CN106061299A - 用于电子香烟的液体组合物 - Google Patents
用于电子香烟的液体组合物 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN106061299A CN106061299A CN201480076056.3A CN201480076056A CN106061299A CN 106061299 A CN106061299 A CN 106061299A CN 201480076056 A CN201480076056 A CN 201480076056A CN 106061299 A CN106061299 A CN 106061299A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- electronic cigarette
- fluid composition
- natural
- compositions
- glycol
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 239000003571 electronic cigarette Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title abstract description 9
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 13
- 229960002715 nicotine Drugs 0.000 abstract description 13
- SNICXCGAKADSCV-JTQLQIEISA-N (-)-Nicotine Chemical compound CN1CCC[C@H]1C1=CC=CN=C1 SNICXCGAKADSCV-JTQLQIEISA-N 0.000 abstract description 12
- SNICXCGAKADSCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nicotine Natural products CN1CCCC1C1=CC=CN=C1 SNICXCGAKADSCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 12
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 7
- YPFDHNVEDLHUCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-propanediol Substances OCCCO YPFDHNVEDLHUCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 4
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-VKHMYHEASA-N (+)-propylene glycol Chemical compound C[C@H](O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229920000166 polytrimethylene carbonate Polymers 0.000 abstract description 2
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010364 biochemical engineering Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 14
- 235000013355 food flavoring agent Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000391 smoking effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000006199 nebulizer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000002637 Nicotiana tabacum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000019504 cigarettes Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000035807 sensation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000019615 sensations Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940088594 vitamin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229930003231 vitamin Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000003722 vitamin derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- UXFQFBNBSPQBJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-amino-2-methylpropane-1,3-diol Chemical compound OCC(N)(C)CO UXFQFBNBSPQBJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000208125 Nicotiana Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000061176 Nicotiana tabacum Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010070834 Sensitisation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019506 cigar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000002173 dizziness Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000005456 glyceride group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006193 liquid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004379 membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000002200 mouth mucosa Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000546 pharmaceutical excipient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 210000002345 respiratory system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000008313 sensitization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001235 sensitizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019605 sweet taste sensations Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
- A24B15/10—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
- A24B15/16—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of tobacco substitutes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24F—SMOKERS' REQUISITES; MATCH BOXES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES
- A24F47/00—Smokers' requisites not otherwise provided for
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
- A24B15/10—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
- A24B15/16—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of tobacco substitutes
- A24B15/167—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of tobacco substitutes in liquid or vaporisable form, e.g. liquid compositions for electronic cigarettes
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Tobacco Products (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ITBO2013A000706 | 2013-12-20 | ||
IT000706A ITBO20130706A1 (it) | 2013-12-20 | 2013-12-20 | Composizione per sigarette elettroniche |
PCT/IB2014/067122 WO2015092757A1 (en) | 2013-12-20 | 2014-12-19 | Liquid composition for electronic cigarettes |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN106061299A true CN106061299A (zh) | 2016-10-26 |
Family
ID=50001095
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN201480076056.3A Pending CN106061299A (zh) | 2013-12-20 | 2014-12-19 | 用于电子香烟的液体组合物 |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20150351449A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP3082486A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP2017501714A (ja) |
CN (1) | CN106061299A (ja) |
BR (1) | BR112016014529A2 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2936042A1 (ja) |
IT (1) | ITBO20130706A1 (ja) |
MX (1) | MX2016008204A (ja) |
RU (1) | RU2671775C1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2015092757A1 (ja) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN110506978A (zh) * | 2019-09-11 | 2019-11-29 | 深圳多客技术有限公司 | 一种电子烟烟油溶剂、包含其的电子烟烟油及制备方法 |
CN111642789A (zh) * | 2020-07-08 | 2020-09-11 | 一苇堂生物科技(上海)有限公司 | 一种食用香精添加剂及其制备方法和应用 |
CN114711454A (zh) * | 2021-01-05 | 2022-07-08 | 深圳市雨米科技有限公司 | 一种天然组分的气溶胶形成基质以及气溶胶生成系统 |
Families Citing this family (34)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10244793B2 (en) | 2005-07-19 | 2019-04-02 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Devices for vaporization of a substance |
US10279934B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2019-05-07 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Fillable vaporizer cartridge and method of filling |
US10058129B2 (en) | 2013-12-23 | 2018-08-28 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Vaporization device systems and methods |
US10159282B2 (en) | 2013-12-23 | 2018-12-25 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Cartridge for use with a vaporizer device |
CA3132323C (en) | 2013-12-23 | 2023-02-07 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Vaporization device systems and methods |
USD825102S1 (en) | 2016-07-28 | 2018-08-07 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Vaporizer device with cartridge |
USD842536S1 (en) | 2016-07-28 | 2019-03-05 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Vaporizer cartridge |
US10076139B2 (en) | 2013-12-23 | 2018-09-18 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Vaporizer apparatus |
US20160366947A1 (en) | 2013-12-23 | 2016-12-22 | James Monsees | Vaporizer apparatus |
FR3015186A1 (fr) * | 2014-03-11 | 2015-06-26 | Antoine Piccirilli | Utilisation d'une composition renfermant du 1,3-propanediol comme e-liquide |
CN112155255A (zh) | 2014-12-05 | 2021-01-01 | 尤尔实验室有限公司 | 校正剂量控制 |
WO2016183573A1 (en) | 2015-05-14 | 2016-11-17 | John Cameron | Multi-chambered vaporizer and blend control |
US9770055B2 (en) | 2015-05-15 | 2017-09-26 | Lunatech, Llc | Vaporizable material handling for electronic vapor device |
WO2016187115A1 (en) | 2015-05-15 | 2016-11-24 | John Cameron | Hybrid vapor delivery system utilizing nebulized and non-nebulized elements |
US10088463B2 (en) | 2015-06-11 | 2018-10-02 | Lunatech, Llc | Calibrating electronic vapor device |
US10060639B2 (en) | 2015-06-11 | 2018-08-28 | Lunatech, Llc | Air analyzer and treatment apparatus |
US10215429B2 (en) | 2015-06-15 | 2019-02-26 | Lunatech, Llc | Localized air sensing and treatment |
US9933790B2 (en) | 2015-06-15 | 2018-04-03 | Lunatech, Llc | Peer-to-peer air analysis and treatment |
US10215430B2 (en) | 2015-06-15 | 2019-02-26 | Lunatech, Llc | Electronic vapor and analysis with HVAC integration |
US10042369B2 (en) | 2015-06-16 | 2018-08-07 | Lunatech, Llc | Vapor device for filtering and testing material |
US10065138B2 (en) | 2015-06-17 | 2018-09-04 | Lunatech, Llc | Remote controllable air treatment apparatus |
US9888725B2 (en) | 2015-07-28 | 2018-02-13 | Lunatech, Llc | Inhalation puff counter gauge and display system |
US9936737B2 (en) | 2015-10-28 | 2018-04-10 | Lunatech, Llc | Methods and systems for a dual function vapor device |
WO2017139675A1 (en) | 2016-02-11 | 2017-08-17 | Pax Labs, Inc. | Securely attaching cartridges for vaporizer devices |
UA125687C2 (uk) | 2016-02-11 | 2022-05-18 | Джуул Лебз, Інк. | Заповнювальний картридж випарного пристрою та способи його заповнення |
US10405582B2 (en) | 2016-03-10 | 2019-09-10 | Pax Labs, Inc. | Vaporization device with lip sensing |
USD849996S1 (en) | 2016-06-16 | 2019-05-28 | Pax Labs, Inc. | Vaporizer cartridge |
USD836541S1 (en) | 2016-06-23 | 2018-12-25 | Pax Labs, Inc. | Charging device |
USD851830S1 (en) | 2016-06-23 | 2019-06-18 | Pax Labs, Inc. | Combined vaporizer tamp and pick tool |
USD887632S1 (en) | 2017-09-14 | 2020-06-16 | Pax Labs, Inc. | Vaporizer cartridge |
IT201800005821A1 (it) * | 2018-05-29 | 2019-11-29 | Miscela con nicotina | |
CN109077365A (zh) * | 2018-10-12 | 2018-12-25 | 郑州轻工业学院 | 一种具有杨梅酒香的电子烟油及其制备方法和应用 |
EP3906794A4 (en) * | 2019-01-25 | 2022-10-19 | China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co., Ltd. | WATER-BASED E-CIGARETTE LIQUID |
JP2023503775A (ja) * | 2019-12-02 | 2023-02-01 | ジェイティー インターナショナル エス.エイ. | 組成物の50重量%未満の1,3-プロパンジオールを含むeリキッド組成物 |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN1541577A (zh) * | 2003-04-29 | 2004-11-03 | 一种非可燃性电子喷雾香烟 | |
GB2465247A (en) * | 2008-07-25 | 2010-05-19 | Gamucci Ltd | Electronic smoking substitute device |
WO2012088675A1 (zh) * | 2010-12-29 | 2012-07-05 | 深圳市奉天元电子有限公司 | 电子烟雾化液 |
WO2013088230A1 (en) * | 2011-12-16 | 2013-06-20 | Dks Aromatic S.R.L. | Composition for electronic cigarettes |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US564172A (en) * | 1896-07-14 | Bill-file | ||
US5159942A (en) * | 1991-06-04 | 1992-11-03 | R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company | Process for providing smokable material for a cigarette |
DE602004022708D1 (de) * | 2003-12-02 | 2009-10-01 | Fertin Pharma As | Nikotin-abgabeprodukt und herstellungsverfahren |
CN201067079Y (zh) * | 2006-05-16 | 2008-06-04 | 韩力 | 仿真气溶胶吸入器 |
JP2009013094A (ja) * | 2007-07-03 | 2009-01-22 | Teijin Fibers Ltd | グリコールの製造方法 |
JP5132594B2 (ja) * | 2009-01-30 | 2013-01-30 | キヤノン株式会社 | 制御装置、プログラム、記録媒体及び画像形成システム |
CN102349699B (zh) * | 2011-07-04 | 2013-07-03 | 郑俊祥 | 一种电子烟液的制备方法 |
US8881737B2 (en) * | 2012-09-04 | 2014-11-11 | R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company | Electronic smoking article comprising one or more microheaters |
IL297399B2 (en) * | 2013-05-06 | 2024-02-01 | Juul Labs Inc | Nicotine salt formulations for aerosol devices and methods thereof |
-
2013
- 2013-12-20 IT IT000706A patent/ITBO20130706A1/it unknown
-
2014
- 2014-12-19 CA CA2936042A patent/CA2936042A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2014-12-19 MX MX2016008204A patent/MX2016008204A/es unknown
- 2014-12-19 US US14/759,775 patent/US20150351449A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2014-12-19 JP JP2016541573A patent/JP2017501714A/ja active Pending
- 2014-12-19 BR BR112016014529A patent/BR112016014529A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2014-12-19 RU RU2016129184A patent/RU2671775C1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2014-12-19 WO PCT/IB2014/067122 patent/WO2015092757A1/en active Application Filing
- 2014-12-19 CN CN201480076056.3A patent/CN106061299A/zh active Pending
- 2014-12-19 EP EP14830715.0A patent/EP3082486A1/en not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN1541577A (zh) * | 2003-04-29 | 2004-11-03 | 一种非可燃性电子喷雾香烟 | |
GB2465247A (en) * | 2008-07-25 | 2010-05-19 | Gamucci Ltd | Electronic smoking substitute device |
WO2012088675A1 (zh) * | 2010-12-29 | 2012-07-05 | 深圳市奉天元电子有限公司 | 电子烟雾化液 |
WO2013088230A1 (en) * | 2011-12-16 | 2013-06-20 | Dks Aromatic S.R.L. | Composition for electronic cigarettes |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
DVAP: "Any interest in determining nicotine", 《ANY INTEREST IN DETERMINING NICOTINE—BY DVAP-PAGE 12》 * |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN110506978A (zh) * | 2019-09-11 | 2019-11-29 | 深圳多客技术有限公司 | 一种电子烟烟油溶剂、包含其的电子烟烟油及制备方法 |
CN111642789A (zh) * | 2020-07-08 | 2020-09-11 | 一苇堂生物科技(上海)有限公司 | 一种食用香精添加剂及其制备方法和应用 |
CN114711454A (zh) * | 2021-01-05 | 2022-07-08 | 深圳市雨米科技有限公司 | 一种天然组分的气溶胶形成基质以及气溶胶生成系统 |
CN114711454B (zh) * | 2021-01-05 | 2023-11-10 | 深圳市康诚一品科技有限公司 | 一种天然组分的气溶胶形成基质以及气溶胶生成系统 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2017501714A (ja) | 2017-01-19 |
RU2016129184A (ru) | 2018-01-25 |
BR112016014529A2 (pt) | 2017-08-08 |
MX2016008204A (es) | 2017-03-01 |
US20150351449A1 (en) | 2015-12-10 |
RU2671775C1 (ru) | 2018-11-06 |
WO2015092757A1 (en) | 2015-06-25 |
ITBO20130706A1 (it) | 2015-06-21 |
CA2936042A1 (en) | 2015-06-25 |
EP3082486A1 (en) | 2016-10-26 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CN106061299A (zh) | 用于电子香烟的液体组合物 | |
CN101461565B (zh) | 药用保健型电子烟烟液 | |
US9254002B2 (en) | Tobacco solution for vaporized inhalation | |
KR101956318B1 (ko) | 흡연의 화학적 감각을 모사하기 위한 장치 및 방법 | |
US20100200008A1 (en) | E-Cigarette With Vitamin Infusion | |
CN101461566B (zh) | 电子香烟雾化液 | |
KR101208473B1 (ko) | 전자 담배용 무화용액 조성물 | |
US20160366928A1 (en) | Solvent for electronic cigarette liquid and an electronic cigarette liquid | |
CN103124501A (zh) | 烟草制成的无害香烟 | |
CN101919584A (zh) | 纤体功能型电子烟烟液 | |
CN101933654A (zh) | 美白健齿保健型电子烟烟液 | |
CN103141936A (zh) | 一种能明显增加卷烟烟气厚实感和成团性的增浓增厚功能聚类物制剂 | |
CN207202048U (zh) | 含有产香烟嘴的电子烟 | |
JPH02190178A (ja) | 無煙たばこ | |
CN103371430A (zh) | 香烟吸入剂及其制备、应用 | |
CN105077553B (zh) | 一种低焦油茶叶卷烟烟丝的制备方法与茶叶卷烟 | |
KR101193900B1 (ko) | 전자 금연보조제 액상조성물 및 그 제조방법 | |
CN205741763U (zh) | 一种涂布复配天然草本香料的增香型卷烟纸 | |
Braunstein | Mindful Marijuana Smoking: Health Tips for Cannabis Smokers | |
TW202023411A (zh) | 吸煙替代品耗材 | |
TW202023407A (zh) | 吸煙替代品耗材 | |
JP2005218498A (ja) | 香気吸引パイプ | |
CN106805289A (zh) | 一种清凉香烟过滤嘴 | |
CN108685159A (zh) | 一种玫瑰香型电子烟烟油 | |
US8287922B2 (en) | Vaporized Lobelia product and method of use |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
C06 | Publication | ||
PB01 | Publication | ||
C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication |
Application publication date: 20161026 |
|
WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication |