CN105958592A - Control device for charge and discharge machine, charge and discharge machine and control method - Google Patents
Control device for charge and discharge machine, charge and discharge machine and control method Download PDFInfo
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- CN105958592A CN105958592A CN201610416882.9A CN201610416882A CN105958592A CN 105958592 A CN105958592 A CN 105958592A CN 201610416882 A CN201610416882 A CN 201610416882A CN 105958592 A CN105958592 A CN 105958592A
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 115
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 128
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 79
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000007600 charging Methods 0.000 claims description 268
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 154
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 claims description 41
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010277 constant-current charging Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 208000028659 discharge Diseases 0.000 abstract 9
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229920001002 functional polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- YADSGOSSYOOKMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxolead Chemical compound O=[Pb]=O YADSGOSSYOOKMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- PIJPYDMVFNTHIP-UHFFFAOYSA-L lead sulfate Chemical compound [PbH4+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PIJPYDMVFNTHIP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010278 pulse charging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000008204 material by function Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/0068—Battery or charger load switching, e.g. concurrent charging and load supply
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
- H01M10/448—End of discharge regulating measures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/0069—Charging or discharging for charge maintenance, battery initiation or rejuvenation
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- H02J7/0078—
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- H02J7/0091—
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a control device for a charge and discharge machine and the charge and discharge machine. The control device comprises a microprocessor, a peripheral circuit, a serial communication interface and a charge quantity adjustment device, wherein the control device and the charge and discharge machine can be integrally designed and can also be individually arranged; the repairing process on a lead storage battery controlled by the control device comprises the steps of setting at least two stages of current with different strength and setting at least one primary discharge process at an interval, the total remaining charge capacity of the charge capacity and the discharge capacity is rated at C1/Ah and the value range of C1 is 1.5-3.0C/Ah; the repairing process also comprises a step of determining compensated charge capacity C2/Ah by internal storage logics of the charge quantity adjustment device and the microprocessor; the control device controls the charge and discharge machine to automatically achieve the repairing process of which the remaining charge capacity is (C1+C2); and the charge and discharge machine comprises at least one charge module, at least one discharge module and a control module and is provided with at least one set of control device. The invention further discloses a control method of the control device for the charge and discharge machine.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of storage battery repair, in particular to a control device for charging and discharging, a charging and discharging machine comprising the control device and a control method of the charging and discharging machine.
Background
Lead storage batteries are called storage batteries for short, and occupy an absolutely dominating position in high-power/high-capacity fields such as electric tractors, vehicle and ship starting, communication stations, energy storage and the like, but lead storage batteries have the defects of short service life and easy scrapping in advance, according to statistics in 2015, the production power of the lead storage batteries in China reaches 2 million KVAh, and the number of discarded and replaced batteries of electric bicycles per year exceeds 8 hundred million, so that the repair of the lead storage batteries becomes a new industry.
In the prior art, there are various methods for repairing lead storage batteries, including rich solution supplementary charging, positive/negative pulse charging, multi-stage intelligent charging, high-temperature shelving method, etc., and such repairing methods need to perform different charging technical treatments on batteries with different capacity decay states, and require that repairing personnel have richer technical experience; in recent years, due to the development of functional polymer material technology, a plurality of functional materials special for repairing the storage battery appear in the market, the technical principle of traditional repairing of the storage battery is changed profoundly, and the charging method for repairing the lead storage battery is further influenced. For example, the active substance of the positive electrode is melted out, the industry recommends a high-temperature laying method in the past, generally, the lead storage battery needs to be laid for 48-72 hours in a temperature environment of 75-85 ℃, and then the positive electrode is repaired by charging with low current, but some functional polymer additives newly appeared in the market can enable lead sulfate/lead dioxide to realize the crystal recombination of a crystal lattice conduction band in the oxidation/reduction charge-discharge process, and the capacity of the recovered positive electrode is not limited to be charged with low current any more; for example, the industry recommends a pulse charging method in recent years, and a specially designed pulse charger is needed, but some functional polymer additives emerging in the market can help the electrolyte to directly permeate into the salinized lead sulfate crystals to recover the power receiving capacity of the negative electrode, and the negative electrode can be repaired by recharging with a certain amount of electricity.
Generally speaking, on the basis of the technology of applying functional polymer materials, the current market has relatively ideal overall repairing effect on lead storage batteries, and the industry generally needs to improve the industrial repairing efficiency. For the reason of this new market, there is a strong demand in the market for an automatic charging and discharging apparatus that targets lead storage battery repair for use.
The product series of existing chargers or charging and discharging machines in the prior art can be roughly classified into 4 types:
1) the charger is mainly used as a charger for electric vehicle batteries or mobile phone batteries and is characterized in that constant voltage is set at the final charging stage (or constant voltage is set before the last charging), and the constant voltage charging of the storage battery is not rated electric quantity;
2) the charging and discharging machine is mainly used for high-end instruments, and although the charging and discharging functions are arranged, the charging or discharging data need to be manually set when the charging and discharging machine is used;
3) the charge-discharge machine is mainly used for high-end instruments and industries, although the charge-discharge machine is provided with charge and discharge functions, the charge-discharge machine needs to be programmed when in use, and the charge-discharge program is not solidified in an internal control system;
4) for example, technical documents disclosed in chinese patent No. ZL2012102579452 and the like disclose intelligent charging and discharging devices, which refer to a type of intelligent technical solution for determining a charging amount and a charging manner by obtaining data through discharging a battery.
The existing chargers or charging and discharging machines in the 4 types of markets are not suitable for being used for repairing storage batteries. At present, a large number of chargers or charging and discharging machines exist in the market, and if an external control device can be provided, the existing chargers or charging and discharging machines can repair the storage battery under the control of the control device, so that the application range of the existing chargers or charging and discharging machines can be expanded, and the cost for repairing the storage battery can be effectively reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defect that the existing charger or charging and discharging machine is not suitable for repairing and using the storage battery, and provides a control device capable of effectively repairing the lead storage battery by using the existing charging and discharging machine.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a control device for charge and discharge, comprising: a microprocessor 1a, a peripheral circuit 1b, a serial communication interface 1c, and a charge amount adjusting device 5; wherein, the serial communication interface 1c and the peripheral circuit 1b are connected with the microprocessor 1 a; the charging amount adjusting device 5 is arranged outside the shell of the control device, and the signal end of the charging amount adjusting device is connected with the microprocessor 1a or connected with the microprocessor 1a through the peripheral circuit 1 b; the peripheral circuit 1b includes a power supply control circuit of the control apparatus; the microprocessor 1a is internally solidified and stores control logic for the charge and discharge machine; the control device can be integrally designed with the charging and discharging machine or independently arranged; the independently arranged control device is connected with a control part of the charging and discharging machine through a serial communication interface 1c when in use;
the control device is used for controlling the repairing process of the external lead storage battery 6 by the charging and discharging machine, wherein the repairing process comprises the steps of setting at least two sections of currents with different intensities in the charging process, setting at least one discharging process at intervals in the charging process, and the charging and discharging process is not limited by the charging and discharging times, and the charging amount and the discharging amount are the total amount of the residual charging and discharging amountThe electric quantity is rated as C1/Ah，C1The value range of (A) is 1.5-3.0C/Ah; the restoration process further includes a compensation charge amount C determined by the charge amount adjusting device 5 and the storage logic in the microprocessor 1a2(iii) Ah; the control device controls the charging and discharging machine to automatically realize that the residual charge amount of the lead storage battery 6 is (C1+ C)2) The repair process of (1).
In the above technical solution, the repair process controlled by the control device further includes: setting deep discharge before initial charging, wherein the discharge depth of the deep discharge is equal to or less than 0.1C/A current until the voltage at two ends of the lead storage battery is equal to or less than 1.0V/cell average; wherein,
the deep discharge is realized by adopting any one of the following methods: a one-stage constant current discharge method, a multi-stage constant current discharge method, and a non-steady constant current discharge method.
The repair process controlled by the control device further includes: after the end of charging, a capacity check discharge is set, and the discharge current intensity of the capacity check is determined by the technical test standard of the lead storage battery industry.
In the above technical solution, the charging process controlled by the control device is charging in stages, the charging process in stages includes constant current charging in an early stage of charging and stepped current reduction charging in a later stage of charging, and includes a standing process in which the magnitude of the set current intensity is selected to be alternately changed or/and the charging current intensity is 0 in the charging process.
In the technical scheme, in the discharging process set in the middle of the charging process, the value range of the rated electric quantity of each continuous discharge is 0.01-0.5C/Ah, and the value range of the discharging current intensity is 0.05-3.0C/A.
In the above technical solution, the charging amount adjusting device 5 of the control device comprises a selection switch for sending an instruction to the microprocessor 1a to increase or decrease the charging amount C2An instruction of/Ah; the selection switch includes, but is not limited to, an electrically controlled switch or a mechanical switch.
As described aboveIn the technical scheme, the charging amount adjusting device 5 of the control device further comprises a temperature sensor, and the control device controls the charging and discharging machine to automatically compensate the charging amount C of the lead storage battery at different environmental temperatures according to external environmental temperature data input by the temperature sensor2/Ah。
In the above technical solution, the control device further includes a display device 7, a signal input end of the display device is connected to the microprocessor 1a or connected to a signal display control end of the microprocessor 1a through a peripheral circuit 1 b; the display device 7 is used for displaying the state information of the charge and discharge machine; the display device 7 includes but is not limited to digital display or color lamp display; the display device 7 is independently arranged, or part of or all of the functions of the display device are integrated with the display device of the charge and discharge machine, including the display device of the coordination computer of the charge and discharge machine.
The invention also provides a charging and discharging machine, which comprises at least one charging module 3, at least one discharging module 2 and a control module 1, wherein the charging and discharging machine is also at least provided with a set of control device; the charging module 3 and the discharging module 2 are respectively connected with the control module 1, when the device is used, the power output ends of the charging module 3 and the discharging module 2 are respectively connected with two ends of an external lead storage battery 6 to be repaired, and the control module 1 realizes the repairing charge and discharge process of the external storage battery 6 to be repaired under the control of the control device.
The invention also provides a control method for the charge and discharge machine based on the control device, which comprises the following steps:
step 1), deep discharging is carried out on the lead storage battery 6 to be repaired, and the deep discharging depth reaches that the current is less than or equal to 0.1C/A for discharging until the voltage at two ends of the lead storage battery 6 to be repaired is less than or equal to 1.0V/cell average;
step 2), after the deep discharge is finished, starting a staged charging process, at least setting two sections of currents with different intensities in the staged charging process, and setting a discharging process at least once at intervals in the middle stage of the staged charging process; in addition, no matter how many times of charging and discharging are set in the charging and discharging process, the total residual charging quantity of the charging quantity and the discharging quantity is rated, and the value range of the rated residual charging quantity is 1.5-3.0C/Ah; in the discharging process set in the middle stage of the charging process in stages, the value range of the rated electric quantity of each continuous discharge is 0.01-0.5C/Ah, and the value range of the current intensity of the discharge is 0.05-1.0C/A;
and 3) setting discharge for capacity check of the lead storage battery after the charging is finished in stages.
The invention has the advantages that: the control device of the invention makes full use of a large number of charge and discharge machines in the current market, so that the charge and discharge machines realize standardized charge and discharge programs under the control of the control device, the repair efficiency of the storage battery is improved, and the labor cost of repair programming is effectively reduced.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a basic structure of a control device for charge and discharge in one embodiment of the invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic view of a basic structure of a control device for charge and discharge in another embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a graph of voltage variation for constant current discharge of a 6DZM failed cell;
FIG. 4 is a schematic flow diagram for achieving deep discharge of a battery;
fig. 5 is a schematic structural view of a control device for charge and discharge in accordance with still another embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a logic control structure of the control device externally controlling the charging and discharging machine according to the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a logic control structure of the control device of the present invention integrated with a charge and discharge machine;
FIG. 8 is a graph showing the charging/discharging I/T timing for repairing in example 1;
FIG. 9 is a graph showing the charging/discharging I/T timing for repairing in example 5;
FIG. 10 is a repair charge/discharge I/T timing chart in example 6.
Reference symbols of the drawings
1. A control module; 2. A discharge module; 3. A charging module; 4. A housing;
5. a charge amount adjusting device; 6. A lead storage battery; 7. A display device;
1a, a microprocessor; 1b, a peripheral circuit; 1c, serial communication interface.
Detailed Description
The invention will now be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The basic structure of the control device of the invention comprises: a microprocessor 1a, a peripheral circuit 1b, a serial communication interface 1c, and a charge amount adjusting device 5; wherein, the serial communication interface 1c and the peripheral circuit 1b are connected with the microprocessor 1 a; the peripheral circuit 1b includes a power control circuit of the control device, i.e., an environmental circuit required for the microprocessor 1a to normally operate, such as a circuit for keeping a certain voltage value constant at the control terminal of the control device; the charging quantity adjusting device 5 is arranged outside the shell of the control device, and the signal end of the charging quantity adjusting device is connected inside the shell in two modes, namely, the signal end is connected with the signal monitoring input end of the microprocessor 1a through the peripheral circuit 1b, and the charging quantity adjusting device 5 is suitable for inputting an analog quantity, such as an analog potentiometer or a temperature sensor without an analog-to-digital conversion function, as shown in fig. 1; the other is that the signal end of the charging amount adjusting device 5 is directly connected to the signal monitoring input end of the microprocessor 1a, and is suitable for the charging amount adjusting device 5 with digital input signal, such as a digital electrically controlled switch or a temperature sensor with analog-to-digital conversion function, as shown in fig. 2.
The control device is based on controlling a conventional charging and discharging machine with a microprocessor, and control logic is set for the charging and discharging machine in the control device inside the microprocessor 1a, and the control logic comprises: current intensity, time sequence and rated charge of charging or discharging; the control device can be designed integrally with the control module 1 of the conventional charging and discharging machine, and can also be arranged independently of the charging and discharging machine.
The charging and discharging repair process of the storage battery by the control device comprises the following steps: at least two sections of currents with different intensities are set in the charging process, and at least one discharging process is set at intervals in the middle period of the charging process; and the remaining charge amount of the total of the charge amount and the discharge amount is C no matter how many times the charge and discharge are set during the charge and discharge process1Ah, the rated C1The value range of/Ah is 1.5-3.0C/Ah. The remaining charge is also called as the repair charge, and is defined as the charge minus the discharge, and the remaining charge is related to the repair effect of the storage battery, the storage battery to be repaired cannot be activated when the remaining charge is too small, and the storage battery is easily damaged by charging when the remaining charge is too large, especially the storage battery with the electrode plate active material seriously softened and failed due to long-term overcharge. And C/Ah is the nominal capacity of the storage battery.
As can be seen from the above description, the charging process in the charging and discharging process controlled by the control device belongs to the staged charging, which includes constant current charging in the early stage of charging and stepped current-reducing charging in the later stage of charging, and the magnitude of the selected setting current intensity is alternately changed; for example, the current intensity in the early stage of charging is 0.25C/A (a relatively small current of 0.01-0.1C/A can be selectively inserted for several minutes during the period), and the current intensity in the last stage of charging is 0.05C/A. During the charging process, a standing process in which the charging current intensity is set to 0 can also be selected. The C/A is the current intensity of the nominal capacity value of the lead storage battery 6 to be repaired.
The discharge process set in the charging process is quantitative discharge, the rated discharge capacity is 0.01-0.5C/Ah, the industry is commonly called shallow discharge, and the current intensity value range of the shallow discharge is generally 0.05-3.0C/A. Generally, when the residual capacity of the storage battery is less than 0.7C/Ah, the repair effect of shallow discharge is better in the middle stage of charging; for the storage battery with the residual capacity less than 0.5C/Ah, the restoring effect of setting multiple times of shallow discharge in the charging process is better.
The charging amount required by the storage battery repair is larger, the storage battery repair is easier to heat compared with the conventional storage battery charging, small-current charging or standing is changed at intervals for a certain time (for example, 0.5-1 h), and particularly shallow discharging (partial electric energy of the storage battery is discharged) in a certain mode is set, so that the storage battery repair method has obvious effects of eliminating bubbles generated in the storage battery, weakening polarization concentration of electrolyte around an internal polar plate and improving the charging efficiency of the next stage.
The failed storage battery generally has a secondary energy platform in a single cell 1.0-1.6V interval, and the attached figure 3 shows a voltage variation curve of constant current discharge of a 6DZM failed battery, which shows that the failed battery has larger energy accumulated in a single cell average 1.5V interval, and the energy of the low voltage platform is effectively released to repair and charge the storage battery, so that the repair effect of the storage battery is better. Therefore, as a preferred implementation manner, the charge and discharge repairing process controlled by the control device further includes: a deep discharge is set before the initial charge. The deep discharge is different from the quantitative discharge arranged at intervals in the process of restoring and charging, the deep discharge is arranged before restoring and initial charging, and the discharge depth is required to be equal to or less than 0.1C/A current for discharging until the voltage at two ends of the storage battery 6 is equal to or less than 1.0V/cell average.
The method for realizing deep discharge of the storage battery can be any method in the prior art, including but not limited to: one-stage constant current, multi-stage constant current, and unsteady constant current discharge methods. In an embodiment of deep discharge, the decreasing current intensity rule is set to I-MKIeWhere M denotes a decreasing coefficient, IeThe discharge current intensity at the beginning of deep discharge for the accumulator is positive integer K representing decreasing stepHowever, this embodiment is preferably 0.618. When the discharge voltage reaches a set value V2Thereafter, the discharge current intensity starts decreasing in the first step, K is 1, and the discharge current intensity decreases to 0.618IeBecause the current is reduced, namely the discharging load is lightened, the battery voltage can naturally rebound, and when the discharging voltage of the storage battery reaches V again2The discharge current level begins a second step decrease, at which time K becomes 2 and the discharge current level drops to 0.6182Ie＝0.382Ie… … and so on, until the accumulator is discharged to V with a set small current intensity2Fig. 4 shows a logic flow for realizing deep discharge of the pair of storage batteries, in which deep discharge of 3 th order or more is realized as much as possible when time is allowed. Generally, the final stage is discharged deep to V2The current intensity is preferably less than or equal to 0.05C/A.
The capacity checking discharge is set after the automatic repair charging is finished so as to directly judge the capacity repair effect, and the capacity judging function can be set to be automatically executed after the storage battery is repaired or to be manually restarted and executed; the discharge current intensity of the capacity test is determined by the technical test standard of the storage battery and is well known in the industry, for example, the discharge current intensity of 0.5C/A is used for the battery of the electric bicycle, the discharge current intensity of 0.2C/A is used for the battery of the electric tractor, and the discharge current intensity of 0.1C/A is used for the indoor UPS battery.
The control device of the present invention can have a plurality of implementation manners, wherein one implementation manner is an independent hardware device manufactured by taking a microprocessor as a core, as shown in fig. 1, and when in use, the control device is connected with the control part of the charge and discharge machine through the serial communication interface 1c, so as to control the charge and discharge machine to automatically realize the repair process of the storage battery.
In another implementation mode, the control device of the present invention can be designed to be integrated with the control module 1 in the conventional charging and discharging machine, or can be implemented by changing the programmed control program by using the conventional coordination computer of the charging and discharging machine. In one embodiment, the purpose of the invention can be realized by the integrated design of control program software by utilizing the hardware of a control module in a conventional charge and discharge machine; in the conventional charging and discharging machine, the control program stored in the coordination computer is usually designed as a programming interface, and the user is required to input data of the working process of the charging and discharging machine, such as intensity and time of charging current in a plurality of stages, intensity and time of discharging current in the charging process, constant voltage value at the final stage of charging and the like, and the programming control program of the coordination computer is replaced by the internal storage and solidification control program of the control device.
In the variant implementation mode of the control device, even an operation interface is additionally designed, and the control of the charge and discharge machine can be realized by operating the pre-programmed program embodied in a coordination computer (programmable operation interface). In another embodiment, the purpose of the invention can be realized by designing a secondary operation interface of the coordination computer by utilizing the hardware of a control module in the conventional charge and discharge machine and the existing programming control software stored in the coordination computer; the secondary operation interface is compared with the existing programming operation interface (primary operation interface) of the conventional charge and discharge machine coordination computer; during implementation, specific data such as intensity and time of charging current at each stage of the process of repairing the lead storage battery, compensation of different charging amounts at different environmental temperatures and the like are input by using a programming operation interface stored in a coordination computer, a plurality of program subsets to be selected and started are combined, selection and starting functions of the programs of the subsets are arranged on a secondary operation interface, and a control program pre-programmed in the coordination computer is started through selection of the secondary operation interface, so that a user can use a conventional charging and discharging machine as a special purpose for repairing the lead storage battery.
The charging amount adjusting device 5 of the control device of the present invention can be implemented in various ways, and one way is to set a multi-step selection switch, for example, each step of the selection switch is controlled correspondinglyDifferent control logic programs stored in a microprocessor 1a in the device directly send control signals to the microprocessor 1a to control the charger to increase or decrease the charging quantity C through gear selection of a selection switch2An instruction of/Ah; the charge amount adjusting device 5 in the form of such a multi-step selection switch may be provided as a mechanical switch or an electrically controlled switch. The charge amount adjusting means 5 may be regarded as externally controlling the change controlling means to change the remaining charge amount C1The design objective of the/Ah adjusting device is to expand the application range of the control device. In a specific embodiment, 2 repair charge and discharge control programs for 500Ah and 600Ah lead storage batteries are stored in the microprocessor 1a of the control device, the charge quantity adjusting device 5 is designed into a 2-gear selection switch, and the repair charge and discharge control of the 500Ah and 600Ah lead storage batteries by the control device can be commonly realized through the gear selection of the selection switch.
The charging amount adjusting device 5 controls the charger to increase or decrease the charging amount C2The temperature compensation device can be regarded as a temperature compensation device for compensating the residual charge amount of the lead storage battery 6 according to the external environment temperature; in another implementation, the charging amount adjusting device 5 may be a temperature sensor with a special focus on the temperature compensation of the charging amount, and the control device controls the charging and discharging machine to automatically compensate the charging amount C of the lead storage battery at different environmental temperatures according to the external environmental temperature data input by the temperature sensor2/Ah。
The residual charge quantity and the repairing effect required by the repairing of the lead storage battery are closely related to the external environment temperature, and the control device controls the rated residual charge quantity C of the charging and discharging machine1The Ah is preset by taking 25 ℃ as a temperature reference; at this time, the compensation charge amount C2the/Ah is determined by the external environment temperature of the control device (C)1+C2) Jointly determining the residual charge amount of the storage battery at different temperatures; when the ambient temperature outside the control device is higher than 25 ℃, the remaining charge amount decreases; and when the ambient temperature outside the control device is lower than 25 ℃, the remaining charge amount increases; a recommended one C2Compensation C1Is left chargedThe preferred relationship of amounts is as follows: when the ambient temperature is higher than 25 ℃, the average temperature is reduced by 0.02C/Ah every 1 ℃ rise; when the ambient temperature is lower than 25 ℃, the average increase of 0.03C/Ah is increased every 1 ℃. In practical use, it is not necessary to perform a continuous temperature compensation for the control device that is too fine, for example, a temperature control step is designed to be performed every 3 ℃ or 5 ℃, and the charging and discharging machine is controlled to perform a graded charge compensation for the battery.
In another embodiment, the control device of the present invention further comprises a display device 7, wherein a signal input end of the display device 7 is connected with a microprocessor 1a in the control device or is connected with a signal display control end of the microprocessor 1a through a peripheral circuit 1 b; the display device 7 can be selected to display the real-time charging/discharging current value, the accumulated remaining charge amount, the normal completion of the repair charging process, the abnormal stop of the charging, and the like of the charging/discharging machine. The display means 7 includes, but is not limited to, using a digital display or a color light display. The display device 7 is independently arranged, or part of or all of the functions of the display device are integrated with the display device of the charge and discharge machine, including the display device of the coordination computer of the charge and discharge machine. A logic control structure of a control device provided with a display device 7 is shown in fig. 5, and a signal input terminal of the display device 7 is connected to a peripheral circuit 1b in the control device.
Based on the control device, the invention also provides a charge and discharge machine comprising the control device. The charging and discharging machine comprises at least one charging module 3, at least one discharging module 2 and a control module 1, wherein the charging and discharging machine is at least provided with a set of control device; the charging module 3 and the discharging module 2 are respectively connected with the control module 1, when the charging device is used, the power output ends of the charging module 3 and the discharging module 2 are respectively connected with two ends of an external storage battery 6 to be repaired, and the control module 1 of the charging and discharging machine realizes the repairing charging and discharging control process of the external storage battery to be repaired under the control of the control device. The control device of the present invention may be connected to the control module 1 installed in the housing 4 through the serial communication interface 1c independently of the main body of the charge and discharge machine as shown in fig. 6, or may be integrated with the main body of the charge and discharge machine, that is, installed in the housing 4 and connected to the control module 1 through the serial communication interface 1c as shown in fig. 7.
The control device and the charging and discharging machine comprising the control device can be designed into a form of one machine with one circuit or multiple circuits with one machine; in the specific design, the charging voltage range of the charging and discharging machine to the storage battery can be selected according to actual requirements, the charging and discharging machine is designed to charge n storage batteries (n is a positive integer), for example, the voltage output interval of the charging and discharging machine is designed to be 3V, and the storage battery with nominal 2V is subjected to repair charging; the voltage output interval of the charge and discharge machine is designed to be 20V, and the storage battery with the nominal voltage of 12V is subjected to repair charging; the voltage output interval of the charging and discharging machine is designed to be 105V, and 6 storage batteries with 12V in nominal are repaired and charged; the voltage output interval of the charging and discharging machine is designed to be 320V, the storage battery with 18 nominal 12V is subjected to repair charging, and the like.
The invention also provides a control method for the charge and discharge machine based on the control device, which comprises the following steps:
step 1), deep discharging is carried out on the lead storage battery to be repaired, and the deep discharging depth reaches that the current is less than or equal to 0.1C/A for discharging until the voltage at two ends of the lead storage battery is less than or equal to 1.0V/cell average;
step 2), after the deep discharge is finished, starting a staged charging process, at least setting two sections of currents with different intensities in the staged charging process, and setting a discharging process at least once at intervals in the middle stage of the staged charging process; in addition, no matter how many times of charging and discharging are set in the charging and discharging process, the total residual charging quantity of the charging quantity and the discharging quantity is rated, and the value range of the rated residual charging quantity is 1.5-3.0C/Ah; in the discharging process set in the middle stage of the charging process in stages, the value range of the rated electric quantity of each continuous discharge is 0.01-0.5C/Ah, and the value range of the current intensity of the discharge is 0.05-1.0C/A;
step 3), after the charging is finished in stages, capacity check discharging is set.
Step 2 of the method also comprises the voltage monitoring of the repaired storage battery, when the charging and discharging machine charges 0.1-0.8C/Ah electric quantity to the storage battery and the voltage at two ends of the storage battery is lower than 2.0V/cell, or when the charging and discharging machine charges 1.0-2.0C/Ah electric quantity to the storage battery and the voltage at two ends of the storage battery is lower than 2.5V/cell, or when the charging and discharging machine charges 1.5-3.0C/Ah electric quantity to the storage battery and the voltage at two ends of the storage battery continuously decreases for 3 hours at a rate exceeding the average 0.01V/cell/hour, the control device controls the charging and discharging machine to stop working.
The method for designing the control device according to the present invention will be further described with reference to specific examples.
Example 1
A control device for controlling a charging and discharging machine is designed, the control device is connected with the existing charging and discharging machine on the basis of a 320V charging and discharging machine (capable of realizing programmed charging and discharging of a battery pack with 18 12V batteries connected in series) which is commonly used in the market and charged by 3A and discharged by 5A, the charging and discharging process of the charging and discharging machine is controlled through the control device, and automatic repair is realized for a 6DZM12 storage battery of a commonly used electric bicycle in the market.
The existing charging and discharging machine comprises a control module 1, a discharging module 2, a charging module 3 and a shell 4; the charging module 3 and the discharging module 2 are respectively connected to the control module 1, the output ends of the charging module 3 and the discharging module 2 share two power output ends, and the outer part of the shell 4 is respectively connected to the positive end and the negative end of the storage battery 6 to be repaired during use. The control device comprises a microprocessor 1a, a peripheral circuit 1b, a serial communication interface 1c and a charging amount adjusting device 5 in the form of a temperature sensor, wherein the serial communication interface 1c and the peripheral circuit 1b are connected to the microprocessor 1 a; the temperature sensor is arranged outside the shell of the control device, and the signal end of the temperature sensor is connected with the temperature monitoring input end of the microprocessor 1 a; the control device is also provided with a digital display device 7 outside the shell, the digital display device adopts a color lamp for displaying, and the signal input end of the digital display device is connected with the signal display control end of a microprocessor 1a in the control device and is used for reflecting the normal charging, normal charging stopping and abnormal charging stopping states. The control device is connected with the control module 1 in the charge and discharge machine through the serial communication interface 1c, and the control module 1 in the charge and discharge machine is replaced to control the charge and discharge process of the storage battery 6 to be repaired.
According to the standard conditions of 6DZM12 (12V12Ah, 2h discharge rate, 6A of discharge current intensity and 10.50V of discharge termination voltage), pretreating the storage battery 6 to be repaired, wherein the pretreatment process comprises adding repair liquid, vacuumizing and standing for 2h, and then carrying out deep discharge; the deep discharge design is realized by other instrument conditions, and the discharge depth requires that the voltage at two ends of the storage battery 6 reaches 3V by using 0.5A current.
The color lamp used as the digital display device 7 is divided into three colors, green is used for reflecting the normal charging state, and yellow is displayed after the repairing charging program is normally finished; when the 2.5Ah electricity is charged and the voltage of the two ends of the storage battery 6 is still lower than 12.0V, the repairing and charging process is automatically stopped, and the color lamp displays red.
After the charging and discharging machine is started, the control device automatically realizes the following charging and discharging procedures of the storage battery 6 at the environment temperature of 25 ℃ by controlling the circuits of the charging module 3 and the discharging module 2 in the charging and discharging machine:
4h for 3.0A charge, 1h for 3.5A discharge, 1h for 3.0A charge, 2h for 2.0A charge, 3h for 1.2A charge, and 9h for 0.6A charge, totaling the charge time 22h, and totaling the remaining charge 24.5 Ah.
FIG. 8 shows the repaired charge/discharge I/T time sequence curve of this example at 25 deg.C ambient temperature.
The control device controls the charging module 3 of the charging and discharging machine to automatically perform temperature compensation on the charging quantity of the storage battery 6 through a program stored in the microprocessor 1a according to a signal input by the charging quantity adjusting device 5, and performs grading compensation on the charging quantity of the storage battery 6 by taking 25 ℃ as a reference and changing one grade every time the temperature variation exceeds 5 ℃. When the external working environment temperature of the control device is higher than 25 ℃, the charging amount of 1.2Ah is reduced every time the external working environment temperature exceeds 5 ℃, for example, when the external environment temperature of the control device is 35 ℃, the residual charging amount is reduced by 2.4Ah, namely, the control device controls the charging module 3 of the charging and discharging machine to change the charging amount of the storage battery 6 to (24.5-2.4) to 22.1 Ah; when the external operating environment temperature of the control device is lower than 25 ℃, the charge amount is increased by 1.8Ah on average every 5 ℃ drop, for example, when the external environment temperature of the control device is 5 ℃, the charge amount is increased by 7.2Ah, namely, the control device controls the charge amount of the charging module 3 of the charging and discharging machine to change (24.5+7.2) to 31.7Ah for the storage battery 6. The temperature compensation is designed in a control mode of automatically changing the first-stage 3A charging time, for example, when the external environment temperature of the control device is 35 ℃, the control device automatically controls the charging module 3 of the charging and discharging machine to change the first-stage charging time of the storage battery 6 from 4h to 3.2 h.
After the 6DZM12 battery of this embodiment is charged by the charging and discharging integrated machine of this embodiment, the first discharge capacity can generally reach the expected effect of the technology of more than 10Ah, and the nominal capacity can be reached after the secondary charging.
Example 2
The technical improvement is carried out on the embodiment 1, the color lamp serving as the digital display device 7 is changed into a liquid crystal display, and the signal input end of the color lamp is connected with the signal display control end of the microprocessor 1a through a peripheral circuit 1b in a control device and is used for reflecting the real-time voltage and the real-time value of the charging current of the charged storage battery 6 and the normal charging stop and abnormal charging stop of the charging and discharging integrated machine.
When the charging and discharging machine is normally charged, the digital liquid crystal display 7 respectively displays the real-time voltage of the charged storage battery 6 and the real-time value of the charging/discharging current in a mode of displaying every 5 seconds and switching display for 2 seconds; when the repairing charging program is normally finished, the digital liquid crystal display 7 displays 8 completely; when the 2.5Ah electric quantity is charged and the voltage of the two ends of the storage battery 6 is still lower than 12.0V, the repairing and charging program is automatically stopped, and the digital liquid crystal display displays 4 completely.
The technical effect of the present embodiment on the repair charging of the storage battery is the same as that of embodiment 1, but the user can know the real-time charging/discharging current value of the storage battery, so that the pre-repair state can be judged.
Example 3
The charging quantity adjusting device 5 in the form of a temperature sensor in embodiment 1 is changed into a multi-gear mechanical selection switch, each gear of the mechanical selection switch corresponds to different control logic programs stored in a microprocessor 1a in a control device, an applicable temperature interval corresponding to each gear is marked on a panel of the control device, and corresponding control logic programs of the microprocessor 1a in the control device are manually selected through gear selection of the mechanical selection switch, so that the charging quantity C can be manually selected and controlled to increase or decrease according to the environmental temperature2Design objective of/Ah.
In this embodiment, the method of temperature compensation of the amount of charge of the battery 6 by the control device is similar to that of embodiment 1.
In the embodiment and the previous embodiment, the function of automatically discharging and checking the capacity after the storage battery is repaired can be added, the control device controls the charging module 3 of the charging and discharging machine to continue to control the discharging module 2 to discharge to 10.50V at a constant current 6A after the charging program is finished for 1 hour, and the discharging time is recorded and displayed, so that the repaired capacity of the storage battery is clear at a glance.
Example 4
In the embodiment, the control device and the control module 1 in the charging and discharging machine are designed in an integrated manner, the control module 1, the discharging module 2 and the charging module 3 which are designed in an integrated manner are all separated and designed into three split machines, and three split machines are connected in one when in use; when the intelligent charger is used, the logic data line of the charger with the separated charging module 3 is connected with the control module 1 after integrated design, the direct-current power supply output end of the charger is fixedly connected with two ends of the storage battery 6, the logic data line of the discharging machine with the separated discharging module 2 is connected with the control module 1 after integrated design, the direct-current power supply interface of the discharging machine is fixedly connected with two ends of the storage battery 6, the control module 1 after integrated design is separated into a charging/discharging controller, and a set charging and discharging program is solidified inside the control module 1.
The charger and the discharge machine are respectively provided with a power switch outside the corresponding shell, the digital display device 7 adopts color lamp display and is arranged outside the charge/discharge controller, and the signal input end of the digital display device is connected with the display control end of the charge/discharge controller and is used for reflecting the normal charge, normal stop charge and abnormal stop charge states.
The embodiment is a modified design of embodiment 1, and has the advantages of being detachable and convenient to carry.
Example 5
The charge and discharge machine controlled by the control device in embodiment 1 is technically characterized in that the storage battery 6 to be repaired needs to be subjected to pretreatment deep discharge, the deep discharge of the storage battery is realized by another instrument, the deep discharge function is integrated into the charge and discharge machine controlled by the control device in this embodiment, the deep discharge control function of the control device is integrated into the control module 1 in the charge and discharge machine, and before the repair charge and discharge program for the storage battery 6 in embodiment 1 is started, the deep discharge program is started preferentially.
The deep discharge adopts a multi-stage current reduction technical scheme, the voltage at two ends of the 6DZM12 storage battery 6 is set to be discharged to 10.5V at a constant current of 3.6A, 6.0V at a constant current of 2.0A and 2.0V at a constant current of 1.0A, the continuous discharge is carried out, the storage battery 6 is kept still for 15 minutes after the deep discharge program is completed, and then the storage battery 6 restoration charge-discharge program described in the embodiment 1 is automatically started. In this embodiment, after the power switch is turned on, the control device automatically realizes the following procedures of repairing and charging and discharging the storage battery 6 at the ambient temperature of 25 ℃ by controlling the circuits of the charging module 3 and the discharging module 2 in the charging and discharging machine:
3.6A to 10.5V, 2.0A to 6.0V, 1.0A to 2.0V, rest for 15 minutes, 3.0A for 4h, 3.5A for 1h, 3.0A for 1h, 2.0A for 2h, 1.2A for 3h, 0.6A for 9 h.
FIG. 9 shows the repaired charge/discharge I/T time sequence curve of this example at 25 deg.C ambient temperature.
In this embodiment, the method of temperature compensation of the amount of charge of the battery 6 by the control device is similar to that of embodiment 1.
Example 6
By utilizing a coordination control computer in a conventional industrial charging and discharging machine, a software control program of the separately designed control device in the embodiment 1 and a software control program of the coordination control computer are integrally programmed, that is, a control function of the control device is integrated into control software of the coordination control computer of the charging and discharging machine, and the repair charging and discharging program in the embodiment 1 is further optimized.
In the repairing charge-discharge procedure of the embodiment 1, 1 time of discharge is set in the charging process of the storage battery, and practice shows that for the storage battery with a certain polar plate active material seriously damaged and placed for a long time, the setting of multiple discharges in the repairing charge-discharge procedure is beneficial to the capacity recovery degree and the capacity rapid and stable; meanwhile, the storage battery is easy to heat in the later stage of the charging process, and the descending flow and even stopping charging for a plurality of times are beneficial to the promotion of the storage battery to the charging capacity.
In this embodiment, the optimal design of the repair charging and discharging program at the ambient temperature of 25 ℃ is as follows:
4h for 3.0A charge, 1h for 3.5A discharge, 1.5h for 3.0A charge, 1h for 3.5A discharge, 1h for 2.5A charge, 2h for 2.0A charge, 0.5h for standing, 3h for 1.2A charge, 3h for 0.9A charge, 5h for 0.6A charge, 3h for 0.4A charge, a total charge time of 27h, and a cumulative residual charge of 24.5 Ah.
FIG. 10 shows the repaired charge/discharge I/T time sequence curve of this example at 25 deg.C ambient temperature.
In this embodiment, the method for compensating the temperature of the charged amount of the battery 6 by the software-integrated programmed control device is similar to that in embodiment 1, and the repairing effect of this embodiment on the battery is significantly better than that in embodiment 1.
Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention and are not limited. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A control device for a charge and discharge machine, comprising: a microprocessor (1a), a peripheral circuit (1b), a serial communication interface (1c), and a charge amount adjusting device (5); wherein the serial communication interface (1c) and the peripheral circuit (1b) are connected with the microprocessor (1 a); the charging amount adjusting device (5) is arranged outside the shell of the control device, and the signal end of the charging amount adjusting device is connected with the microprocessor (1a) or is connected with the microprocessor (1a) through the peripheral circuit (1 b); the peripheral circuit (1b) includes a power supply control circuit of the control device; the microprocessor (1a) internally solidifies and stores control logic for the charge and discharge machine; the control device can be integrally designed with the charging and discharging machine or independently arranged; the independently arranged control device is connected with a control part of the charging and discharging machine through a serial communication interface (1c) when in use;
the control device is used for controlling the repair process of the external lead storage battery (6) by the charging and discharging machine, wherein the repair process comprises the steps of setting at least two sections of currents with different intensities in the charging process, setting at least one discharging process at intervals in the charging process, and the residual charging amount of the total charging amount and the discharging amount is rated as C no matter how many times the charging and discharging processes are set1/Ah，C1The value range of (A) is 1.5-3.0C/Ah; the restoration process further comprises a compensation charge C determined by the charge adjustment device (5) and the storage logic in the microprocessor (1a)2(iii) Ah; the control device controls the charging and discharging machine to automatically realize that the residual charge amount is (C1+ C) for the lead storage battery (6)2) The repair process of (1).
2. The control device of claim 1, wherein the repair process controlled by the control device further comprises: setting deep discharge before initial charging, wherein the discharge depth of the deep discharge is equal to or less than 0.1C/A current until the voltage at two ends of the lead storage battery is equal to or less than 1.0V/cell average; wherein,
the deep discharge is realized by adopting any one of the following methods: a one-stage constant current discharge method, a multi-stage constant current discharge method, and a non-steady constant current discharge method.
3. The control device of claim 1, wherein the repair process controlled by the control device further comprises: after the end of charging, a capacity check discharge is set, and the discharge current intensity of the capacity check is determined by the technical test standard of the lead storage battery industry.
4. The control device according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the charging process controlled by the control device is a staged charging process, the staged charging process comprises a constant current charging process in an early stage of charging and a stepped down current charging process in a later stage of charging, and the charging process comprises a standing process of selecting a setting current intensity with alternating magnitude or/and a charging current intensity of 0 during the charging process.
5. The control device according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein in the discharging process set in the middle of the charging process, the rated electric quantity of each continuous discharge ranges from 0.01 to 0.5C/Ah, and the current intensity of the discharge ranges from 0.05 to 3.0C/A.
6. A control arrangement according to claim 1 or 3, characterized in that the charge amount adjusting means (5) comprises a selector switch for issuing an increase or decrease to the microprocessor (1a) of the charge amount C2An instruction of/Ah; the selection switch includes, but is not limited to, an electrically controlled switch or a mechanical switch.
7. The control device according to claim 1 or 6, wherein the charge amount adjusting device (5) further comprises a temperature sensor, and the control device controls the charging and discharging machine to automatically compensate the charge amount C of the lead storage battery at different environmental temperatures according to external environmental temperature data input by the temperature sensor2/Ah。
8. The control device according to claim 1 or 6 or 7, characterized in that the control device further comprises a display device (7), wherein a signal input end of the display device (7) is connected with the microprocessor (1a) or is connected with a signal display control end of the microprocessor (1a) through a peripheral circuit (1 b); the display device (7) is used for displaying the state information of the charge and discharge machine; the display device (7) comprises but is not limited to digital display or color lamp display; the display device is independently arranged, or part of or all of the functions of the display device are integrated with the display device of the charge and discharge machine, including the display device of a coordination computer of the charge and discharge machine.
9. A charging and discharging machine, characterized in that it comprises at least one charging module (3), at least one discharging module (2) and a control module (1), said charging and discharging machine being further equipped with at least one set of control device according to one of claims 1-9; the charging module (3) and the discharging module (2) are respectively connected with the control module (1), during use, the power output ends of the charging module (3) and the discharging module (2) are respectively connected with two ends of an external lead storage battery (6) to be repaired, and the control module (1) is used for realizing the repair charging and discharging process of the external storage battery (6) to be repaired under the control of the control device.
10. A method of controlling a charge and discharge machine, implemented on the basis of the control device of one of claims 1 to 8, the method comprising:
step 1), deep discharging is carried out on the lead storage battery (6) to be repaired, and the deep discharging depth reaches that the current is less than or equal to 0.1C/A for discharging until the voltage at two ends of the lead storage battery (6) to be repaired is less than or equal to 1.0V/cell average;
step 2), after the deep discharge is finished, starting a staged charging process, at least setting two sections of currents with different intensities in the staged charging process, and setting a discharge process at least once at intervals in the middle stage of the charging process; in addition, no matter how many times of charging and discharging are set in the charging and discharging process, the total residual charging quantity of the charging quantity and the discharging quantity is rated, and the value range of the rated residual charging quantity is 1.5-3.0C/Ah; in the discharging process set in the middle stage of the charging process in stages, the value range of the rated electric quantity of each continuous discharge is 0.01-0.5C/Ah, and the value range of the current intensity of the discharge is 0.05-1.0C/A;
and 3) setting discharge for capacity check of the lead storage battery after the charging is finished in stages.
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Application publication date: 20160921 |