CN106090015B - 一种具有材料协同效应的两级式塑料滑动轴承 - Google Patents

一种具有材料协同效应的两级式塑料滑动轴承 Download PDF

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CN106090015B
CN106090015B CN201610443625.4A CN201610443625A CN106090015B CN 106090015 B CN106090015 B CN 106090015B CN 201610443625 A CN201610443625 A CN 201610443625A CN 106090015 B CN106090015 B CN 106090015B
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bearing shell
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张嘎
李贵涛
王齐华
王廷梅
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Shandong Runzhi New Material Co.,Ltd.
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Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics LICP of CAS
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/20—Sliding surface consisting mainly of plastics
    • F16C33/201—Composition of the plastic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C45/17—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
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    • B29C45/77—Measuring, controlling or regulating of velocity or pressure of moulding material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C45/17—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C45/76—Measuring, controlling or regulating
    • B29C45/78—Measuring, controlling or regulating of temperature
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/20—Sliding surface consisting mainly of plastics
    • F16C33/203—Multilayer structures, e.g. sleeves comprising a plastic lining
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    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/20—Sliding surface consisting mainly of plastics
    • F16C33/208—Methods of manufacture, e.g. shaping, applying coatings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C2945/00—Indexing scheme relating to injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould
    • B29C2945/76—Measuring, controlling or regulating
    • B29C2945/76494—Controlled parameter
    • B29C2945/76498—Pressure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C2945/00—Indexing scheme relating to injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould
    • B29C2945/76—Measuring, controlling or regulating
    • B29C2945/76494—Controlled parameter
    • B29C2945/76531—Temperature
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C2948/00—Indexing scheme relating to extrusion moulding
    • B29C2948/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
    • B29C2948/92504—Controlled parameter
    • B29C2948/9258—Velocity
    • B29C2948/9259—Angular velocity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C2948/00—Indexing scheme relating to extrusion moulding
    • B29C2948/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
    • B29C2948/92504—Controlled parameter
    • B29C2948/92704—Temperature
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    • F16C2208/02—Plastics; Synthetic resins, e.g. rubbers comprising fillers, fibres
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    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
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    • F16C2208/00—Plastics; Synthetic resins, e.g. rubbers
    • F16C2208/20—Thermoplastic resins
    • F16C2208/36—Polyarylene ether ketones [PAEK], e.g. PEK, PEEK
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种具有材料协同效应的两级式塑料滑动轴承，该轴承由轴瓦Ⅰ、轴瓦Ⅱ和金属套组成，轴瓦Ⅰ和轴瓦Ⅱ具有相同尺寸且相互紧密接触构成完整轴承内圈，金属套套于轴瓦外圈与两块轴瓦镶嵌紧固且一端与轴瓦的轴肩紧靠定位；轴瓦Ⅰ与轴瓦Ⅱ采用不同的材料设计；轴瓦Ⅰ的制备方法：一、将体积份数为70~90份的聚醚醚酮（PEEK）和10~30份的短切碳纤维置于双螺杆挤出机中熔融混炼并挤出；二、将熔融混炼的挤出料经注射机注塑成型；轴瓦Ⅱ的制备方法：一、将体积份数为95~99份的聚醚醚酮（PEEK）和1~5份纳米颗粒置于双螺杆挤出机中熔融混炼并挤出；二、将熔融混炼的挤出料经注射机注塑成型。本发明所述的分级轴瓦材料协同作用可大幅降低轴承的摩擦与磨损，两级式塑料轴承安装拆卸方便，易于维护。

Description

一种具有材料协同效应的两级式塑料滑动轴承
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有材料协同效应的两级式塑料滑动轴承，属于自润滑轴承领域。
背景技术
随着机械、汽车和机器人等工业领域的迅猛发展，相关机械运动机构的服役工况越来越苛刻，对零部件的可靠性和使用寿命提出越来越高的要求。聚合物复合材料因为性能可设计、自润滑、耐腐蚀和减震降噪等优异性能，在高技术工业领域相关运动机构的摩擦学设计中发挥着越来越重要的作用。
现有塑料自润滑滑动轴承结构的设计多以整体式为主，而大型重载自润滑塑料滑动轴承的整体式结构导致其拆卸安装不方便、轴颈与轴承间隙无法调节等问题；从自润滑材料设计角度考虑，为提高聚合物复合材料的摩擦学性能，在聚合物基体中选择添加合适的微米和纳米尺度增强及润滑填料至关重要。然而，在制备自润滑塑料轴承材料时，在塑料基体中添加的增强和润滑填料越多，熔融塑料粘度越高，越难以实现多元填料在塑料基体中的均匀分散，大大降低材料的可加工性和性能稳定性。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于设计制备一种具有材料协同效应的两级式塑料滑动轴承。
本发明从材料性能优化和轴承结构设计角度出发，提出具有材料协同效应的自润滑轴承设计，显著提高自润滑塑料轴承的耐磨减摩性能和可加工性，同时满足轴承拆装方便、易于维护等要求。
一种具有材料协同效应的两级式塑料轴承，其特征在于该轴承由轴瓦Ⅰ、轴瓦Ⅱ和金属套组成，轴瓦Ⅰ和轴瓦Ⅱ具有相同尺寸且相互紧密接触构成完整轴承内圈，金属套套于轴瓦外圈与两块轴瓦镶嵌紧固且一端与轴瓦的轴肩紧靠定位；
所述轴瓦Ⅰ的制备方法：一、将体积份数为70~90份的聚醚醚酮（PEEK）和10~30份的短切碳纤维置于双螺杆挤出机中熔融混炼并挤出；二、将熔融混炼的挤出料经注射机注塑成型；
所述轴瓦Ⅱ的制备方法：一、将体积份数为95~99份的聚醚醚酮(PEEK)和1~5份纳米颗粒置于双螺杆挤出机中熔融混炼并挤出；二、将熔融混炼的挤出料经注射机注塑成型。
所述双螺杆挤出机的一区加热温度为370~375℃，二区加热温度为380~385℃，三区加热温度为390~395℃，四区加热温度为400~405℃，螺杆转速为50-300rpm。
所述注射机的注射模具温度为170~200℃，注射筒温度375~385℃，注射背压2~4MPa，注射压力170~180MPa。
所述聚醚醚酮为粉料或粒料。
所述短切碳纤维单丝直径为5~30μm，长度为50~300μm。
所述纳米颗粒为纳米二氧化硅和纳米二氧化钛，其粒度为20~100nm。
本发明在轴瓦材料的设计上，将微米和纳米尺度填料分别加入PEEK基体制备两种轴瓦材料并安装在同一个轴承中，发挥微米级碳纤维和纳米级颗粒协同改善PEEK摩擦学性能的作用，同时可避免多元填料在PEEK基体中分散不均匀问题。在轴承服役过程中，由于速度及载荷的作用，轴瓦Ⅱ材料中所填充的纳米颗粒连续释放到轴颈表面，而轴瓦Ⅰ材料中的短切碳纤维与轴颈摩擦产生高的闪温将纳米颗粒烧结在轴颈表面，形成具备优异润滑特性和稳定性的纳米结构润滑膜。在WAZAU TRM1000摩擦磨损试验机上进行摩擦磨损性能测试，结果表明在干摩擦条件下轴瓦Ⅰ与轴瓦Ⅱ具有明显协同效应，大幅降低摩擦系数和磨损量。与单一轴瓦材料的整体式轴承相比，本发明所设计制备的多级式轴承的使用寿命可提高4-7倍，摩擦系数降低55~75%。
本发明所述两级式塑料滑动轴承结构可以配合剖分式轴承座用于重载主轴上滑动轴承的原位安装，方便更换轴瓦和调节轴颈与轴承间隙，易于维护。
附图说明
图1为本发明的结构示意图。
图2为轴瓦Ⅰ、Ⅱ的结构示意图。
图中：1-轴瓦Ⅰ，2-轴瓦Ⅱ，3-金属套。
具体实施方式
以下结合具体实施例对本发明做详细描述，但实施例不用于限制本发明，凡采用本发明及相似变化的，均列入本发明保护范围。
实施例1
一种具有材料协同效应的两级式塑料滑动轴承，将带凸台的半圆弧形轴瓦Ⅰ1和具有相同尺寸的轴瓦Ⅱ2互紧密接触构成完整轴瓦内圈，然后将金属套3套于轴瓦外圈与两块轴瓦镶嵌紧固且一端与轴瓦的凸台紧靠定位；首先将PEEK粉料在鼓风干燥箱中150℃条件下烘烤3h；碳纤维及纳米颗粒在90℃条件下烘烤5h，然后进行轴瓦材料的制备；轴瓦Ⅰ1的制作方法：一、将体积份数为90份的PEEK和10份短切碳纤维置于双螺杆挤出机中熔融混合并挤出，二、将熔融混合的挤出料经注射机注塑成型；轴瓦Ⅱ2的制作方法：一、将体积份数为98份的PEEK和2份纳米二氧化硅颗粒置于双螺杆挤出机中熔融混合并挤出，二、将熔融混合的挤出料经注射机注塑成型。
聚醚醚酮（PEEK）为英国威格斯（Victrex）公司生产的PEEK 450PF，其平均粒度50μm；碳纤维为西格里集团 (SGL Group) 生产的商品名称CM80-4.0/240-UN的研磨碳纤维，其单丝直径7μm，平均长度80μm；纳米二氧化硅为国产舟山明日纳米材料有限公司所生产，平均粒度30nm。
所用双螺杆挤出机是由德国Berstorff公司生产的ZE25Ax44D挤出机。
双螺杆挤出机一区加热温度370~375℃，二区加热温度380~385℃，三区加热温度390~395℃，四区加热温度400~405℃，螺杆转速为200rpm；注射机的注射模具温度为180℃，注射筒温度385℃，注射背压4MPa，注射压力180MPa。
实施例2
一种具有材料协同效应的两级式塑料滑动轴瓦，将带凸台的半圆弧形轴瓦Ⅰ1和具有相同尺寸的轴瓦Ⅱ2互紧密接触构成完整轴瓦内圈，然后将金属套3套于轴瓦外圈与两块轴瓦镶嵌紧固且一端与轴瓦的凸台紧靠定位；首先将PEEK粉料在鼓风干燥箱中150℃条件下烘烤3h；碳纤维及纳米颗粒在90℃条件下烘烤5h，然后进行轴瓦材料的制备；轴瓦Ⅰ1的制作方法，一、将体积份数为85份的PEEK和15份短切碳纤维置于双螺杆挤出机中熔融混合并挤出，二、将熔融混合的挤出料经注射机注塑成型；轴瓦Ⅱ2的制作方法：一、将体积份数为96份的PEEK和4份纳米二氧化硅颗粒置于双螺杆挤出机中熔融混合并挤出，二、将熔融混合的挤出料经注射机注塑成型。
其它所涉及原材料属性、材料制作方法及设备参数与实施例1相同。
对比例1：对比例1只使用实施例1中轴瓦Ⅰ1材料。
对比例2：对比例2只使用实施例1中轴瓦Ⅱ2材料。
各实施例及对比例的体积组分见下表：
实施例3
将实施例1中轴瓦Ⅰ1、轴瓦Ⅱ2分别加工为2mm×4mm×12mm的销试样然后拼接为4mm×4mm×12mm的组合销试样；将实施例2中轴瓦Ⅰ1、轴瓦Ⅱ2分别加工为2mm×4mm×12mm的销试样然后拼接为4mm×4mm×12mm的组合销试样；将对比例1中轴瓦Ⅰ1加工为4mm×4mm×12mm的销试样；将对比例2中轴瓦Ⅱ2加工为4mm×4mm×12mm的销试样。
在德国WAZAU TRM1000摩擦磨损试验机上对实施例1、实施例2、对比例1、对比例2的销试样分别进行至少重复三次的销-盘式摩擦磨损性能分析。测试条件为：对偶盘为LS2542轴承钢（GCr15）垫圈，初始端面粗糙度Ra0.2~0.25；摩擦半径16.5mm，试验载荷为4MPa，滑动速度为1.5m/s，摩擦磨损试验时间为300min。
磨损率按如下公式计算:
其中，m 1和m 2为磨损前后组合销试样质量（g），F为加载力（N），S为滑动距离（m），ρ为销试样平均密度（g/mm3）。
根据实施例1、实施例2、对比例1、对比例2在干摩擦条件下销-盘摩擦磨损试验数据计算可知：
其中，实施例1的摩擦系数为0.11，磨损率为9.3×10-7（mm3/Nm），实施例2的摩擦系数为0.10，磨损率为8.6×10-7（mm3/Nm），较对比例1、对比例2材料及结构组合在相同条件下的摩擦磨损性能，摩擦系数最大下降75%，磨损率最大降低83%。
实验测试结果表明，两级式塑料滑动轴承的分级轴瓦间具有显著协同效应，两级式轴承具有优异的自润滑性能和高使用寿命。本发明所涉及的材料和结构设计也可以满足塑料齿轮、塑料推力轴承、塑料滑轨等工程零部件对PEEK复合材料自润滑性能的需求。

Claims (6)

1.一种具有材料协同效应的两级式塑料滑动轴承，该轴承由轴瓦Ⅰ（1）、轴瓦Ⅱ（2）和金属套（3）组成，轴瓦Ⅰ（1）和轴瓦Ⅱ（2）具有相同尺寸且相互紧密接触构成完整轴承内圈，其特征在于金属套（3）套于轴瓦外圈与两块轴瓦镶嵌紧固且一端与轴瓦的轴肩紧靠定位；
所述轴瓦Ⅰ（1）的制备方法：一、将体积份数为70~90份的聚醚醚酮和10~30份的短切碳纤维置于双螺杆挤出机中熔融混炼并挤出；二、将熔融混炼的挤出料经注射机注塑成型；
所述轴瓦Ⅱ（2）的制备方法：一、将体积份数为95~99份的聚醚醚酮和1~5份纳米颗粒置于双螺杆挤出机中熔融混炼并挤出；二、将熔融混炼的挤出料经注射机注塑成型。
2.如权利要求1所述的两级式塑料滑动轴承，其特征在于所述双螺杆挤出机的一区加热温度为370~375℃，二区加热温度为380~385℃，三区加热温度为390~395℃，四区加热温度为400~405℃，螺杆转速为50-300rpm。
3.如权利要求1所述的两级式塑料滑动轴承，其特征在于所述注射机的注射模具温度为170~200℃，注射筒温度375~385℃，注射背压2~4MPa，注射压力170~180MPa。
4.如权利要求1所述的两级式塑料滑动轴承，其特征在于所述聚醚醚酮为粉料或粒料。
5.如权利要求1所述的两级式塑料滑动轴承，其特征在于所述短切碳纤维单丝直径为5~30μm，长度为50~300μm。
6.如权利要求1所述的两级式塑料滑动轴承，其特征在于所述纳米颗粒为纳米二氧化硅或纳米二氧化钛，其粒度为20~100nm。
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