CN106029822B - 稳定的氢氯氟烯烃以及氢氟烯烃 - Google Patents
稳定的氢氯氟烯烃以及氢氟烯烃 Download PDFInfo
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- CN106029822B CN106029822B CN201580009247.2A CN201580009247A CN106029822B CN 106029822 B CN106029822 B CN 106029822B CN 201580009247 A CN201580009247 A CN 201580009247A CN 106029822 B CN106029822 B CN 106029822B
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Abstract
所披露的是氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃与稳定剂的组合,其中这些稳定剂将氢氟烯烃和氢氯氟烯烃在储存、处理以及使用过程中的降解减到最小并且仍然允许大气降解。这些组合呈现出低的或为零的臭氧消耗潜势以及更低的全球变暖潜势,这使得它们作为氯氟碳以及氢氟烃的代替物有意义。本发明的这些组合包括氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃结合有一种或多种稳定剂,这些稳定剂是选自:自由基清除剂、酸清除剂、除氧剂、聚合抑制剂以及它们的组合。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及稳定的氢氯氟烯烃以及氢氟烯烃组合物,其中该组合物包括氟烯烃以及至少一种起稳定作用的组分。本发明的组合物在用于产生冷却或热的方法中作为传热流体、发泡剂、气溶胶喷射剂、抑火剂、灭火剂以及溶剂是有用的。
发明背景
1987年十月签署的针对臭氧层保护的蒙特利尔议定书,命令逐步淘汰使用氯氟碳(CFC)。对臭氧层更“友好”的材料,诸如氢氟烷(HFC),例如HFC-134a,替代了氯氟碳。后者的化合物已证明是温室气体,引起了全球变暖并且受关于气候变化的京都议定书所管辖。所出现的替代材料氢氟丙烯表明是环境可接受的,即:具有零臭氧消耗潜势(ODP)以及低的全球变暖潜势(GWP),远低于150。
目前提出的用于氢氟烷如HFC-134a的替代制冷剂包括HFC-152a、纯的烃诸如丁烷或丙烷、或者“天然的”制冷剂诸如CO2。所建议的这些替代物中有许多是可燃的、并且/或者具有低的能效。因此,正在寻求新的可替代的制冷剂。氟烯烃材料(诸如氢氟丙烯和/或氢氯氟丙烯)作为HFC的代替物已引起兴趣。这些材料在低层大气中的固有的化学不稳定性提供了所希望的低的全球变暖潜能以及零或接近零的消耗臭氧层潜能。然而,人们认为这种固有的不稳定性也影响了在储存、处理以及使用中将会降解的这类材料的商业应用。
本发明的目的是提供可充当制冷剂和传热流体以及发泡剂、溶剂清洗剂、气溶胶喷射剂、灭火剂等等的新颖的组合物,这些组合物提供了独特的特性来满足对低的或为零的臭氧消耗潜势以及与当前的HFC相比更低的全球变暖潜势的要求。
发明概述
本发明是针对氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃与稳定剂的组合,其中这些稳定剂将这些氢氟烯烃以及氢氯氟烯烃在储存、处理以及使用过程中的降解减到最小并且仍然允许大气降解,该大气降解导致低的或为零的臭氧消耗潜势以及更低的全球变暖潜势。本发明的组合包括氢氟烯烃(HFO)和/或氢氯氟烯烃(HCFO)结合有稳定剂,该稳定剂是选自:自由基清除剂、酸清除剂、除氧剂、腐蚀抑制剂、聚合抑制剂以及它们的组合。
发明内容
本发明是针对一些组合,这些组合提供了氢氟烯烃(HFO)和/或氢氯氟烯烃(HCFO),它们在使用、储存以及运输期间是化学稳定的但是在对流层中将会降解(对流层中可降解的(tropodegradable))。本发明的组合提供了作为传热流体、发泡剂、用于金属脱脂以及脱水的溶剂清洗剂、灭火剂以及气溶胶喷射剂使用的氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃,它们呈现出低的全球变暖潜势GWP(小于150)以及零或接近零的臭氧消耗潜势ODP。氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃已被提议作为传热流体以及发泡剂、溶剂清洗剂等,它们呈现出低的全球变暖潜势以及低的臭氧消耗值。直链的氢氟烯烃以及氢氯氟烯烃的实例包括但不限于:单独或组合的1225ye的E和Z异构体(CF3-CF=CFH)、1234ze的E和Z异构体(CF3-CH=CHF)、1234yf(CF3-CF=CH2)、1233zd的E和Z异构体(CF3-CH=CHCl)、1233xf(CF3-CCl=CH2)和1223za的异构体(CF3-CH=Cl2)以及1223xd(CF3-Cl=CHCl E和Z)。
低的全球变暖潜势以及低的臭氧消耗值是氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃通过与羟基自由基OH在较低的对流层中反应的大气降解作用的结果。同样重要的是维持所提出的HFO和HCFO在实际应用中的化学稳定性。因为烯键连接的存在,预期到相对于先前的HCFC或CFC而言,HFO和HCFO将是化学上不稳定的。诸位发明人已经发现,在聚苯乙烯泡沫(XPS)或聚氨酯泡沫(PUR)的生产过程中,HFO(诸如1234ze)可以消除HF而形成三氟丙炔。
本发明的诸位发明人已经发现,可以通过加入一种或多种稳定剂而将氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃在使用、储存以及处理过程中稳定以免降解,该稳定剂是选自:自由基清除剂、酸清除剂、除氧剂、聚合抑制剂、腐蚀抑制剂以及它们的组合。本发明的这些稳定剂对氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃的降解(当释放到大气中时)具有最小的影响。示例性的稳定剂包括但不限于:1,2-环氧丁烷;缩水甘油基甲醚;消旋苧烯;消旋苧烯氧化物;1,2-环氧基-2-甲基丙烷;硝基甲烷;二乙基羟胺;α-甲基苯乙烯;异戊二烯;p-甲氧基苯酚;3-甲氧基苯酚;肼;2,6-二叔丁基苯酚和对苯二酚。
本发明的氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃的组合是对流层可降解的,而同时它们提供了在使用、储存以及运输过程中的化学稳定性。本发明的组合的稳定性是通过在老化之后该组合中不大于0.1%(1000ppm)杂质存在证明的。在传热剂的领域中,以小于0.1%(1000ppm)量的组合中的组分被认为杂是质、不是该组合的组分。人们认为,这些组合通过在活性金属、含氧化合物、湿气的存在下以及在暴露于高的温度和压力期间控制不希望的反应物(诸如氧化的产物、酸、自由基、以及腐蚀抑制剂)的生成而提供了“应用”稳定性。本发明的组合中稳定剂组分的水平可以在该组合的从大约1ppm至50000ppm、优选是大约100ppm至1000ppm的范围内。氢氟烯烃类/或氢氯氟烯烃具有零或接近零的臭氧消耗值、低的(小于大约150)全球变暖潜势、是不可燃的、无毒的或低毒性的。本发明的稳定的氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃可以用于不同的应用中,诸如:
1.移动式空调(MAC)和其他制冷剂应用:
制冷剂在制冷循环期间必须是化学稳定的,例如,(a)对于和系统中的活性金属(诸如导致腐蚀的铁、铝以及铜)反应是有抗性的;(b)耐化学反应,诸如二聚作用/聚合作用或在操作压力以及温度下产生腐蚀酸(诸如HF和/或HCl)的那些。此外,制冷剂必须是可溶的并且是与一种或多种冷冻机油可相容的。
已经发现本发明的氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃与稳定剂的组合作为在制冷、空调或热泵系统中的一种或多种高GWP制冷剂的代替物是有效的。在此类系统中的常规的高GWP制冷剂包括多种材料诸如R134a、R22、R245fa、R114、R236fa、R124、R410A、R407C、R417A、R422A、R507A、以及R404A。本发明的氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃与稳定剂的组合在使用、使用过或被设计为使用常规的高GWP制冷剂的制冷、空调、或热泵装置中是有效的工作流体。
蒸气压缩制冷、空气调节、或热泵系统包括蒸发器、压缩机、冷凝器、以及膨胀装置。蒸汽压缩循环在多个步骤中重新使用制冷剂,从而在一个步骤中产生冷却效果并且在不同的步骤中产生加热效果。该循环可简单地描述如下:液态制冷剂通过膨胀装置进入蒸发器,并且该液态制冷剂在低温下在该蒸发器内沸腾以便形成气体并且产生冷却。该低压气体进入压缩机中,在那里将该气体压缩以提高其压力和温度。更高压力(被压缩过的)的气态制冷剂然后进入该冷凝器,在这里该制冷剂冷凝并且将它的热量释放到环境中。该制冷剂返回到该膨胀装置,通过该膨胀装置该液体从在该冷凝器中的更高压力水平膨胀到在该蒸发器中的低压力水平,如此地重复该循环。
如在此使用的,移动式制冷器件或移动式空调(MAC)器件是指合并到用于道路、铁路、海洋或空中的运输装置中的任何制冷或空调器件。本发明对于道路运输制冷或空调器件是特别有用的,比如汽车空调器件或制冷的道路运输设备。
本发明的氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃与稳定剂的组合在固定的空调以及热泵(例如冷却器)、高温热泵、住宅的以及轻型商用的和商用的空调系统中也可以是有用的。在固定的制冷应用中,本发明组合物可以在例如家用冰箱、制冰机、步入式和伸手可取式冷却器和致冷器、以及超市系统的设备中有用。
当作为制冷剂使用时,本发明的氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃的组合典型地将包括制冷润滑剂,即:适合与制冷、空调或热泵装置一起使用的那些润滑剂。在这些润滑剂之中的是常规地用于利用氯氟烃制冷剂的压缩制冷器件的那些。在1990美国采暖、制冷与空调工程师学会手册(1990ASHRAE Handbook),制冷系统及应用(Refrigeration Systems andApplications),第8章,标题为“制冷系统中的润滑剂(Lubricants in RefrigerationSystems)”中讨论了此类润滑剂以及它们的特性。本发明的润滑剂可以包括在压缩制冷润滑领域普遍被称为“矿物油”的那些。矿物油包括石蜡(即直链以及分支碳链的、饱和的烃)、环烷(即环状石蜡)以及芳香族化合物(即含一个或多个环的、以交替的双键为特征的、不饱和的环烃)。本发明的润滑剂进一步包括在压缩制冷润滑领域通常被称为“合成油”的那些。合成油包括烷芳基(即直链的和支链的烷基烷基苯)、合成的石蜡和环烷、以及聚(α烯烃)。本发明的润滑剂进一步包括被设计为同氢氟烷制冷剂使用并且与本发明的制冷剂在压缩制冷、空气调节、或热泵装置操作条件下是易混合的那些。此类润滑剂包括但不局限于:多元醇酯(POE)(例如Castrol.RTM.100(Castrol,United Kingdom))、聚亚烷基二醇类(PAG)(例如RL-488A from Dow(Dow Chemical,Midland,Mich.))、以及聚乙烯基醚(PVE)。这些润滑剂是可从不同商业来源容易地商购的。
本发明的润滑剂是通过考虑给定的压缩机的需求以及该润滑剂将要暴露至的环境而选择的。可以任选地向本发明的组合物中加入普遍使用的制冷系统的添加剂(如所希望的)来提高润滑性以及系统的稳定性。这些添加剂在制冷压缩润滑领域是普遍已知的,并且包括抗磨损剂、极压润滑剂、腐蚀和氧化抑制剂、金属表面钝化剂、发泡与消泡控制剂、泄露检测剂以及类似物。总体而言,这些添加剂仅以相对于总的润滑剂组合物而言较小的量存在。它们典型地是以每种添加剂从小于大约0.1%至多达大约3%的浓度使用。这些添加剂是在单独的系统需求的基础上选择的。此类添加剂的一些典型的实例可以包括,但不限于,增强润滑的添加剂,诸如磷酸的以及硫代磷酸酯的烷基或芳基酯。此外,金属的二烷基二硫代磷酸盐以及这一家族化学物质的其他成员可以在本发明的组合物中使用。其他的抗磨损的添加剂包括天然的产物油以及不对称的多羟基化的润滑添加剂,诸如Synergol TMS(国际润滑油)。
2.发泡剂
热固性泡沫(诸如硬质的聚氨酯泡沫)可以通过在受控的条件下将MDI、多元醇、发泡剂以及添加剂(即催化剂)、表面活性剂、水、以及灭火剂进行混合而制备。可以使用不同形式的多元醇,典型地是与多聚的MDI结合,并且典型地是将添加剂预混合进该多元醇中。这种高度交联的均相的玻璃状网络结构的形成对于所产生的泡沫的最终特性是必不可少的。这些特性包括良好的热稳定性、低密度下高的压缩强度、以及良好的隔离性能。
为了实现最佳的加工作用以及同时地最终特性,需要众多的配制品。硬质的聚氨酯泡沫的关键特性之一是低的导热率,它是通过使用水以及物理的助发泡剂来产生具有所需密度的、精细的并且闭室的泡沫而实现的。该物理发泡剂需要有低的导热率,因为它停留在小室内并且促成了这些泡沫的热导率的水平以及稳定性。
对于硬质的聚氨酯泡沫,初始的放热反应通常是在异氰酸酯和水之间,从而导致了胺以及二氧化碳的生成;然后这种胺与更多的异氰酸酯发生反应而生成聚脲。其他的关键性放热反应是在异氰酸酯和多元醇之间,产生聚氨酯和异氰酸酯的三聚作用。对于具体的功能(诸如,发泡、凝胶化、以及三聚作用)选择合适的催化剂,以控制总体反应速率以及在它们中的平衡。
一旦将异氰酸酯和多元醇的共混物充分混合,一经反应则会在体积上有30倍的增加并且单个小室的生成与混合物中核的存在有关。小室的形成与稳定也与适当的表面活性剂有关。一旦已经建立足够的网络结构,硬质的泡沫聚合物的结构就变为是自承的。
泡沫的中心可以达到高达190℃的温度,这归因于放热反应,然而,这些反应在发泡结束时没有完成并且可以继续进行多个小时。类似地,泡沫的中心要完全冷却至环境温度可能要几天。
本发明的发泡剂组合可以通过混合进多元醇混合物中(典型地称为B侧)作为用于聚氨酯泡沫的发泡剂来使用,这些组合在与多聚的MDI混合物(典型地称为A侧)混合时生成泡沫。
对于热塑性泡沫的生产,本发明的优选的组合将具有低于聚合物树脂的熔融和/或玻璃转化温度的沸点,典型地低于大约100℃,优选在大约-40℃到大约10℃之间。
制备发泡的热塑性塑料产品的方法如下:通过以任何次序将包括可发泡的聚合物组合物的多个组分一起共混来制备可发泡的聚合物组合物。典型地,通过对聚合物树脂进行增塑并且然后在初始压力下共混到发泡剂组合物的多种组分中来制备可发泡的聚合物组合物。使聚合物树脂增塑的常见的方法是热增塑作用,包括将聚合物树脂加热到足以使其充分软化以共混进发泡剂组合物中。总体而言,热塑化涉及将热塑性聚合物树脂加热至接近或高于其玻璃化转变温度(Tg),或熔融温度(Tm)(对于结晶聚合物)。
可发泡的聚合物组合物可以包含另外的添加剂,如成核剂、孔控制剂、染料、颜料、填充剂、抗氧化剂、挤出助剂、稳定剂、抗静电剂、阻燃剂、IR衰减剂、以及热绝缘添加剂。成核剂包括(除其他之外)诸如滑石、碳酸钙、苯甲酸钠的材料,以及诸如偶氮二甲酰胺或碳酸氢钠和柠檬酸的化学发泡剂。除其他之外,IR衰减剂以及热绝缘添加剂包括碳黑、石墨、二氧化硅、金属薄片或粉末。除其他之外,阻燃剂可以包括溴化的材料,比如六溴环癸烷以及多溴化联苯醚。
本发明的泡沫制备方法包括分批、半分批、以及连续法。分批法涉及以可存储的状态制备至少一部分可发泡的聚合物组合物,并且然后在某个将来的时间点使用这一部分可发泡的聚合物组合物来制备泡沫。
半分批法涉及完全在单独的过程中制备至少一部分的可发泡的聚合物组合物以及将该可发泡的聚合物组合物间歇地膨胀成泡沫。例如,美国专利号4,323,528(通过引用结合在此)披露了通过积蓄挤出法来制造聚烯烃泡沫的方法。该方法包括:1)将热塑性物质与发泡剂组合物进行混合以生成可发泡的聚合物组合物;2)将该可发泡的聚合物组合物挤出至保持区中,该保持区维持在不允许该可发泡的聚合物组合物发泡的温度和压力下;该保持区具有模口,该模口限定了开向更低压力的区域(在该区域可发泡的聚合物组合物发泡)的孔口以及关闭该模口的孔口的可打开的门;3)周期性地打开该门而基本上同时通过一个可移动的冲头对该可发泡的聚合物组合物施加机械压力从而将其从该保持区通过该模口的孔口喷至该具有更低压力的区域;并且4)允许喷出的可发泡的聚合物组合物膨胀以生成泡沫。
连续法涉及形成可发泡的聚合物组合物,并且然后以不停止的方式膨胀这种可发泡的聚合物组合物。例如,在挤出机中制备可发泡的聚合物组合物,这是通过:将聚合物树脂加热以形成熔融的树脂,在初始压力下将发泡剂组合物混入该熔融的树脂,并且然后在发泡压力下将这种可发泡的聚合物组合物通过模口挤出到区域中,并且允许该可发泡的聚合物组合物膨胀成泡沫。所希望的是,为了优化泡沫性质,在添加发泡剂之后并且通过该模口挤出之前将该可发泡的聚合物组合物冷却。例如,用热交换器将该可发泡的聚合物组合物冷却。
本发明的泡沫可以是任何能想象到的形式,包括片、板、杆、管、珠粒、或它们的任何组合。包括在本发明中的是层压泡沫,它包括多个可区别的彼此相互结合的纵向泡沫构件。
在另一个实施例中,本发明涉及发泡剂组合物,该组合物包括氢氟烯烃类和/或氢氯氟烯烃类与稳定剂的组合(如在此描述的)来用于制备泡沫。在其他实施例中,本发明提供了可发泡的组合物,并且优选聚氨酯、聚异氰酸酯以及热塑性泡沫组合物诸如EPS和XPS泡沫;以及制备泡沫的方法。在此类泡沫实施例中,氢氟烯烃类和/或氢氯氟烯烃类与稳定剂的组合中的一种或多种作为发泡剂包括在可发泡的组合物中,这种组合物优选包括一种或多种额外的组分,这些组分能够在适当的条件下起反应并且发泡以生成泡沫或多孔状的结构。本领域中熟知的方法中的任何一种可以用于或适配为用于根据本发明的泡沫实施例的用途。
本发明还涉及形成泡沫的方法,该方法包括:(a)向可发泡的组合物中加入氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃与稳定剂的组合,并且(b)使该可发泡的组合物在对生成泡沫有效的条件下起反应。
本发明的氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃包括具有通式CnH2n-a-bFaClb的、开链的C2、C3和C4氢氯氟烯烃,其中n=3-8并且b=0-3并且a=0-14并且2n大于a+b;
具有通式Cn H2n-2a-x-y Fx Cly的、环状的C3至C5的氢氯氟烯烃,其中n=3、4或5,x=0-7,y=0-3,并且a是不饱和双键的数目,a=2n-2a≥x+y。
本发明的氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃与稳定剂的组合中起稳定作用的组分包括一种或多种自由基清除剂、酸清除剂、除氧剂、聚合抑制剂、腐蚀抑制剂以及它们的组合。示例性的酸清除剂包括但不限于1,2-环氧丁烷、缩水甘油基甲醚、d,l-苧烯氧化物、1,2-环氧基-2,2-甲基丙烷以及硝基烷类诸如硝基甲烷。示例性的除氧剂包括但不限于α甲基苯乙烯和异戊二烯。示例性的聚合抑制剂包括但不限于d,l-苧烯以及异戊二烯。
本发明的直链的氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃化合物可以包括HFC-1225ye、HFC-1234ze、HFC-1234yf、1233zd、1243zf、1233xf、1223za、1223xd以及类似的物质,根据以上针对开链的以及环状的化合物所列出的化学式。氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃可以作为不同的旋光异构体或几何异构体存在。本发明旨在包括所有的几何异构体以及旋光异构体或它们的任何组合或混合物。例如,1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯(HFC-1234ze)意在代表顺式异构体、反式异构体、或两种异构体以任何比率的任何组合或混合物。另一个实例是HFC-1225ye,它是用来代表顺式异构体、反式异构体、或两种异构体以任何比率的任何组合或混合物。
3.气溶胶喷射剂:
本发明的另一个实施例涉及氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃与稳定剂的组合(如在此描述的)作为喷射剂在可喷射的组合物中使用的用途。此外,本发明涉及一种可喷射的组合物,该组合物包括氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃与稳定剂的组合(如在此描述的)。与惰性组分、溶剂以及其他材料一起喷射的活性组分也可以存在于可喷射组合物中。优选地,该可喷洒的组合物是气溶胶。被喷射的合适的活性材料包括但不局限于:化妆品材料(例如除臭剂、香水、发胶、清洁剂、以及抛光剂)以及医用材料(例如抗哮喘和抗口臭药物)。
本发明进一步涉及生产气溶胶产品的方法,包括向气溶胶容器中的活性成分中加入氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃与稳定剂的组合(如在此描述的),其中所述组合物作为喷射剂起作用。
4.灭火剂:
另一个实施例提供了在全淹没应用(total-flood application)中熄灭或抑制火情的方法,该方法包括提供包括氢氟烯烃类和/或氢氯氟烯烃类与稳定剂的组合的试剂;使该试剂处于加压的排放系统中;并且将该试剂排放至一个区域来熄灭或抑制这一区域中的火。另一个实施例提供了使一个区域惰性化来阻止火情或爆炸的方法,该方法包括提供包括本发明的氢氟烯烃类和/或氢氯氟烯烃类与稳定剂的组合的试剂;使该试剂处于加压的排放系统中;并且将该试剂排放进该区域以阻止火情或爆炸的发生。
术语“熄灭”通常用来指示火情的完全消除,而,“抑制”经常用来指示火情或爆炸的减小,但未必完全消除。如在此所使用的,术语“扑灭”和“抑制”可以可互换地使用。存在四种通常类型的卤烃火灾和爆炸防护应用。(1)在完全淹没式火情扑灭和/或抑制应用中,将试剂排放到一个空间内以达到足以扑灭或抑制存在的火情的浓度。完全淹没用法包括将封闭的、潜在占有的空间(例如计算机室)以及专门的、通常未占有的空间(例如航空器发动机机舱和车辆中的发动机隔区)保护。(2)在流动应用中,将试剂直接应用到火情中或火情的区域中。这通常使用手动操作的有轮的或便携的装置来完成。作为流动应用所包括的第二种方法使用“局部的”系统,该系统从一个或多个固定喷嘴中向火排放试剂。局部的系统可以手动地或自动地启动。(3)在爆炸的抑制中,排放本发明的氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃与稳定剂的组合来抑制已经被引发的爆炸。术语“抑制”通常用在此应用中,因为爆炸通常是自限制的。然而,使用这个术语并非必须暗示爆炸未被试剂熄灭。在这个应用中,通常使用检测器来检测来自爆炸的膨胀的火球,并且迅速排放试剂以抑制该爆炸。爆炸抑制主要(但不是唯一地)使用在国防应用中。(4)在惰性状态下,本发明的氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃与稳定剂的组合被排放至空间以防止引发爆炸或火情。通常,使用与用于全淹没的火熄灭或抑制的系统相似或相同的系统。通常,检测出危险状况的存在(例如,可燃的或易爆炸的气体的危险浓度),并且然后排放本发明的氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃与稳定剂的组合以阻止该爆炸或火情的发生,直到该状况得到补救。
可以通过将组合物引入到火情周围的封闭的区域来进行该灭火法。可以利用任何已知的引入方法,其条件是以合适的间隔使合适量的组合物按计量进入该封闭的区域。例如,可以通过流动(例如,使用常规便携(或固定)的灭火设备);通过下雾;或通过淹没(例如,通过将组合物释放(使用合适的管系、阀门、以及控制器)到火周围的圈起的区域)来引入组合物。可以任选地将该组合物与惰性推进剂(例如,氮气、氩气、缩水甘油基叠氮化物聚合物的分解产物或二氧化碳)组合,以增加来自所使用的流动或淹没设备的组合物的排放速率。
优选地,该熄灭法包括向火情或火焰中引入量值足以熄灭火情或火焰的本发明的氢氟烯烃和/或氢氯氟烯烃与稳定剂的组合。本领域的普通技术人员将认识到,熄灭特定的火情所需要的火焰抑制剂的量将取决于危害的性质和程度。当火焰抑制剂是通过淹没来引入时,杯式燃烧器测试数据在确定扑灭特定类型和大小的火情所需要的火焰抑制剂的量和浓度时是有用的。
5.溶剂:
适合于溶剂应用的理想的氢氯氟烯烃和/或氢氟烯烃应该具有在约10℃-60℃之间的沸点。该产品在与金属接触时应该是化学上稳定的并且在暴露于不同的塑料或弹性体材料时是耐膨胀的,这些塑料是诸如:丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯、PVC、聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯、高密度聚乙烯、低密度聚乙烯、聚亚甲基甲基丙烯酸酯、聚乙烯、高抗冲聚苯乙烯、聚苯乙烯晶体、聚苯乙烯1160、聚丙烯、聚酰胺11、聚碳酸酯、聚偏氟乙烯、聚醚嵌段酰胺;这些弹性体材料是诸如:苯乙烯丁二烯6510、乙烯丙烯EP710、氢化的腈7DT1566、聚氯丁二烯N658、聚丙烯酸酯DA65、hyplalon DH70、氟烷df、腈PB701、硅氧烷SL1002、聚异戊二烯聚丁二烯c6514、特氟纶62945R。
实施例
实施例1至4 1234ze、1233zd、1243zf和F1233xf作为发泡剂在PUR配制品中的稳定性。
用小型聚氨配料器制成泡沫,该配料器由两个加压的汽缸构成,用于A侧的亚甲基联苯二异氰酸酯(MDI)并且另一个用于B侧(多元醇混合物)。可以通过调节器调节汽缸内的压力。将B侧的混合物进行预混合,并且然后装入加压的汽缸内。然后向B侧的汽缸内加入发泡剂并且充分混合。将该汽缸与配有静态混合器的喷液枪相连。调节两个汽缸内的气压,这样可以获得所希望的A侧与B侧之比。所测试的配制品(都具有110的Iso指数)含有RubinateM(从亨斯迈公司(Huntsman)可得到的聚合物亚甲基联苯二异氰酸酯(MDI))、Jeffol SG-360和R-425-X(来自亨斯迈公司的多元醇)、TEAP-265(来自卡彭特公司(CarpenterCompany)的多元醇)、Tegostab B 8465(从赢创德固赛公司(Evonik-Degussa)可得到的表面活性剂)、Jeffcat TD33A和ZR-70(从Huntsman可得到的催化剂)、NP 9.5(从亨斯迈公司可得到的增容剂)。总体发泡剂水平是26.0mls/g。表1概述了本研究的配制品。
表1制造PUR泡沫所使用的B侧以及A侧组合。
配制品(wt%) | 实施例1 | 实施例2 | 实施例3 | 实施例4 |
Jeffol SG-360 | 15.10 | 15.45 | 14.77 | 14.77 |
Jeffol R-425-X | 4.31 | 4.41 | 4.22 | 4.22 |
TEAP-265 | 8.63 | 8.83 | 8.44 | 8.44 |
DEG | 2.16 | 2.21 | 2.11 | 2.11 |
Jeffcat TD33A | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 |
Jeffcat ZR70 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 |
NP 0.5 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 6.50 |
水 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 |
HFO-1234ze | 10.57 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
HFO-1243zf | 0 | 8.92 | 0 | 0 |
HCFO-1223zd | 0 | 0 | 12.11 | 0 |
HCFO-1233xf | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12.11 |
Rubinate M | 50.95 | 51.89 | 50.08 | 50.08 |
A/B | 1.04 | 1.08 | 1.02 | 1.06 |
通过将一片泡沫在气密注射器内粉碎并且分析该气体对使用表1中所设定而制造的泡沫的小室气体进行分析。结果在表2中汇总。
表2泡沫气体(foam gas)分析
1.表示起始材料的%纯度。产物可能包含其他以ppm表达的杂质
2.表示起始材料在制造泡沫之后的%纯度。
表2中的数据表明1234ze在制造PUR泡沫的过程中经受了显著的降解。降解的水平是大约2336ppm,如由二氟二甲基硅烷以及氟代三甲基硅烷的生成所示出。这些共产物的存在是HF消除的结果并伴随着三氟丙炔的生成。在这个过程中产生的HF与在B侧的配制品中存在的硅氧烷表面活性剂起反应,以生产两种硅烷产物,二氟二甲基硅烷以及氟代三甲基硅烷。
HF+SiMe3(OSiMe2)nOSiMe3→SiFMe3+nSiF2Me2+H2O
表2中的数据示出了在制造PUR泡沫的过程中1234ze比1233zd和1243zf更不稳定。这也通过实施例3中的数据得到证实,该数据显示1233zd中只有5090ppm水平的1234ze杂质被减小至4041ppm。这种减小作为27.5的三氟丙炔出现。同样,在1233xf的情况下,只有138ppm的1234ze被减小至13.7ppm。这种减小以43.5ppm的三氟丙炔出现。
实施例51234ze在PUR泡沫中的稳定性。
实施例2可以通过向B侧的配制品以及作为发泡剂使用的HFO 1234ze中加入200ppm的表3中所列出的不同的稳定剂来重复。表3概述了所预期的硅氧烷共产物的形成,这将证明1234ze的降解。
表3稳定剂对PUR泡沫以及HFO 1234ze发泡剂的影响
稳定剂(200ppm) | 硅烷共产物(ppm) |
无 | 2500 |
α-甲基苯乙烯 | <<100 |
硝基甲烷 | <<100 |
1,2-环氧丁烷 | <<100 |
缩水甘油基甲醚 | <<100 |
异戊二烯 | <<200 |
预计该数据将示出降解水平实质性地从2500ppm的SiF2Me2和SIFMe3减少到远小于100ppm的硅烷化合物。
实施例6-7 1243zf和1234ze在聚苯乙烯泡沫(XPS)中的稳定性
在高压釜中在聚苯乙烯珠粒以及其他添加剂的存在下对这些发泡剂的稳定性进行了研究,这模拟了制造XPS泡沫的过程。
向高压釜中加入:通用的聚苯乙烯树脂(MFI=11.0g/10min)、滑石浓缩剂(聚苯乙烯中50%的滑石)、水以及阻燃剂(三(2-氯乙基)磷酸盐)。然后将该高压釜密封并装填待测试的氢氟烯烃。运行不加入氢氟烯烃的“空白”,并用氮气过度加压至30psig以允许老化之后对蒸气空间取样。表4概述了使用1243zf(实施例6)和1234ze(实施例7)作为发泡剂来测试的配制品。在140℃下老化24小时后通过气相色谱仪分析了高压釜中的气相。表5概述了老化测试的结果。
表4HFO 1234zf和1234ze在XPS!中的配制品
表5蒸气分析
使用HFO 1243zf的实施例5的蒸气分析表明在老化之前或之后蒸气层中没有明显的不同,并且HFO 1243zf的纯度仍然是99.96%。
表5示出了实施例6的蒸气分析,其中3,3,3-三氟丙炔以及HFC-245fa分别通过HFO-1234ze的脱氟化氢作用以及氢氟化作用而释放出。
实施例8稳定剂对XPS泡沫中1234ze的降解的影响
使用1234ze的实施例7可以在200ppm的不同稳定剂的存在下进行重复。预期降解的水平将显著地降低,如由三氟丙炔的形成从大约2300ppm降低至远低于100ppm所证明。表6概述了预期的结果。
表6抑制剂对于XPS配制品中1234ze的稳定作用的影响
稳定剂(200ppm) | 三氟丙炔 |
无 | 2300 |
α-甲基苯乙烯 | <<100 |
硝基甲烷 | <<100 |
1,2-环氧丁烷 | <<100 |
缩水甘油基甲醚 | <<100 |
异戊二烯 | <<200 |
实施例9至19
将表8中列出的包含E-1233zd和0.1wt%稳定剂的高压釜在150℃下老化持续10天并且然后通过气相色谱仪进行分析以量化Z-1233zd的量。表7中的数据是重复试验的平均值。
表7稳定剂对1233zd的影响
表7中的数据示出了由具有不饱和或-OH取代的苯环组成的自由基清除剂在这个加速老化试验中阻止该E-1233zd的降解,该自由基清除剂使该组合稳定。实施例10示出了没有稳定剂,随着老化形成大于4.4wt%的杂质。实施例16-19示出了当将包含具有不饱和或-OH取代的苯环的稳定剂添加至该E-1-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯时,老化之后杂质的水平是低于0.05wt%。
虽然已经就本发明的具体实施例对本发明进行了说明,但很明显对本领域的那些普通技术人员而言本发明的众多其他形式以及变更将是清楚的。所附的权利要求以及本发明总体上应被解释为涵盖所有在本发明的真实精神以及范围之内的此类明显的形式以及变更。
Claims (3)
1.一种包含氢氯氟烯烃和稳定剂的组合,其中该稳定剂包含4-叔丁基邻苯二酚,其中所述氢氯氟烯烃选自由1233zd(CF3-CH=CHCl)、1233xf(CF3-CCl=CH2)以及其混合物组成的组。
2.如权利要求1所述的组合,其中所述稳定剂是以从1ppm至50,000ppm的量存在。
3.如权利要求1所述的组合,其中所述稳定剂是以从100ppm至1000ppm的量存在。
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JPWO2014073372A1 (ja) * | 2012-11-07 | 2016-09-08 | 旭硝子株式会社 | 溶剤組成物 |
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CN101808966A (zh) * | 2008-03-07 | 2010-08-18 | 阿科玛股份有限公司 | 用氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯配制的稳定系统 |
CN102639475A (zh) * | 2009-11-16 | 2012-08-15 | 阿科玛股份有限公司 | 纯化和稳定化氯烯烃的方法 |
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