CN105980040A - 用于烃的蒸汽重整和蒸汽裂解的方法和设备 - Google Patents

用于烃的蒸汽重整和蒸汽裂解的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN105980040A
CN105980040A CN201480062510.XA CN201480062510A CN105980040A CN 105980040 A CN105980040 A CN 105980040A CN 201480062510 A CN201480062510 A CN 201480062510A CN 105980040 A CN105980040 A CN 105980040A
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M·诺尔德
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种加热炉(1)以及用于将物质流(M)调节至合适温度的方法,其中所述加热炉(1)具有第一燃烧室(10),用于接收所要加热的物质流(M)并导向经过第一燃烧室(10)的至少一个反应器管道(2),和至少一个第二燃烧室(20),其中所述至少一个反应器管道(2)还导向经过至少一个第二燃烧室(20),其中所述加热炉(1)设计用于分别单独地设定在第一燃烧室(10)内形成的第一温度(T1),和在至少一个第二燃烧室(20)内形成的第二温度(T2)。

Description

用于烃的蒸汽重整和蒸汽裂解的方法和设备
技术领域
本发明涉及一种加热炉,特别是用于制备烯烃的对烃进行裂解的加热炉,本发明还涉及一种根据权利要求1通过甲烷的蒸汽重整来生成氢的重整装置,并且还涉及一种根据权利要求9用于使在加热炉内流动的物质流达到并维持在一定温度下的方法。
背景技术
用于生成氢的甲烷蒸汽重整为一种已知的工艺。在这样的工艺中,经加热的物质流会经过一系列的反应器管道,其位于加热炉的炉膛内(还称为燃烧室)。在这种情况下,物质流包括含甲烷的供料,以及蒸汽。将物质流引入至这样的加热炉中优选通过垂直延伸炉膛的顶板引导进入炉膛反应器管道内,并在相对底部再次由炉膛引出。为了加热所述物质流,在炉膛的顶板上,燃烧器通常会在加热炉内的局部产生非常高的温度(例如高至1800℃的火焰)。所述一系列的反应器管道因此由相应耐热的材料构成,从而使得它们可以承受这些极端的发热条件。气体燃烧器通常以明火作业来运行,其会在炉膛内形成不均匀的温度分布,其中由炉膛的顶板向下,温度会下降。
烃的蒸汽裂解也是一种已知的工艺。在这样的工艺中,经加热的物质流经位于加热炉的炉膛内的一系列反应器管道。物质流在这种情况中包括气态的含烃供料,以及蒸汽。物质流优选通过引导反应器管道而引入至所述加热炉内,其经过垂直延伸的炉膛,进入所述炉膛,并引导它们在紧挨着相对底部的上方弯曲而再次向上,并使它们穿出炉膛。对于加热物质流来说,在炉膛的底部和/或侧壁上,通常会提供燃烧器,其在加热炉内局部产生非常高的温度(例如高至2000℃的火焰)。因此,管束的反应器管道由相应耐热的材料构成,从而使得它们可以承受这些极端的发热条件。
在物质流进入炉膛时,反应器管道首先通过相对冷的物质流而避免过热。在其他过程中,物质流会被如此急剧地加热从而使得其不再能够充分地冷却所述管道,在这样的方式中,燃烧的温度必须被限制,从而不会使管道过热。其中,物质流的温度制程依赖于所述物质流的流速,炉膛内的温度分布和其他因素,例如在管道内配置的催化剂材料的类型和用量。作为这些因素的结果,其中还因为必须不能使反应器管过热,反应条件、特别是炉膛内的温度制程仅可在有限程度内变化。然而,其结果是由于所给定的燃烧和物质流之间的温度差异,管道的能量传递效率会被限制。对于这两种工艺来说,高能量效率出于经济原因是至关重要的,基于此,已经付诸一定的努力来使用经燃烧的燃料的废热。
发明内容
鉴于此,本发明的目的在于提出一种设备和方法,以允许更加弹性地操控物质流的反应动力学,而且具有高能量效率,并且同时确保充分地保护反应器管道以避免过热。
所述问题通过具有权利要求1技术特征的加热炉以及具有权利要求9技术特征的方法而解决。本发明的有利改进在各个从属权利要求中提出并在下文描述。
根据权利要求1,本发明提出的加热炉具有至少一个第二燃烧室,其中至少一个反应器管道还导向经过至少一个第二燃烧室,其中燃烧室经设计以在每种情况中分别调节在第一燃烧室内产生的第一温度,和在至少一个第二燃烧室内产生的第二温度。
通过多室设计,物质流内的温度制程特别地可被更佳地调节,因为至少一个第二燃烧室内的周围温度可单独地调节,并且因此,反应器管道和至少一个其他燃烧室之间的温度差为可预设定的。结果,特别是使反应器管道避免过热的保护就可被确保。同时,获得反应器管道内的物质流温度控制的可能性。燃烧炉当然可以具有用于导向/加热物质流的多个反应器管道,所述反应器管道可以形成管束。
在本发明的一个优选的改变方案中,所提出的是至少一个反应器管道以这样的方式导向经过燃烧室,即在其中流动的物质流首先导向经过第一燃烧室,并随后导向经过至少一个第二燃烧室以及其他可能的燃烧室。
在本发明一个优选的实施方案中,加热炉具有至少一个第一燃烧器,其设计用于加热在至少一个反应器管道内流动的物质流以使燃料燃烧,在第一燃烧室内产生火焰。所述加热炉还可以在第一燃烧室内具有多个这样的第一燃烧器。
在本发明的一个优选的改变方案中,加热炉具有至少一个第二燃烧器,其设计用于在至少一个第二燃烧室内无火焰地氧化燃料(称为FLX燃烧器)。在第二燃烧室内还任选地提供多个这样的第二燃烧器(或者任选其他的燃烧室)。
这样的无火焰氧化(FLX)例如通过氮氧化物的形成的还原来区分。通过这样的第二燃烧器的方式,通过高输入脉冲的空气流,会形成良好的燃料气体混合,其在相应的燃烧室内产生均匀的温度分布。
在本发明的一种优选实施方式中,所提供的是至少一个第一燃烧器特别地设置在第一燃烧室的顶板或底部上,其中特别地,至少一个反应器管道在第一燃烧室的这一侧上进入第一燃烧室,在其上还设置至少一个第一燃烧器,特别地,至少一个反应器管道在与至少一个第一燃烧器相对的一侧上由第一燃烧室引出。
在本发明的另一个优选的实施方案中,加热炉所具有的炉膛通过至少一个炉膛壁分为第一燃烧室和至少一个第二燃烧室。可替换地,当然还能够以单独炉膛的方式提供完全单独的燃烧室。
优选地,第一燃烧室和至少一个其他的燃烧室特别地共用一个共同的壁面。在多个单独单元形式的燃烧室的情况中,燃烧室通过在不同的单元之间延伸的反应器管道而连接。
在本发明的一个优选的改变方案中,加热炉以这样的方式设计,即在第一燃烧室内产生的第一温度高于在至少一个第二燃烧室内产生的第二温度。由于第一燃烧器的配置,因为在第一燃烧室内的温度分布通常会是均一的方式,所以第一温度特别地涉及至少第一燃烧器的火焰区域。
优选地,加热炉还以这样的方式来设计,即在至少一个第二燃烧室内,均匀的第二温度是可调节的。其为这样的情况,特别是当至少一个第二燃烧室通过如上所述的FLX过程而加热的时候。
如上所述的,特别是FLX燃烧器形式的第二燃烧器适用于形成空间均匀的温度分布,其无需是以火焰的方式操作的燃烧器的情况。
此外,所讨论的目标通过特别是使用根据本发明的燃烧炉,使在燃烧炉的至少一个反应器管道内在流动方向上流动的物质流达到并保持在一定温度下的方法来实现,其中在至少一个反应器管道内流动的物质流暴露在第一燃烧室中以可单独地调节第一温度,并且相应地,在至少一个第二燃烧室中为保护至少一个反应器管道避免过热,被暴露至可单独调节的第二温度下。
在本发明的一种优选实施方式中,在至少一个第二燃烧室内设定均匀的第二温度。在这种情况中,特别是在第一燃烧室中,在至少一个反应器管道内流动的物质流暴露至第一温度,所述第一温度在流动方向上会下降,其中最大的第一温度特别显著地高于第二温度(数百K)。
根据本发明的方法可被用于加热炉内不同的过程。
例如,在本发明优选的实施方式中,所提供的是物质流的烃化合物和蒸汽,任选地使用合适的催化剂,在加热炉内反应形成氢和碳氧化物。这种化学反应是广为人知的,其以术语蒸汽重整来表达。作为催化剂,优选使用镍基或者贵金属基催化剂材料。
在本发明的另一个优选的改变方案中,所提供的是物质流包括相对长链的烃化合物,特别是石脑油、丙烷、丁烷和/或乙烷,以及水,其中,烃化合物在加热炉内与水反应形成烯烃,例如乙烯和丙烯。这种化学反应是广为人知的,其以术语蒸汽裂解来表达。
在本发明的另一个优选的改变方案中,物质流包括丙烷,并且特别是蒸汽,其中,任选地在存在相应催化剂的情况下,丙烷在加热炉内反应形成丙烯,所述反应为丙烷脱氢反应。
附图说明
本发明其他的特征和优点在下文的图1和2中示意性地示出,以示例性实施方式的形式进行描述。在附图中:
图1示出根据本发明的加热炉的示意图;并且
图2示出根据本发明的加热炉的另一种实施方式。
具体实施方式
图1示出根据本发明的加热炉1的示意图。物质流M在这种情况中,在至少一个反应器管道2或者反应器管束2内通过第一燃烧室10的顶板10a引入至第一燃烧室10中。在第一燃烧室10的顶板10a上,提供至少一个第一燃烧器11,其在这种例子中通过形成火焰来氧化燃料。在第一燃烧室10中,物质流M会被加热。至少一个反应器管道2离开第一燃烧室10,经过与顶板10a相对的第一燃烧室10的底部10b,并经过第二燃烧室20的底部20b,进入所述第二燃烧室20。在第二燃烧室20中,特别地设置FLX燃烧器21形式的两个第二燃烧器,其在对角线上相对地设置,所述燃烧器优选经设计以在第二燃烧室20内产生相对均匀的空间温度分布。在该部分,物质流M可以部分地由反应试剂和产物构成(也使用如上所述的方法),通过第二燃烧室20的顶板20b由加热炉1引出,并由其进一步传递以能够进一步加工。应当注意到在该例子中,第一和第二燃烧室10、20通过一个炉膛3来形成,其通过中心垂直延伸的炉膛3的壁面4分为两个燃烧室10、20,在这种方式中,两个燃烧室10、20相互在侧面相邻。在形成第二燃烧室20时,可提供其他燃烧室,其例如可以侧向地连接至所述第二燃烧室20。
如在图1中所示的,在图2中,物质流M首先导向经过图1类型的第一燃烧室10,其同样是以火焰氧化的方式加热,在物质流M进入以FLX过程加热的第二燃烧室20之前。然而,在这种情况中,物质流M(和至少一个反应器管道2)经过第二单独燃烧室20的顶板20a进入第二燃烧室20,并在其底部20b再次引出。以虚线示出的至少一个反应器管道2表示加热炉1的区域或模块100,其可以根据需要在此处串联连接。模块100具有至少一个反应器管道2的一部分(以虚线所示)和所述第二燃烧室20。在每个其他的模块中,温度可被单独地控制。在经过最后的燃烧室50后,物质流M由其引出,并可被恰当地进一步处理。这种系统对常规加热炉进行了最优化。根据图2配置的改进可以提供的是,燃烧室10、20、50再次源自单独的炉膛,通过炉膛壁面的方式分割炉膛。
附图标记列表
1 加热炉
2 反应器管道/管束
3 炉膛
4 两个燃烧室的分隔壁
10 第一燃烧室
10a 第一燃烧室的顶板
10b 第一燃烧室的底部
11 第一燃烧室的燃烧器
20 第二燃烧室
20a 第二燃烧室的顶板
20b 第二燃烧室的底部
21 第二燃烧室的FLX燃烧器
50 最后的燃烧室
100 燃烧室模块
M 物质流
T1 第一温度
T2 第二温度

Claims (13)

1.加热炉(1),具有第一燃烧室(10),并且还具有至少一个反应器管道(2),所述至少一个反应器管道(2)导向经过第一燃烧室(10),用于接收所要加热的物质流(M),其特征在于:加热炉(1)具有至少一个第二燃烧室(20),至少一个反应器管道(2)同样传导经过其,其中加热炉(1)以这样的方式设计,即在第一燃烧室(10)中产生的第一温度(T1)和在至少一个第二燃烧室(20)中产生的第二温度(T2)分别为可单独调节的。
2.根据权利要求1的加热炉,其特征在于:至少一个反应器管道(2)以这样的方式传导经过燃烧室(10、20),即在其中流动的物质流(M)首先传导经过第一燃烧室,并随后传导经过至少一个第二燃烧室(10、20)。
3.根据权利要求1或2的加热炉,其特征在于:加热炉(1)具有至少一个第一燃烧器(11),其设计用于加热在至少一个反应器管道(2)内流动的物质流(M)以燃烧燃料,在第一燃烧室(10)内产生火焰。
4.根据权利要求1至3之一的加热炉,其特征在于:加热炉(1)具有至少一个第二燃烧器(11),其设计用于在至少一个第二燃烧室(20)内无火焰地氧化燃料。
5.根据权利要求3或4的加热炉,其特征在于:至少一个第一燃烧器(11)特别地设置在第一燃烧室(10)的顶板(10a)或底部(10b)上,其中特别地,使反应器管道(2)在第一燃烧室(10)的该侧上进入至第一燃烧室(10)内,至少一个第一燃烧器(11)也设置在该侧上,并且其中特别地,至少一个反应器管道(2)在与至少一个第一燃烧器(11)的相对侧上由第一燃烧室(10)引出。
6.根据权利要求1至5之一的加热炉,其特征在于:加热炉(1)具有炉膛(3),其通过炉膛(3)的至少一个壁面(4)分为第一和至少一个第二燃烧室(10、20),或者燃烧室(10、20)通过单独的炉膛形成。
7.根据权利要求1至6之一的加热炉,其特征在于:加热炉(1)以这样的方式设计,即在第一燃烧室(10)内产生的第一温度(T1)高于在至少一个第二燃烧室(20)内产生的第二温度(T2),其中第一温度和第二温度之间的差值特别地为数百K。
8.根据权利要求1至7之一的加热炉,其特征在于:加热炉(1)以这样的方式设计,即均匀的第二温度(T2)在至少一个第二燃烧室(20)内为可调节的。
9.用于使在加热炉(1)、特别是使用根据前述权利要求之一的加热炉(1)的至少一个反应器管道(2)内的流动方向上流动的物质流(M)达到并保持在一定温度下的方法,其中在至少一个反应器管道(2)内流动的物质流(M)暴露至第一燃烧室(10)内以单独地调节第一温度,并且相应地在至少一个第二燃烧室(20)内为保护至少一个反应器管道(2)避免过热,暴露至单独地可调节的第二温度。
10.根据权利要求9的方法,其特征在于:在至少一个第二燃烧室(20)内设定均匀的第二温度(T2)。
11.根据权利要求9或10的方法,其特征在于:物质流(M)包括烃化合物和蒸汽,其中烃与水以及任选的催化剂在加热炉(1)内反应形成氢和相应的经氧化的碳化合物。
12.根据权利要求9或10的方法,其特征在于:物质流(M)包括烃化合物,特别是石脑油、丙烷、丁烷和/或乙烷,以及蒸汽,其中烃化合物与水在加热炉(1)内反应形成烯烃,例如乙烯和/或丙烯。
13.根据权利要求9或10的方法,其特征在于:物质流(M)包括丙烷和蒸汽,其中特别是在存在催化剂时,丙烷在加热炉(1)内反应形成丙烯。
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