CN106079673B - 一种柔性吸波无纺织物及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种柔性吸波无纺织物及其制备方法，柔性吸波无纺织物由增强层以及设置在增强层上下两面的功能层构成，所述增强层为网状织物，所述功能层由吸波纤维长丝和第二种纤维构成。所述吸波纤维长丝由纤维基材和纳米吸收剂构成，所述吸收剂均匀分散在纤维基材内部。柔性吸波无纺织物的制备方法，包括以下步骤：1）、将吸波纤维长丝切断；2）、将切断的吸波纤维长丝与其他纤维混纺，开松、梳理、成网，制备成功能层；3）、以增强层为载体，上下设置所述功能层，经针刺加固，制备成柔性吸波无纺织物。本发明具有吸收强度高、吸波频带宽、加工性能优异、柔韧性好、厚度薄、重量轻、工艺简单、操作方便、经济环保等特点。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及纤维材料，具体地说是一种柔性吸波无纺织物及其制备方法。
背景技术
随着现代电子工业的高速发展，电磁波在无线通讯等领域的应用已经深入了每个人的生活，为提高信号的传输速度，使用频率还在不断提高。卫星通过天线向地面发射和接收电磁波，手机与基站之间的讯息交换都是通过电磁波来完成音频、视频及各种数字信号的传输。另外，各种电子产品在工作时产生变化的电磁场都能产生电磁波，向环境中辐射了大量不同波长和频率的电磁波，电磁波干扰和电磁波污染日益严重。
吸波材料是指有效吸收入射的电磁波，并将电磁能转化为热能消耗或使电磁波干涉相消，从而使目标的回波强度显著减弱的一类功能材料。吸收材料在军用和民用两个领域都具有非常重要的应用价值。在雷达和无线电通讯系统中应用吸波材料，能有效地避免通讯线路间的干扰，提高雷达和通讯设备的灵敏度，从而提高通讯的质量；高频率的通讯系统和微波加热等设备的应用也需要用吸收材料来防止电磁辐射和泄漏，从而保护操作人员的身体健康和安全。
目前国内外关于吸波布的报道很少，发明专利(201410213142.6)提供了一种多层结构雷达吸波布及其制备方法，该方法包括基底帆布、吸波材料层和粘结剂层，吸波材料层通过粘结剂层叠合粘贴在基底帆布上，吸波材料层与粘接剂层交替多层组合，吸波材料层为含有磁性金属合金微粉的聚氨酯涂料层。该方法在吸波结构与本发明有本质区别，本发明通过材料吸波与结构吸波的复合设计，大幅提高其吸波性能。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种柔性吸波无纺织物及其制备方法，具有吸收强度高、吸波频带宽、加工性能优异、柔韧性好、厚度薄、重量轻、工艺简单、操作方便、经济环保等特点。
为了达成上述目的，本发明采用了如下技术方案，一种柔性吸波无纺织物，由增强层以及设置在增强层上下两面的功能层构成，所述增强层为网状织物，所述功能层由第一种纤维长丝和第二种纤维构成，所述第一种纤维长丝为吸波纤维长丝。
所述吸波纤维长丝由纤维基材和纳米吸收剂构成，所述吸收剂均匀分散在纤维基材内部。
所述纳米吸收剂与纤维基材的质量配比为20～40：80～60，所述吸收剂的粒径为1nm～100nm。
所述吸收剂为铁氧体、羰基铁、多晶铁、金属粉、合金粉、氮化铁、碳纤维、碳黑、碳纳米管、碳化硅、钛酸钡的一种或多种。
所述吸收剂的形状为片状、球状、纤维状、棒状、花状、树枝状、不规则状的一种或多种。
所述纤维基材为聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚酰胺、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯一种或多种。
所述吸波纤维长丝和第二种纤维质量配比为10～30：90～70；所述吸波纤维长丝切断长度为38～65mm。
所述第二种纤维为涤纶纤维、锦纶纤维、氯纶纤维、腈纶纤维、维纶纤维、丙纶纤维、芳纶纤维、聚四氟乙烯纤维、聚酰亚胺纤维、聚苯硫醚纤维、玻璃纤维、玄武岩纤维一种或多种。
为了达成上述另一目的，本发明采用了如下技术方案，一种柔性吸波无纺织物的制备方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
1)、将吸波纤维长丝切断；
2)、将切断的吸波纤维长丝与其他纤维混纺，开松、梳理、成网，制备成功能层；
3)、以增强层为载体，上下设置所述功能层，经针刺加固，制备成柔性吸波无纺织物。
相较于现有技术，本发明具有以下有益效果：
通过吸波纤维短纤与其他纤维短纤混纺、开松、梳理，形成的松散网状结构，能够使电磁波在其中多次反射、多次散射，在吸波纤维吸收电磁波的基础上，大幅提高吸波无纺织物的吸波性能。
通过将纳米吸收剂均匀分散在纤维基材内部，在不影响吸波性能的前提上，提高了纳米吸收剂的耐氧化、耐腐蚀等环境性能。
采用本发明方法制备的柔性吸波无纺织物具有吸收强度高、吸波频带宽、加工性能优异、柔韧性好、厚度薄、重量轻等优点，可用于电子产品、军事装备等领域的防电磁干扰、抗电子打击。本发明方法工艺简单、安全可靠、操作方便、经济环保，易于规模化批量生产。
附图说明
图1是一种柔性吸波无纺织物的结构示意图。
图中：1代表其他纤维，2代表增强层，3代表切断后的吸波纤维长丝。
具体实施方式
有关本发明的详细说明及技术内容，配合附图说明如下，然而附图仅提供参考与说明之用，并非用来对本发明加以限制。
根据图1所示，一种柔性吸波无纺织物，由增强层以及设置在增强层上下两面的功能层构成，所述增强层为网状织物，所述功能层由第一种纤维长丝和第二种纤维构成，所述第一种纤维长丝为吸波纤维长丝，所述吸波纤维长丝和第二种纤维质量配比为10～30：90～70；所述吸波纤维长丝切断长度为38～65mm。所述第二种纤维为涤纶纤维、锦纶纤维、氯纶纤维、腈纶纤维、维纶纤维、丙纶纤维、芳纶纤维、聚四氟乙烯纤维、聚酰亚胺纤维、聚苯硫醚纤维、玻璃纤维、玄武岩纤维一种或多种。所述吸波纤维长丝由纤维基材和纳米吸收剂构成，所述吸收剂均匀分散在纤维基材内部。所述纳米吸收剂与纤维基材的质量配比为20～40：80～60，所述吸收剂的粒径为1nm～100nm。所述吸收剂为铁氧体、羰基铁、多晶铁、金属粉、合金粉、氮化铁、碳纤维、碳黑、碳纳米管、碳化硅、钛酸钡的一种或多种。所述吸收剂的形状为片状、球状、纤维状、棒状、花状、树枝状、不规则状的一种或多种。所述纤维基材为聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚酰胺、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯一种或多种。
实施例1：
1)、将以粒径20nm片状多晶铁为吸收剂，聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯为纤维基材，且其质量比为20：80的吸波纤维长丝切断，长度为38mm；
2)、控制氯纶纤维与切断的吸波纤维长丝质量比为10：90，进行均匀混合，然后将混合物进行混纺、开松、梳理、成网，制备成功能层；
3)、以增强层为载体，上下设置所述功能层，经针刺加固，制备成柔性吸波无纺织物。
为了保证公开充分，吸波纤维长丝具体制作方法如下：
1)、将粒径1nm～100nm纳米吸收剂置于处理液中处理10～60min，以提高纳米吸波剂与纤维基材的相容性；所述吸收剂为铁氧体、羰基铁、多晶铁、金属粉、合金粉、氮化铁、碳纤维、碳黑、碳纳米管、碳化硅、钛酸钡的一种或多种。所述处理液为乙醇、丙醇、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、丙酮的一种或多种。
2)、将步骤1所述处理后的纳米吸收剂与纤维基材均匀混合后，经熔融、铸带、切片，制备成复合聚合物切片；所述吸收剂与纤维基材的质量配比为20～40：80～60。
3)、将步骤2所述复合聚合物切片，经烘干、熔融挤压、纺丝、冷却、牵引、分丝、铺网、加固、切边、卷绕步骤后，制备成柔性吸波纤维长丝。
实施例2：
1)、将以粒径20nm纤维状碳化硅和50nm不规则状合金粉的混合物为吸收剂，聚乙烯为纤维基材，且其质量比为25：75的吸波纤维长丝切断，长度为65mm；
2)、控制聚酰亚胺纤维与上述切断的吸波纤维长丝质量比为30：70，进行均匀混合，混合后进行混纺、开松、梳理、成网，制备成功能层；
3)、以增强层为载体，上下设置所述功能层，经针刺加固，制备成柔性吸波无纺织物。
为了保证公开充分，吸波纤维长丝具体制作方法如下：
1)、将粒径1nm～100nm纳米吸收剂置于处理液中处理10～60min，以提高纳米吸波剂与纤维基材的相容性；所述吸收剂为铁氧体、羰基铁、多晶铁、金属粉、合金粉、氮化铁、碳纤维、碳黑、碳纳米管、碳化硅、钛酸钡的一种或多种。所述处理液为乙醇、丙醇、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、丙酮的一种或多种。
2)、将步骤1所述处理后的纳米吸收剂与纤维基材均匀混合后，经熔融、铸带、切片，制备成复合聚合物切片；所述吸收剂与纤维基材的质量配比为20～40：80～60。
3)、将步骤2所述复合聚合物切片，经烘干、熔融挤压、纺丝、冷却、牵引、分丝、铺网、加固、切边、卷绕步骤后，制备成柔性吸波纤维长丝。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例，非用以限定本发明的专利范围，其他运用本发明的专利精神的等效变化，均应俱属本发明的专利范围。
Claims (4)
1.一种柔性吸波无纺织物，其特征在于，由增强层以及设置在增强层上下两面的功能层构成，所述增强层为网状织物，所述功能层由第一种纤维长丝和第二种纤维构成，所述第一种纤维长丝为吸波纤维长丝，所述吸波纤维长丝由纤维基材和纳米吸收剂构成，所述纳米吸收剂均匀分散在纤维基材内部，所述纳米吸收剂与纤维基材的质量配比为20～40：80～60，所述纳米吸收剂的粒径为1nm～100nm，所述吸波纤维长丝和第二种纤维质量配比为10～30：90～70；所述吸波纤维长丝切断长度为38～65mm，该柔性吸波无纺织物通过以下步骤制成：
1）、将吸波纤维长丝切断；
2）、将切断的吸波纤维长丝与第二种纤维混纺，开松、梳理、成网，制备成功能层；
3）、以增强层为载体，上下设置所述功能层，经针刺加固，制备成柔性吸波无纺织物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种柔性吸波无纺织物，其特征在于，所述纳米吸收剂为铁氧体、羰基铁、多晶铁、金属粉、合金粉、氮化铁、碳纤维、碳黑、碳纳米管、碳化硅、钛酸钡中的一种或多种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种柔性吸波无纺织物，其特征在于，所述纤维基材为聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚酰胺、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯中的一种或多种。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种柔性吸波无纺织物，其特征在于，所述第二种纤维为涤纶纤维、锦纶纤维、氯纶纤维、腈纶纤维、维纶纤维、丙纶纤维、芳纶纤维、聚四氟乙烯纤维、聚酰亚胺纤维、聚苯硫醚纤维、玻璃纤维、玄武岩纤维中的一种或多种。
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