CN106037684A - Method for measuring body temperature of cattle - Google Patents
Method for measuring body temperature of cattle Download PDFInfo
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- CN106037684A CN106037684A CN201610515955.XA CN201610515955A CN106037684A CN 106037684 A CN106037684 A CN 106037684A CN 201610515955 A CN201610515955 A CN 201610515955A CN 106037684 A CN106037684 A CN 106037684A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/01—Measuring temperature of body parts ; Diagnostic temperature sensing, e.g. for malignant or inflamed tissue
- A61B5/015—By temperature mapping of body part
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61D—VETERINARY INSTRUMENTS, IMPLEMENTS, TOOLS, OR METHODS
- A61D17/00—Devices for indicating trouble during labour of animals ; Methods or instruments for detecting pregnancy-related states of animals
- A61D17/002—Devices for indicating trouble during labour of animals ; Methods or instruments for detecting pregnancy-related states of animals for detecting period of heat of animals, i.e. for detecting oestrus
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61D—VETERINARY INSTRUMENTS, IMPLEMENTS, TOOLS, OR METHODS
- A61D17/00—Devices for indicating trouble during labour of animals ; Methods or instruments for detecting pregnancy-related states of animals
- A61D17/006—Devices for indicating trouble during labour of animals ; Methods or instruments for detecting pregnancy-related states of animals for detecting pregnancy of animals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61D—VETERINARY INSTRUMENTS, IMPLEMENTS, TOOLS, OR METHODS
- A61D17/00—Devices for indicating trouble during labour of animals ; Methods or instruments for detecting pregnancy-related states of animals
- A61D17/008—Devices for indicating trouble during labour of animals ; Methods or instruments for detecting pregnancy-related states of animals for detecting birth of animals, e.g. parturition alarm
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K5/00—Measuring temperature based on the expansion or contraction of a material
- G01K5/02—Measuring temperature based on the expansion or contraction of a material the material being a liquid
- G01K5/22—Measuring temperature based on the expansion or contraction of a material the material being a liquid with provision for expansion indicating over not more than a few degrees
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B2503/00—Evaluating a particular growth phase or type of persons or animals
- A61B2503/40—Animals
Abstract
The present invention provides a method for measuring body temperature of cattle. The method comprises the following steps of: firstly detecting the plantar temperature of the cattle leg and the rectal temperature, and then conducting a mixed linear model analysis of data of the plantar temperature of the cattle leg and the rectal temperature by taking the detection time and the seasonal effect as the fixed effects and the individual influence as a random effect, and building a mathematical model of the relationship between the plantar temperature of the cattle leg and the rectal temperature; and when the measurement of the body temperature of the cattle is needed, putting the plantar temperature of the cattle leg, obtained by measurement, into the mathematical model to obtain the rectal temperature of the cattle. According to the method, the measuring part is selected as the plantar part of the cattle leg, which facilitates the fixing of a temperature detecting device and can reduce the discomfort on animals caused by the fixing of the detecting device. On the other hand, compared with the conventional rectum manual temperature measurement method, not only manpower and material resource input of measurement can be reduced, and but also 24-hour all-weather detection can be realized, manpower liberation can be realized, and basic data and hardware facilities are provided for refined management of cultivation industry.
Description
This application claims the priority of Chinese patent application 201510383182.X submitted on July 2nd, 2015, led to
Cross and be incorporated herein by reference.
Technical field
The present invention relates to livestock-raising field, be specifically related to the measuring method of a kind of cattle body temperature.
Background technology
Body temperature is the physical signs that body is important, and under normal circumstances, Niu Tiwen can be in the range of relative constancy, with physiology
Activity change forms certain regularity change (Cooper-Prado et al.2011), such as oestruses, ovulate, gestation and giving a birth
Deng.But, in the practice of cattle temperature check, major part cattle farm the most still uses mercury clinical thermometer to carry out rectum thermometric, should
Method temperature measuring efficiency is low, easily causes cow disease cross transmission, and can not obtain the temperature data of every cattle the most in real time, needs
The manpower wanted is the most more, time and effort consuming, and the management that can not meet far away modern scale pasture requires (Zhu Xiangyu, 2013).With
The development of biosensor technique, wireless sensor technology has been applied to milch cow body surface thermometric by Systems in Certain Developed Countries, and achieves
Certain achievement in research.Bligh etc. propose wireless telemetry technique applies to the conception that animal heat measures for 1974 first
(Bligh et al.1974)；(the Kyle et al.1998 such as Kyle etc. and Suthar；Suthar et al.2011) milch cow
Vagina is implanted containing temperature acquisition, the bar-shaped wireless remote-measuring system of radio receiving equipment, examines milch cow vaginal temperature in real time
Survey；(the Raul et al.2006 such as Raul etc. and Miranda；Miranda et al.2009) will be with perineum muscular tissue without row
Scold the radio temperature sensor of reaction, implant milch cow muscle of perineum, detect perineal position temperature, carry out detection of oestrus；AlZahal
Deng with (the AlZahal et al.2009,2010 such as Edouard；Edouard et al.2011) pass through esophagus respectively by radio
Cud ball puts into cud, detects cow rumen variations in temperature, and result shows, radio cud ball can effectively detect in Contents in Cows
Variations in temperature.
Though said method has reached thermometric purpose to some extent, but cud ball or subcutaneous implantation all can be to milch cows
Cause certain injury, all do not meet animal welfare requirement.In recent years, infrared measurement of temperature is constantly used for the measurement of pig shell temperature, so
And effect is the most highly desirable, it is impossible to Instructing manufacture is applied.The development of modern medicine, has promoted body surface temperature changing regularity
Further investigation, and achieve certain phase achievement, but, Niu Tibiao is more by hair, and the body surface exposed without hair is less,
And detecting very inconvenient, shell temperature research report is less, only see about heat stress (warm on the impact of milch cow shell temperature
Refined clever, 2011) studying on a small quantity with breast district's surface temperature change and mastitis relation (Metzner et al.2014) etc., these are tied
Fruit disclosed the relation of component environment factor and body surface individual sites temperature and segment pathology phenomenon, the most deeply discloses body surface
Relation between temperature and body temperature (anus temperature) and Changing Pattern thereof, enough go deep into system to cattle shell temperature Changing Pattern shortage and grind
Study carefully.Research to cattle shell temperature Changing Pattern needs cattle body temperature carries out the most uninterrupted measurement, but milch cow body surface is thick
Thick hair covers, less without hair position, and body surface contact temperature-measuring is affected by ambient temperature and is difficult to more greatly antimer temperature
Real conditions, especially, the problem that detection device is difficult to fix becomes Niu Tiwen and measures the bottleneck being difficult to break through the most continuously.Cause
This, there is presently no and find one Niu Tiwen method for continuous measuring accurately.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to overcome defect present in prior art, it is provided that one can accurately, continuous print measure
The method of cattle shell temperature.
Selecting suitable cattle temperature check position on reducing outside environmental elements impact as far as possible, high-fidelity gathers body surface temperature
Spend most important, and studied and the most do not found specially suitable temperature detection loca.Detection position difference prevailing relationship arrives
On the one hand two aspects, are to be related to whether the body temperature of detection site can reflect the true body of tested animal to a certain extent
Temperature state；On the other hand it is to be related to whether this position can be appropriate to detect continuously and automatically, if it can be avoided that tested
The error of the temperature check caused by the activity of animal.
The present inventor finds during the long-term further investigation to cattle body temperature situation, cattle shell temperature and cattle
A certain degree of difference is there is between actual body temperature (rectal temperature), and the change between different body surface and true temperature
Trend is the most inconsistent.This brings difficulty for characterizing body temperature by measurement cattle shell temperature.Inventor through grope in a large number experiment,
Providing a kind of cattle body temperature measurement method, the method includes: step one: first detection bracket sole of the foot portion's temperature and rectal temperature, then
Detection time and seasonal effect are affected as stochastic effect bracket sole of the foot portion's temperature and rectal temperature as fixed effect, individuality
Data carry out mixed linear model analysis；
Step 2: bring the calculating of described mathematical model into by measuring the bracket sole of the foot portion temperature obtained when needing to measure Niu Tiwen
Obtain cattle rectal temperature.
Optionally, described bracket sole of the foot portion is cattle back leg sole of the foot portion.
Optionally, described bracket sole of the foot portion is above the os sesamoideum phalangis primae of bracket metatarsal bottom.
Optionally, described method includes apparatus for testing body temperature is fixed on bracket sole of the foot portion, in real time detection cattle temperature data.
Optionally, method of stating includes utilizing apparatus for testing body temperature to detect 2-10 time per hour.
Optionally, described mathematical model is as fixed effect using detection time and seasonal effect, individual impact as with
Machine effect carries out mixed linear model analysis to bracket sole of the foot portion's temperature and rectal temperature data.
Present invention also offers the application in cattle organism physiology situation detects of the measuring method of described cattle body temperature.
Optionally, described application includes that detecting bracket sole of the foot portion temperature is calculated cattle rectal temperature by mathematical model, profit
With described cattle rectal temperature as the index of cattle organism physiology situation.
Optionally, cattle organism physiology situation include oestrusing, ovulate, gestation, childbirth.
It is an advantage of the current invention that the measuring point of the present invention is chosen as bracket sole of the foot portion, beneficially temperature testing equipment
Fixing, and the sense of discomfort caused because of fixed test equipment can be reduced to animal；On the other hand, method provided by the present invention
Compared with conventional rectum hand-operated temperature-measuring method, the manpower and materials not only decreasing mensuration put into, and can realize 24 hours whole days
Wait detection, it is to avoid because the temperature detection dead angle (such as night, non-interesting phase) under artificial daily schedule system, raw for high yield cattle
The early warning of prediction and the disease in good time of reason state provides technical foundation, is not only expected to realize the liberation of manpower, is also foster
Grow industry to realize fine-grained management and provide the foundation data and hardware facility.The present invention oestruses for further investigation cattle, gestation, childbirth etc.
Physiological status and heating, poisoning etc. provide technical support with the pathological state Temperature changing rule of variations in temperature disease.This
Multiple temperature probe fixed positions such as research independently explores inside root of the tail, cervical region, back leg hoof wrist, divide eventually through data
Analysis, finds that the temperature data that back leg sole of the foot portion gathers is more stable, this position fixation simultaneously, it is to avoid temperature probe comes off existing
As.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is body surface temperature measuring equipment scheme of installation；
Fig. 2 is the Bland Altman figure of body surface temperature measuring equipment and mercurial thermometer thermometric consistency analysis；
Fig. 3 is shell temperature and rectal temperature change curve in Various Seasonal Niu Yitian.
Detailed description of the invention
The detailed description of the invention of the present invention will be described in detail below.It should be appreciated that it is described herein
Detailed description of the invention is merely to illustrate and explains the present invention, is not limited to the present invention.
The invention provides the measuring method of a kind of cattle body temperature, the method includes: step one: first detection bracket sole of the foot portion temperature
Degree and rectal temperature, then detection time and seasonal effect are affected as stochastic effect the bracket sole of the foot as fixed effect, individuality
Portion's temperature and rectal temperature data carry out mixed linear model analysis, set up bracket sole of the foot portion's temperature and the mathematics of rectal temperature relation
Model；Step 2: when needing to measure Niu Tiwen, the bracket sole of the foot portion temperature measuring acquisition is brought into the calculating of described mathematical model and obtains
Obtain cattle rectal temperature.In method provided by the present invention, described bracket sole of the foot portion is cattle back leg sole of the foot portion, and this is owing to inventor exists
Research process finds, the variation tendency of the temperature in cattle back leg sole of the foot portion compared to foreleg closer to the variation tendency of rectal temperature,
And back leg is fixed equipment and can be reduced cattle face as far as possible and tear the equipment damage caused, and also avoids cattle to adopt when only couching simultaneously
Temperature equipment makes cattle foreleg injured because being worn on foreleg.
In a kind of detailed description of the invention of the present invention, described bracket sole of the foot portion is above the os sesamoideum phalangis primae of metatarsal bottom, this position
Os sesamoideum phalangis primae owing to being connected below metatarsal is protruding, and temperature measuring equipment can be made to be fixed.
In method provided by the present invention, described method includes apparatus for testing body temperature being fixed on bracket sole of the foot portion, in real time
Detection cattle temperature data, such as, can detect 2-10 time the most automatically, and the time interval of detection is preferably the identical time.
Described mathematical model is to be affected as stochastic effect pair as fixed effect, individuality detection time and seasonal effect
Bracket sole of the foot portion's temperature and rectal temperature data carry out mixed linear model analysis.
In one embodiment of the invention, described mixed linear model is as shown in model 1:
Model 1:Y=a+X0b0+Xsbs+Xtbt+Xibi+e；
In model 1, Y is rectal temperature, X0For bracket sole of the foot portion temperature, XsFor design matrix in season, bsFor XsNon-with
Machine parameter vector；XtFor time design matrix, b0For X0Regression coefficient, btFor XtNonrandom parameter vector；XiSet for individuality
Meter matrix, biFor XiRandom parameter vector；A represents intercept, and e is random vector error.Method provided by the present invention is for surveying
Used instrument of taking temperature has no particular limits, as long as sole of the foot portion temperature can accurately be measured, such as, can be contact
Formula thermometric or contactless temperature-measuring.In the case of You Xuan, the instrument that measurement body temperature is used is to be fixed on detected part,
The instrument of temperature check real-time, continuous, automatic can be carried out.
Present invention also offers the method for the present invention application in cattle organism physiology situation detects.
Optionally, described application includes that detecting bracket sole of the foot portion temperature is calculated cattle rectal temperature by mathematical model, profit
With described cattle rectal temperature as the index of cattle organism physiology situation.
Optionally, cattle organism physiology situation include oestrusing, ovulate, gestation, childbirth.
Concrete, can be tested by utilizing method provided by the present invention calculated cattle rectal temperature to be applied to understand
The physiological conditions of animal, thus for instructing husbandry sector to provide foundation.It should be noted that it is directly not intended to obtain
The diagnostic result of Animal diseases or health status.
Below will the present invention is described in detail by detailed description of the invention.It will be appreciated that following example to
Go out merely to play descriptive purpose, be not used to the scope of the present invention is limited.Those skilled in the art exists
In the case of spirit of the invention and spirit, the present invention can be carried out various amendment and replacement.
Comparative example 1
Only select 19 healthy cattle, use portable infrared radiation thermometer (DT8806H, certainty of measurement is ± 0.1 DEG C) respectively
Measure eye socket, asoscope, cochlea, abdominal part without the shell temperature at totally 7 positions inside hair-fields, nipple, Cornu Bovis seu Bubali base portion and root of the tail, simultaneously
Measure rectal temperature with mercurial thermometer, shell temperature is compared with rectal temperature, result mean+SD table
Show (as shown in table 1):
Table 1
| Position | Measuring method | Temperature |
| Eye socket | Infrared measurement of temperature | 36.27±0.54 |
| Asoscope | Infrared measurement of temperature | 35.32±0.49 |
| Cochlea | Infrared measurement of temperature | 37.78±0.45 |
| Abdominal part is without hair | Infrared measurement of temperature | 35.37±0.49 |
| Nipple | Infrared measurement of temperature | 35.87±0.58 |
| Cornu Bovis seu Bubali base portion | Infrared measurement of temperature | 35.40±0.47 |
| Inside root of the tail | Infrared measurement of temperature | 37.52±0.46 |
| Anus | Mercurial thermometer | 38.50±0.28 |
Result shows, different parts temperature and rectal temperature all exist inside certain gap, the most only cochlea and root of the tail
Temperature is the most close with rectal temperature, and minimum 7 measuring point Plays differences, but nervus cochleae tip relatively horn of plenty, fixing
Temperature probe cattle only reacts more violent.Simultaneously take account of fixing means and the probability of temperature probe, have studied root of the tail respectively
The thermometric effect that inner side is fixing, cervical region is fixing.
Inside root of the tail, fixation test result shows, although can fix inside root of the tail contact temperature-measuring probe, but this site away from
Anus is relatively near, and probe is fixing loosely, and during defecation, anus is twitched and oxtail swings and is all unfavorable for that temperature probe is fixed, and easily by feces
Impact, coupled power line is not easy to fix, and is easily caused temperature probe and loses, it is impossible to normal acquisition data, through more than 1
Have to change other installation sites after the trial of the moon.
Cervical region is fixed result and is shown: skin of neck hair is closeer and long, and more abundant hair has stronger effect of heat insulation, with
Time, cervical region epidermis is directly exposed to body surface, is easier to be affected by the external environment, and is not easy to fix.Through test, cervical region fixation can be just
Often gather body surface temperature data, but it is bigger with body temperature deviation to gather data.Show that cervical region shell temperature measures to be difficult to avoid ring
Border affects, and temperature measuring result is poor to the instruction degree of true body temperature, and cervical region measures approach can not reach ideal effect.
Embodiment 1
1 MATERIALS METHODS
1.1 test periods and place
Respectively at (2 to 10 February winter in 2014；Winter, Win.), (2 to 10 June in summer；Summer,
Sum.), (2 to 10 October in autumn；Autumn, Aut.) three seasons, carry out in cattle farm, Shijiazhuang, Hebei shell temperature with
Rectal temperature measures, because spring and Autumn Climate conditional likelihood, so, only select carry out temperature measuring analysis, with generation autumn
Table spring and autumn measures effect.
1.2 experimental animals and feeding and management thereof
Randomly select respectively each season 7 health, two tires in 60 to 90 days puerperal normally can numerous Simmental as reality
Test cattle；Test Niu Caiyong dissipate bar raise, full-automatic TMR Diet, every day respectively 2:00,6:00,12:00,18:00,
22:00 throws in feedstuff, ensures free choice feeding and cleaning drinking-water.
1.3 temperature measuring equipments and test with correction
Commercially available mercurial thermometer 1, mercury clinical thermometer for animals 2, shell temperature automatic measuring system, including shell temperature
Detection device 7 overlaps (this device use contact temperature-measuring), data acquisition unit 1 overlaps that (this device is deposited in collecting and detecting device
The temperature data of storage).As it is shown in figure 1, this system uses contact temperature-measuring mode, select Niu Tibiao by the sparse hind leg hoof wrist of hair
Portion is body surface thermometric position, and by hoof wrist muscle, the abundanter position of blood vessel, (i.e. bracket sole of the foot portion, on the os sesamoideum phalangis primae of bracket metatarsal bottom
Side) as temperature sensor fixed position, and devise the fixing shell with certain radian according to this position shape, by outward
Shell and leg fit tightly and enable the sensor to be in close contact with human body.Meanwhile, fit in side with human body in shell again
The heart devises a recessed nest, and temperature sensor is fixed in recessed nest, reduce further the outside environmental elements pair such as temperature, wind-force
The impact of thermometric effect, the temperature that detection obtains.
For making experimental result accurate science, before test, 7 body surface temperature-detecting devices are placed in calorstat every time, carry out
Test experiments.First setting calorstat temperature and rise to 40 DEG C (every 0.5h heats up 1 DEG C) from 30 DEG C, the every 0.5h of temperature measuring equipment surveys automatically
Temperature is once.During test, adhesive tape is used to be fixed on by mercurial thermometer inside calorstat glass door, at automatic temperature measurement time point,
Read simultaneously and record constant temperature the temperature inside the box that mercurial thermometer shows.This test experiments is in triplicate, it was demonstrated that shell temperature is certainly
Dynamic mensuration system accurately and reliably after, carry out follow-up shell temperature and automatically determine experiment.
1.4 shell temperatures and the collection of body temperature
Trial test: formal test starts a few days ago, detects device by shell temperature (surface temperature, ST)
Be tightly fastened in experiment cattle back leg hoof wrist (i.e. cattle back leg sole of the foot portion), and by thermometric interval be set as half an hour, every 4 hours with
Data acquisition unit collects a temperature data；Carry out equipment debugging according to temperature acquisition result, carry out testing Niu Shiying simultaneously
Property training.After equipment thermometric normal table, test Niu Shiying, carry out formal test.
Formal test: automatic TME continues to continue to use thermometric half an hour of preliminary trial period and arranges, continuous temperature measurement 3 days；Meanwhile,
Use mercury clinical thermometer, within every 2 hours, measure single test cattle rectal temperature (rectal temperature, RT).Measure rectum
During temperature, first will test Niu Baoding, after it is had a rest 10 minutes, thermometer be inserted rectum, and take out thermometer after 5 minutes, read
Data, every cattle gathers the rectal temperature data of 12 time points, also continuous temperature measurement 3 days every day altogether.
1.5 data process&analysis
Equipment laboratory test data, uses SAS9.2 to carry out significance of difference analysis and linear regression analysis, and uses
Bland Altman method carries out Conformance Assessment.
Every cattle has 48 shell temperature data and 12 rectal temperature data every day.Because becoming in rectal temperature two hours
Change less, therefore take the rectal temperature meansigma methods rectal temperature as middle time point of adjacent two time points, and give up all
Non-integral point shell temperature data, make every cattle be respectively arranged with shell temperature and the rectal temperature data of 23 identical time points every day, and three
Individual season obtains altogether shell temperature and the rectal temperature data of 1449 identical time points.SAS 9.2 is used to carry out body temperature number
According to significance of difference analysis and covariance analysis, use Tablecurve2D/3D to carry out linear regression analysis with non-linear simultaneously
Regression analysis, and carry out shell temperature correction analysis.
2 results and analysis
The test analysis of 2.1 shell temperature detection devices
Laboratory test results shows, when calorstat temperature changes in the range of 30～40 DEG C, and the mensuration of 7 detection devices
Result there occurs synchronization change, and difference is not notable, and automatic temperature measurement result is strong correlation (R with actual temperature in calorstat2:
0.9987).The Bland Altman figure that temperature-measuring results concordance goldstandard analysis obtains shows, the difference between 7 temperature measuring equipments
It is only 0 ± 0.07 DEG C (95% confidence interval is-0.22～0.22 DEG C, Fig. 2), is negligible.The accurate of this device is described
Property and stability preferable, can be used for the research of follow-up shell temperature.
Season of 2.2 shell temperatures and rectal temperature and measure daily variation analysis
Sole of the foot portion shell temperature shows with rectal temperature statistic analysis result (table 1,2), and rectal temperature amplitude of variation is less, respectively
Between season, respectively measure the most all without significant difference (p ＞ 0.05), illustrate under physiological condition, rectal temperature substantially constant.Each mensuration
In the daytime shell temperature (table 2) difference is not the most notable (p ＞ 0.05), illustrates that automatic TME performance is relatively stable.But, different
In rectal temperature, sole of the foot portion shell temperature measurement result calendar variation is notable (p ＜ 0.05), and wherein, summer temp is the highest, winter temperature
Spending minimum, the measurement result in each season is all substantially less than rectal temperature measurement result (p ＜ 0.05).
Table 1 shell temperature and rectal temperature statistic analysis result
Unit: DEG C
Note: A, B, C represent the significance of difference of colleague's data, alphabetical identical person represents that difference is not notable (p ＞ 0.05), word
Female difference person represents significant difference (p ＜ 0.05)；
Table 2 catalog of celestial bodies temperature in identical season three and rectal temperature situation
Note: A, B, C represent that the significance of difference of same column data, alphabetical identical person represent that difference is not notable (p ＞ 0.05), word
Female difference person represents significant difference (p ＜ 0.05)；
2.3 sole of the foot portion shell temperatures and the daily variations analysis of rectal temperature
Table 3 shell temperature and rectal temperature statistical analysis round the clock
Note: A, B represent that the significance of difference of same column data, alphabetical identical person represent that difference is not notable (p ＞ 0.05), letter
Difference person represents significant difference (p ＜ 0.05)；
Experiment cattle Various Seasonal each minute point temperature curve (Fig. 3) shows with statistic analysis result (table 3), body surface temperature
Spending and affected notable by time factor and present obvious diurnal and nocturnal changes, 5:00 to 7:00 is the minimum in a day, subsequently by
Edge up height, reaches the peak of a day, be gradually lowered subsequently to about 13:00 to 15:00, until minimum temperature.Rectal temperature
Amplitude of variation is less, but Changing Pattern is similar to.
2.4 sole of the foot portion shell temperatures and rectal temperature regression analysis
Assume to exist between shell temperature and rectal temperature linear relationship, carry out shell temperature rectal temperature returning and divide
Analysis.
The most only consider that season is fixed effect
With seasonal factor as fixed effect, individuality is stochastic effect, mixes shell temperature and rectal temperature data
Linear model analysis.The mixed linear model A set up is as follows:
Y=a+X0b0+Xsbs+XibiWherein, Y is rectal temperature to+e, X0For bracket sole of the foot portion temperature, XsFor design matrix in season,
bsFor XsNonrandom parameter vector, i.e. fixed effect；XiFor individual design matrix, b0For X0Regression coefficient, biFor XiWith
Machine parameter vector, i.e. stochastic effect；A represents intercept, and e is random vector error.
Using model A that shell temperature and rectal temperature are carried out Hybrid linear analysis, the parameter estimation obtaining model is shown in Table
4, the variation of model explanation is 0.399.
Table 4 only considers the mixed linear model result that seasonal effect factor is fixed effect
Consider that season and measurement time are fixed effect the most simultaneously
Not considering that the coefficient of determination that time factor impact obtains is only 0.399, effect is not ideal enough.In view of single factor test side
Body surface temperature-measuring results is had a significant impact by the difference analysis prompting different measuring time.Therefore, on the basis of above model, add and survey
The amount time, the mixed linear model B of foundation was as follows as fixed effect:
Y=a+X0b0+Xsbs+Xtbt+Xibi+ e wherein, on the basis of model A, XtFor time design matrix, btFor Xt's
Nonrandom parameter vector.In Model B, the estimated value of each parameter is shown in Table 5, and the variation of model explanation is 0.562.Accordingly, it is considered to the time
The regression model of factor is better than not considering the regression model of time factor.
Table 5 considers the mixed linear model result that seasonal factor minute factor is fixed effect simultaneously
Shell temperature contrast after 2.5 rectal temperatures and correction
Body surface temperature measurement data is corrected by the regression equation using mixed linear model B to draw, each correction temperature is with straight
The average of intestinal temperature gap absolute number is 0.104 DEG C, and the absolute value of 90% data difference is less than 0.2 DEG C, and this matching is described
Equation is combined with this temp measuring system, can obtain comparatively ideal temperature-measuring results.
2.6 cross validation
For verifying the prediction effect of above-mentioned linear model, total data stochastic averagina is divided into 10 equal portions, randomly selects 9 parts
Setting up mixed linear model, remaining 1 part uses the model set up to be predicted, is repeated in 10 times, obtains each shell temperature
Corresponding prediction rectal temperature.Finally rectal temperature and true rectum temperature measurement data to prediction do correlation analysis with evaluation model
Prediction efficiency.The correlation coefficient of consideration time point factor Model is 0.644, hence it is evident that higher than not considering time point factor Model
Correlation coefficient 0.569.
Find after being analyzed by the SAS9.3 significance of difference, shell temperature after correction and between true rectal temperature difference is not
Significantly (p ＞ 0.05), preferable effect has been obtained after the method correction is described, the most also explanation cattle shell temperature and rectal temperature
Between there is good curve linear relationship.Mixed linear model B can be brought into by bracket sole of the foot portion temperature measurement obtained, calculate
Obtain cattle rectal temperature, complete the measurement of Niu Tiwen.I.e. shell temperature can be utilized direct by method provided by the present invention
Obtain rectal temperature data.
Although, the present invention is described in detail the most with a general description of the specific embodiments, but
On the basis of the present invention, can make some modifications or improvements it, this will be apparent to those skilled in the art.Cause
This, these modifications or improvements without departing from theon the basis of the spirit of the present invention, belong to the scope of protection of present invention.
Claims (9)
1. a cattle body temperature measurement method, the method includes:
First detection bracket sole of the foot portion's temperature and rectal temperature, then using detection time and seasonal effect as fixed effect, individual shadow
Ring, as stochastic effect, bracket sole of the foot portion's temperature and rectal temperature data are carried out mixed linear model analysis, set up bracket sole of the foot portion temperature
The mathematical model of degree and rectal temperature relation；Bring into described when needing to measure Niu Tiwen by measuring the bracket sole of the foot portion temperature obtained
Mathematical model calculates and obtains cattle rectal temperature.
Measuring method the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described bracket sole of the foot portion is cattle back leg sole of the foot portion.
Measuring method the most according to claim 1 and 2, it is characterised in that described bracket sole of the foot portion is that bracket metatarsal bottom is near
Above sesamoid bone.
Measuring method the most according to claim 3, it is characterised in that described method includes being fixed on apparatus for testing body temperature
Bracket sole of the foot portion, in real time detection cattle temperature data.
Measuring method the most according to claim 4, it is characterised in that described method includes utilizing apparatus for testing body temperature the least
Time detection 2-10 time.
6. according to the measuring method described in any one in claim 1-5, it is characterised in that described mathematical model is to detect
Time and seasonal effect are as fixed effect, and bracket sole of the foot portion's temperature and rectal temperature data are entered by individual impact as stochastic effect
Row mixed linear model is analyzed.
7. method described in any one application in cattle organism physiology situation detects in claim 1-6.
Application the most according to claim 7, it is characterised in that described application includes that detecting bracket sole of the foot portion temperature passes through mathematics
Model is calculated cattle rectal temperature, utilizes described cattle rectal temperature as the index of cattle organism physiology situation.
9. according to the application described in claim 7 or 8, it is characterised in that cattle organism physiology situation includes oestrusing, ovulates, gestation,
Childbirth.
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