CN105992837B - 滑动元件，尤其是活塞环 - Google Patents

滑动元件，尤其是活塞环 Download PDF

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CN105992837B
CN105992837B CN201480073222.4A CN201480073222A CN105992837B CN 105992837 B CN105992837 B CN 105992837B CN 201480073222 A CN201480073222 A CN 201480073222A CN 105992837 B CN105992837 B CN 105992837B
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马卡斯·肯尼迪
迈克尔·津纳鲍尔德
彼得·艾塞尔
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Abstract

本发明涉及滑动元件、尤其是活塞环，其具有碳基涂层，并且至少局部地具有根据DIN EN ISO 4287为0.05μm(优选地为0.08μm)到0.11μm(优选地为0.1μm)之间的粗糙度R△q。

Description

滑动元件，尤其是活塞环
技术领域
本发明涉及滑动元件，尤其是活塞环。
对于通常的滑动元件、特别是活塞环而言，在操作过程中发生的摩擦损失的程度是至关重要的标准。在使用活塞环的内燃机中，市场和法规都要求减少燃料消耗量，进而减少二氧化碳排放量。由于活塞环是大约四分之一的机械摩擦损失，进而为近似4％的燃料消耗量的原因，所以大量的研究将重点放在能大体上减少由活塞环和滑动元件导致的这些摩擦损失的措施上。
背景技术
在现有技术中，例如在DE 4419713A1中所描述的那样，使用了坚硬的金属涂层，该坚硬的金属涂层通常经由PVD方法产生。另外，可使用无定形的DLC涂层，然而该无定形的DLC涂层通常仅可适用于几μm的层厚度。另一挑战在于使极其坚硬的DLC涂层具有足够低的粗糙度，以避免汽缸的工作表面或汽缸衬垫受到损坏或磨损。从DE 102008022039A1和EP0724023A1中可以得到适用于此目的的不同的TaC涂覆系统。
发明内容
基于这种背景，本发明的目的在于提出一种滑动元件，且特别是活塞环，其对在滑动运动(尤其是发动机的滑动运动)开始时的最低可能的磨损以及最低可能的摩擦的组合进行了改进。
该目的通过在权利要求1中描述的滑动元件来实现。根据该权利要求，滑动元件、优选为活塞环具有工作表面，该工作表面设置有碳基涂层，并且至少局部地具有根据DINEN ISO 4287为0.05(优选为0.08)到0.11(优选地为0.1)之间的粗糙度RΔq。大量测试表明，在使用碳基涂层时有相对较低的摩擦损失归因于由热诱发和/或机械式诱发的sp3杂化碳原子转变成sp2杂化碳原子。这产生了非常薄且(与其下方的DLC层相比)较为柔软的顶层，该顶层使得摩擦减少。
根据本发明，这种所期望的转变尤其得益于：粗糙轮廓的平均轮廓坡度大于或者顶多等于0.05的最小值。用于本发明的RΔq值通过所述标准定义为轮廓坡度相对于平均线的均方根值，进而为筛选轮廓相对于平均线的均方梯度。由此，低的值意味着相对较“平”的轮廓，并且高的值意味着相对较“陡”的轮廓。测试表明，在RΔq值低于0.05时，摩擦系数将会大于0.035，这在不期望的范围内。因此，通过RΔq值大于、或者顶多等于0.05，可以确保非常低的摩擦系数，这可通过以下情况来解释(但是本发明并不局限于该情况)：轮廓坡度陡到足以引起从sp3杂化碳原子到sp2杂化碳原子的大量转化，并由此足以通过所期望的方式来积极地影响摩擦系数。
同时还发现，通过RΔq值为0.1或者更大、尤其为0.11或者更大，磨损会通过不期望的方式增大，即在大于3μm的范围内。对此的解释(本发明也不应受到该解释的限制)为，在相对较“陡”的粗糙轮廓坡度的情况下，表面挤压增大了，这会促进磨损。本发明由此而提供了在有利的磨损值与低摩擦系数之间的有益的平衡。对于所期望的RΔq值而言，应当注意的是，它们可通过适当的涂覆过程、尤其通过机械加工过程来调整。RΔq值可通过涂覆过程和平滑过程的适当结合来确保。涂覆过程为PA-CVD或者PVD过程。这些过程允许对机械性质的针对性调节必然会获得所需的粗糙度值。设定参数为沉积的碳离子的能量。该能量可受到蒸发器功率的改变、磁场以及偏压电源的影响。平滑过程是使用限定的、含金刚石的光滑加工工具进行的超精加工，其中金刚石的型态、所结合的金刚石的分布以及该工具自身以适当的方式进行了适应。
本发明主要基于上述与RΔq值的范围相关的发现，然而，相对于其他的粗糙度参数，这些发现并不适于限定到实现磨损值与摩擦值之间的有利平衡的特定范围。对于上述测量值而言，应当指出：如参照下文中的表格所详细说明的那样，这些值是在混合的摩擦条件下确定的，因为这些摩擦条件在内燃机的实际操作过程中是相关的。在这里，润滑膜厚度基本上达到了(例如活塞环和气缸衬垫的)基体和反作用体的总的表面粗糙度，使得负载可以通过粗糙峰的直接接触而被转移到运行配合物上。在这种情况下，摩擦条件受到紧密的本体接触的影响，本体接触需要尽可能光滑的表面。即使是最小的不平整度也会导致剪切力，该剪切力尤其会破坏碳基涂层，并会导致涂层分离。
根据本发明的滑动元件的优选实施方案在其他的权利要求中进行了描述。
由于例如在活塞环与气缸衬垫之间的滑动接触尤其发生在凸状的区域内，进而发生在活塞环的凸状弯曲的工作表面的区域内，所以优选地，根据本发明的粗糙度至少形成在这种凸状的区域内。
另外，发现所描述的RΔq值应当在活塞环的轴线方向上存在于工作表面的10％到90％、优选地25％到75％上。
涂层优选为能够特别好地得到所描述的效果的TaC类型的碳基涂层。
对于碳基涂层的层厚度来说，0.5μm到30μm、优选地10μm到30μm的范围已被证实是特别有利的。另一优选的层厚度范围为0.5μm到10μm。
这同样地适用于sp3(杂化碳原子)的量，由此可被转换成sp2杂化碳原子的sp3杂化碳原子的量为至少40at％。
在测试过程中，还可进一步确定，RΔq值与磨损以及摩擦系数之间的一致相关性特别地是在弹性模量值在180GPa到260Gpa之间以及硬度值在1600HV0.02到2800HV0.02之间的情况下得到的。这两个参数是根据Oliver&Pharr(O&P)方法测得的。
对于sp3/sp2的比值而言，0.3到1.2是优选的。
为了确保碳基涂层牢固地粘附在基层上，位于碳基涂层和基层之间的、包含铬和/或钛的含金属的粘结层是优选的。
已证实，0.05μm到1.0μm的范围对于粘结层的厚度来说是有利的。
尤其是对于涂层中在整个层厚度上大于99％的碳的量而言，所描述的对于磨损和摩擦系数来说都有利的效果是确定的。
最后，活塞环优选地由铸铁或钢制成。
具体实施方式
形式为位于振动-摩擦-磨损测量系统中的真实的磨光的灰口铸铁气缸路径部分上的真实的活塞环部分的根据本发明的实施例在限定的压力和温度条件下的混合的摩擦条件下进行了测试。下面的表格提供了用Rdq指定的相应的μm值以及相应的活塞环磨损和摩擦系数。如从整个评价中可变得非常明显的那样，活塞环磨损以及摩擦系数都仅在RΔq值处于0.05到0.11的范围内时为好的(“好”)。弹性模量和硬度在上面提到的范围内，对于该范围，可得到RΔq值和活塞环磨损以及摩擦系数之间特别一致的相关性。

Claims (19)

1.一种滑动元件，具有至少一个工作表面，所述工作表面设置有碳基涂层，并且至少局部地具有根据DIN EN ISO 4287为0.05到0.11之间的粗糙度RΔq。
2.根据权利要求1所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述滑动元件为活塞环。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述粗糙度RΔq为0.05到0.1之间。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述粗糙度RΔq为0.08到0.11之间。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述粗糙度RΔq为0.08到0.1之间。
6.根据权利要求1所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，0.05到0.1之间的粗糙度RΔq至少形成于所述滑动元件的凸状的区域内。
7.根据权利要求1所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，0.05到0.1之间的粗糙度RΔq在纵向方向上形成于所述工作表面的10％到90％上。
8.根据权利要求7所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，0.05到0.1之间的粗糙度RΔq在纵向方向上形成于所述工作表面的25％到75％上。
9.根据权利要求1所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述碳基涂层为TaC类型的。
10.根据权利要求1所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述涂层的层厚度在0.5μm到30μm之间。
11.根据权利要求10所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述涂层的层厚度在10μm到30μm之间。
12.根据权利要求1所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述碳基涂层具有至少40at％的量的sp3杂化碳原子。
13.根据权利要求1所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述碳基涂层具有180GPa到260GPa之间的弹性模量和/或1600HV0.02到2800HV0.02之间的硬度。
14.根据权利要求1所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述碳基涂层包括氧和/或氢，氧和氢的量均少于0.5at％。
15.根据权利要求1所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述碳基涂层的sp3/sp2的比值为0.3到1.2。
16.根据权利要求1所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，包含铬和/或钛的含金属的粘结层设置在碳基涂层和基层之间。
17.根据权利要求16所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述粘结层的厚度在0.05μm到1.0μm之间。
18.根据权利要求1所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述碳基涂层中的碳的比例在整个层厚度上大于99％。
19.根据权利要求1所述的滑动元件，其特征在于，所述滑动元件为由铸铁或钢制成的活塞环。
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