, two driven gears are separately mounted on two driven gear power transmission shafts, by flat It is axially positioned by key link, and two driven gears engage with driving gear simultaneously, and two are equipped with screwed hole from Moving gear is centered by electric machine main shaft line, and the mode of being centrosymmetric is installed;Gear connecting shaft is had one end precession of threaded line from In the screwed hole of moving gear, other end coupler link the inner bearing inner race, connecting rod two ends are respectively cooperating with installing inside and outside two bearings Outer ring, the inner ring of connecting rod outer end bearings coordinates with connecting rod shaft, and maneuvering board contiguous block coupler link connecting shaft is also fixed on The outside of maneuvering board;The similar slider-crank mechanism of these part entirety composition, is converted into maneuvering board by the rotation of buncher Straight reciprocating motion;Rail support plate is arranged on support with the bracing frame of location-plate composition, and two guide rails assemblings prop up at guide rail On fagging, slide block cooperation is arranged on guide rail, and maneuvering board is fixed on slide block;Test gasket material used is fixed on lining plank On, carry out rubbing with the steel ball that filled on load bar, and fix lining plank by fixture.
Described loading system includes swinging support lower part, base bearing, swinging support rotating shaft, swinging support upper part, Counterweight, weight linear meter, sensor and bascule contiguous block, sensor and load bar contiguous block, load counterweight, clamping ring, load Bar, loading head, steel ball;Described swinging support is designed to split type structure, is made up of upper and lower two parts, and swinging support both sides are by upper Lower two parts compress datum axle bearing outer-ring, and swinging support rotating shaft is multidiameter;Axle two ends coordinate with base bearing inner race respectively, pass Sensor and bascule contiguous block are fixed in swinging support rotating shaft, and can pivoting;Force transducer two ends connect respectively Then sensor and bascule contiguous block and sensor and load bar contiguous block, load bar be bolted on sensor with On load bar contiguous block, load bar is provided with loading counterweight and clamping ring, carrys out controlled loading weight by loading counterweight, described Loading head is spun on load bar lower end, inside has steel ball, carries out reciprocating friction with liner;Weight linear meter one end is contained in sensor and balance On device contiguous block, the other end is equipped with counterweight, for the balance under governor motion unloaded condition.
Described TT&C system includes force transducer, eddy current displacement sensor, computer;Described force transducer one end connects Sensor and bascule contiguous block, the other end connects sensor and load bar contiguous block, right by gasket material and steel ball Rub, make force transducer receive the force signal of horizontal direction, thus record coefficient of friction;Described eddy current displacement sensor is placed in pendulum Arm upper surface, calculates liner amount of friction by measuring the change of swing arm dropping distance.
This testing machine test range of motor speeds is 0 ~ 8Hz;Test load scope is 0 ~ 10Kg.
The present invention, compared with existing testing equipment, has and highlights substantive distinguishing features and significant advantage as follows:
The present invention can realize the high-frequency work of testing machine, can expand speed simulation context, adopt opposed mechanism simultaneously, makes left and right two Station moves the most round about, can reach dynamic equilibrium state, whole mechanism when realizing mechanism kinematic with this Inertia be zero.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of drive system in the present invention.
Fig. 3 is bottom bracket part of the present invention and part drive system sectional view.
Fig. 4 is loading system and the structural representation of TT&C system in the present invention.
Wherein: 1-support;2-swinging support lower part;3-base bearing (model: 61804);4-swinging support rotating shaft;5- Swinging support upper part;6-counterweight;7-weight linear meter;8-sensor and bascule contiguous block;9-force transducer;10-sensor With load bar contiguous block;11-loads counterweight;12-clamping ring;13 load bars;14-loading head;15-steel ball;16-lining plank;17- Fixture;18 location-plates;19-rail support plate;20-maneuvering board;21-slide block;22-guide rail;23-driven gear;24-driving tooth Wheel;25-buncher;26-driven gear power transmission shaft;27-flat key (model: GB1096);28-bearing block;29-bearing block end Lid;30-bearing block bearing (model: 6201);31-gear connecting shaft;32-connecting rod the inner bearing (model: 698);Outside 33-connecting rod End bearing (model: 6001);34-connecting rod;35-connecting rod shaft;36-maneuvering board contiguous block;37-eddy current displacement sensor.
Detailed description of the invention
It is as follows that the preferred embodiments of the present invention combine detailed description:
Seeing Fig. 1, a kind of reciprocating double friction wear testing machine, including support 1, drive system, loading system and observing and controlling System, described drive system is fixed on support 1, drives whole test bench running;Described loading system uses one end to load, and one End adjustment, centre is the structure fixed by axle and bearings and can wave, and is arranged on support 1, is ensureing it The when that floating end not loading, by regulating the counterweight 6 of the other end, it is achieved swing arm balance at an arbitrary position;Described observing and controlling system System is made up of force transducer 9 and eddy current displacement sensor 37, and force transducer 9 forms in swing arm structure, is used for measuring liner The coefficient of friction of material, eddy current displacement sensor 37 is placed on the top of swing arm, is used for measuring the wear extent of gasket material.
As shown in Figures 2 and 3, described drive system includes location-plate 18, rail support plate 19, maneuvering board 20, slide block 21, leads Rail 22, driven gear 23, driving gear 24, buncher 25, driven gear power transmission shaft 26, flat key 27, bearing block 28, bearing block End cap 29, bearing block bearing 30, gear connecting shaft 31, connecting rod the inner bearing 32, connecting rod outer end bearings 33, connecting rod 34, connecting rod is even Spindle 35, maneuvering board contiguous block 36;Buncher 25 is arranged on support 1 bottom, support 1 bottom opening, turning of buncher 25 Axle stretches out from support tapping, and driving gear 24 is arranged in buncher 25 rotating shaft, fixes driving gear by flat key 27 24 circumferentially rotate, driven gear power transmission shaft 26 is a multidiameter, and ladder two ends are respectively equipped with a bearing, and integral installation is at bearing In seat 28, bearing block 28 one end is limited moving axially of one of them bearing by bearing cover 29, and the other end is fixed on support 1 Lower section, limits moving axially of another bearing, and driven gear power transmission shaft 26 stretches out from support 1 tapping, with driven gear 23 Coordinating, two driven gears 23 are installed and are distributed in driving gear 24 both sides, and engage with driving gear 24, but it is noted that install two from During moving gear 23, at the screwed hole on gear wheel disc will centered by electrical axis symmetric form install, can at an arbitrary position time It is centrosymmetric, reaches two driven gears 23 using this and operationally can accomplish as the power maneuvering board 20 that driven of output Rightabout moves, and balances out the inertia force produced respectively when two pieces of maneuvering boards 20 move, gear connecting shaft 31 one end with this Being spun on driven gear 23 with thread connecting mode, the other end coordinates with the inner ring of connecting rod the inner bearing 32, connecting rod 34 one end with The outer ring of connecting rod the inner bearing 32 coordinates, and the other end coordinates with the outer ring of connecting rod outer end bearings 33, connecting rod shaft 35 One end connects the inner ring of connecting rod outer end bearings 33, and the other end passes maneuvering board contiguous block 36, and is fixed it by nut and move axially, Maneuvering board contiguous block 36 is bolted the side at maneuvering board 20, drives maneuvering board 20 to do straight reciprocating motion, maneuvering board 20 Being fixed on slide block 21, slide block 21 cooperation is arranged on guide rail 22, and guide rail 22 is fixed in rail support plate 19, leaves for down with this Portion's drive system is realized location with sufficient space, rail support plate 19 by location-plate 18, it is ensured that two pieces of rail support plate 19 Parallel, ensure the parallel of guide rail 22 with this.
As shown in Figure 4, described loading system includes with TT&C system: swinging support lower part 2, base bearing 3, swings and props up Support rotating shaft 4, swinging support upper part 5, counterweight 6, weight linear meter 7, sensor and bascule contiguous block 8, force transducer 9, sensing Device and load bar contiguous block 10, load counterweight 11, clamping ring 12, load bar 13, loading head 14, steel ball 15, and current vortex displacement passes Sensor 37;Swinging support rotating shaft 4 is a multidiameter, goes here and there in the sensor hole with bascule contiguous block 8, and two ends are equipped with base Bearing 3, two base bearings 3 are stuck between swinging support lower part 2 and swinging support upper part 5 and clamp, overall permissible Pivoting, force transducer 9 two ends connect sensor and bascule contiguous block 8 and sensor and load bar contiguous block respectively 10, load bar 13 is gone here and there out with load bar contiguous block 10 from sensor, and lower end coordinates with loading head 14, load bar 3 and loading head Equipped with steel ball 15 in the middle of 14, it is used for gasket material rubbing, loads counterweight 11 and go here and there on load bar 13, and clamp on its top Ring 12 fixes it and moves axially, and weight linear meter 7 is through sensor and bascule contiguous block 8, and one end bolt is tightened fixing, separately One end, equipped with counterweight 6, is used for regulating the overall equilbrium position under system is not loaded with state of swing arm, eddy current displacement sensor 37 It is placed on whole cantilever upper surface and is less than at 1mm, for the wear extent of experiment with measuring gasket material.
The operation principle of the present invention is as follows:
Mechanism, when being not loaded with, by regulating the position of counterweight 6, makes whole swing arm can reach poised state at an arbitrary position, with This ensures that mechanism does not apply downwards active force when being not loaded with along load bar direction to gasket material;Lining plank 16 is used fixture 17 clampings are placed in the upper surface being placed on maneuvering board 20, and gasket material is uniformly attached on lining plank, and by gasket material and loading Steel ball contact in head, then loads onto counterweight on load bar and pressurizes gasket material;Open speed regulating motor switch, motor is adjusted to Setting turns tachometer value, and motor shaft drives driving gear to rotate, driving gear thus drive both sides driven gear to reversely rotate, both sides The rotation of self is changed into the linear reciprocating motion of maneuvering board by driven gear by connecting rod, so that the liner material on maneuvering board Material carries out rubbing with steel ball, makes force sensor by the power of horizontal direction, thus record rubbing of gasket material in friction process Wiping coefficient, eddy current displacement sensor is by measuring the dropping distance of swing arm, and conversion records the wear extent of gasket material.

Claims (4)

1. a reciprocating double friction wear testing machine, it is characterised in that include support (1), drive system, loading system And TT&C system, described drive system is fixed on support (1), drives whole test bench running;Described loading system uses one End loads, and one end adjustment, centre is the structure fixed by axle and bearings and can wave, and is arranged on support (1) On, ensureing that its floating end does not loads when, by regulating the counterweight (6) of the other end, it is achieved swing arm at an arbitrary position flat Weighing apparatus;Described TT&C system is made up of force transducer (9) and eddy current displacement sensor (37), and force transducer (9) forms in swing arm In structure, being used for measuring the coefficient of friction of gasket material, eddy current displacement sensor (37) is placed on the top of swing arm, is used for surveying The wear extent of amount gasket material.
Reciprocating double friction wear testing machine the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described drive system bag Include location-plate (18), rail support plate (19), maneuvering board (20), slide block (21), guide rail (22), driven gear (23), driving tooth Wheel (24), buncher (25), driven gear power transmission shaft (26), flat key (27), bearing block (28), bearing cover (29), axle Bearing bearing (30), gear connecting shaft (31), connecting rod the inner bearing (32), connecting rod outer end bearings (33), connecting rod (34), connecting rod is even Spindle (35), maneuvering board contiguous block (36);Described buncher (25) is fixed on support (1) by screw thread link, described master Moving gear (24) is arranged on the motor shaft of buncher (25), is connected by flat key (27) and axially positions it;Described Driven gear power transmission shaft (26) is a multidiameter, and two ends are separately installed with two deep groove ball bearings, and are installed along with bearing block (28), in, bearing block (28) one end connects bearing cover (29), limits the degree of freedom of one of them bearing, and the other end is with screw thread The mode connected connects support (1), and limits the degree of freedom of another bearing, and two driven gears (23) are separately mounted to two On driven gear power transmission shaft (26), by flat key (27) link, it is axially positioned, two driven gears (23) simultaneously with Driving gear (24) engages, and is equipped with the driven gear (23) of screwed hole by two centered by electric machine main shaft line, in center pair Title mode is installed;In gear connecting shaft (31) is had the screwed hole of one end precession driven gear (23) of threaded line, the other end is joined Closing connecting rod the inner bearing (32) inner ring, connecting rod (34) two ends are respectively cooperating with installing the outer ring of inside and outside two bearings, connecting rod outer end axle The inner ring holding (33) coordinates with connecting rod shaft (35), and maneuvering board contiguous block (36) coupler link connecting shaft (35) is also fixed on fortune The outside of dynamic plate (20);The similar slider-crank mechanism of these part entirety composition, is converted into fortune by the rotation of buncher (25) The straight reciprocating motion of dynamic plate (20);The bracing frame that rail support plate (19) and location-plate (18) form is arranged on support (1), Article two, guide rail (22) is arranged in rail support plate (19), and slide block (21) cooperation is arranged on guide rail (22), and maneuvering board (20) is solid It is scheduled on slide block (21);Test gasket material used is fixed on lining plank (16), with the steel ball that filled on load bar (13) (15) carry out rubbing, and fix lining plank (16) by fixture (17).
Reciprocating double friction wear testing machine the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described loading system bag Include swinging support lower part (2), base bearing (3), swinging support rotating shaft (4), swinging support upper part (5), counterweight (6), join Weight bar (7), sensor and bascule contiguous block (8), sensor and load bar contiguous block (10), load counterweight (11), clamping Ring (12), load bar (13), loading head (14), steel ball (15);Described swinging support is designed to split type structure, by upper and lower two Being grouped into, swinging support both sides are compressed base bearing (3) outer ring by upper and lower two parts, and swinging support rotating shaft (4) is multidiameter, axle Two ends coordinate with base bearing (3) inner ring respectively, and sensor and bascule contiguous block (8) are fixed on swinging support rotating shaft (4) On, and can pivoting;Force transducer (9) two ends respectively connected sensor and bascule contiguous block (8) and sensing Device and load bar contiguous block (10), load bar (13) is bolted on sensor and load bar contiguous block (10), loads Loading counterweight (11) and clamping ring (12) is installed on bar (13), carrys out controlled loading weight by loading counterweight (11), described in add Carrier head (14) is spun on load bar (13) lower end, inside has steel ball (15), carries out reciprocating friction with liner;Weight linear meter (7) one end fills On sensor with bascule contiguous block (8), the other end is equipped with counterweight (6), for putting down under governor motion unloaded condition Weighing apparatus.
Reciprocating double friction wear testing machine the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described TT&C system bag Include force transducer (9), eddy current displacement sensor (37), computer;Described force transducer (9) one end connects sensor and balance Device contiguous block (8), the other end connects sensor and load bar contiguous block (10), right by gasket material and steel ball (15) Rub, make force transducer (9) receive the force signal of horizontal direction, thus record coefficient of friction;Described eddy current displacement sensor (37) it is placed in swing arm upper surface, calculates liner amount of friction by measuring the change of swing arm dropping distance.
CN201610435318.1A 2016-06-18 2016-06-18 Reciprocating double-station friction wear testing machine Active CN106092794B (en)

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CN111982809A (en) * 2020-09-16 2020-11-24 东莞海关综合技术中心 Friction test device during transportation of dangerous objects
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