CN105950646A - 一种以芽孢型益生菌为粘膜递送载体的禽流感通用疫苗的构建方法及应用 - Google Patents
一种以芽孢型益生菌为粘膜递送载体的禽流感通用疫苗的构建方法及应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种宿主菌,本发明还提供了一种禽流感通用疫苗,所述禽流感通用疫苗以芽孢型益生菌为粘膜递送载体。本发明首次将H7N9等A型禽流感病毒亚型的CTL表位肽、细胞因子IL‑2与枯草芽孢粘膜免疫疫苗载体三者有机结合,优势互补。针对H7N9、H5N1、H5N6、H7N9、H7N2、H7N3、H7N7、H9N2、H10N7等A型禽流感病毒亚型设计和筛选CTL表位抗原,利用芽孢载体递送抗原表位,通过芽孢以及芽孢展示的重组IL‑2作为佐剂,调节免疫类型和免疫反应水平。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种疫苗,具体涉及一种以芽孢型益生菌为粘膜递送载体的禽流感通用疫苗的构建方法和应用。
背景技术
有效防控H7N9等突发疫情的前提是能迅速研发出新型通用疫苗。目前,大多数现有的流感疫苗均采用传统的灭活或裂解工艺,将筛选后的毒株注射到受精的鸡蛋中,再提取出大量繁殖后的病毒,灭活处理后注射到人体内,以产生对抗流感疫情的抗体。这一研制过程从病原体到生产出疫苗的时间周期最短是6-8个月,且产量有限。生产的疫苗很难适应抗原的快速变异,疫苗的效果受到一定限制。使用新一代纳米级生物载体,即枯草杆菌的纳米级芽孢作为粘膜递送载体研发通用疫苗,预计1个月时间的工业生产即可满足高危人群免疫的需求。通过发酵技术生产的芽孢疫苗,比传统鸡胚疫苗培养时间大大缩短,预计每剂量单位成本仅为传统方法生产成本的1/10。因此,研发周期短、生产快、成本低、对外界环境抗干扰能力强、易于储存运输、能产生持久的交叉保护效果、具有佐剂效应的新型疫苗,已成为全世界传染病预防控制的迫切需求。以枯草芽孢杆菌为粘膜疫苗递送载体所构建的通用疫苗可以满足这些需求。
从禽流感病毒相对保守的内部蛋白抗原的完整序列中高效、准确地预测出细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocytes,CTL)表位,可使免疫效应集中在高度保守的特异性表位,激活机体产生特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞反应,防止抗原变异导致的免疫逃避,诱导机体产生针对同型和异型病毒株的交叉免疫反应。CTL表位肽疫苗有助于病毒的清除与疾病的恢复,是针对抗原变异研制通用疫苗的新思路。本发明拟构建禽流感CTL表位肽通用疫苗,以确保接种者对多个亚型禽流感病毒具有交叉保护作用。
尽管合成或重组表达的禽流感病毒CTL表位肽疫苗能引起广效的免疫反应,但诱导的CD8+T细胞免疫水平相对较低。因此本发明利用白细胞介素-2(IL-2)调节免疫类型并增强细胞免疫水平。
白细胞介素(interleukins,ILs)ILs是介导白细胞之间和其他细胞之间相互作用的细胞因子。由淋巴细胞、单核细胞或其它非单个核细胞产生的细胞因子,在细胞间相互作用、免疫调节、造血以及炎症过程中起重要调节作用。白细胞介素-2(IL-2)主要由CD4+T细胞或CD8+T细胞产生,以自分泌和旁分泌方式发挥效应。主要生物学功能包括:①活化CD4+和CD8+T细胞,促细胞因子产生;②刺激NK细胞增殖、活化,诱导LAK细胞产生;③促活化B细胞增殖及产生抗体;④可激活单核-巨噬细胞。IL-2为人体自身成分,可调节机体的生理过程和提高免疫功能,很低剂量即可发挥作用,疗效显著,副作用小,利用基因工程技术生产的重组细胞因子IL-2作为生物应答调节剂(biologicalresponse modifier,BRM)在治疗感染疾病亦取得了一定疗效,是一种全新的生物制剂,已成为新一代的药物被批准生产。
本发明拟引入生物应答调节剂IL-2,发挥其免疫调节的佐剂作用,调节免疫反应类型,增强细胞免疫水平,以提高CTL表位肽疫苗的免疫保护效果。
本发明拟用的新型纳米级生物载体枯草芽孢杆菌,属革兰氏阳性菌,具有非致病性,分布广泛,通常存在于土壤中,美国食品和药物管理局FDA批准其为“常规安全级”(generally recognized as safe,GRAS),常作为益生菌用于食品或药业。枯草芽孢杆菌在科研和工农业生产领域被广泛应用,具有良好的发酵基础和生产技术,其在相对简单的培养基中就能生长到很高的密度。很多商业用酶都是芽孢杆菌产生的胞外蛋白,例如α-淀粉酶、蛋白酶以及苏云金杆菌的杀虫晶体蛋白等。芽孢杆菌生长迅速、培养条件简单、遗传背景较清楚。芽孢杆菌的芽孢是一种休眠体(图1所示芽孢形成过程),在外界抗性条件下能保持高度的稳定性,包括热稳定性,能抵御恶劣的环境条件。
芽孢这些特性归功于其独特的芽孢衣壳结构,芽孢的衣壳多层结构大约有70多种衣壳蛋白质(Cot proteins)构成(如图2),组成芽孢的内壳、外壳和最外层的皮层crust衣壳层。其中位于最外层的三个衣壳蛋白CotB,CotC和CotG,常用于融合表达外源抗原蛋白或酶,展示于芽孢表面。
枯草芽孢具有独特的免疫学特性,常被用作重组或非重组粘膜疫苗的纳米级生物载体:①芽孢直径约0.6-1.0μm口服或滴鼻免疫,在动物肠道或鼻咽粘膜能被肠道相关淋巴组织(GALT)或者鼻相关淋巴组织(NALT)识别,发挥免疫佐剂作用,活化肠粘膜的相关淋巴组织,增强分泌型(SIgA)抗体的分泌,提高免疫识别能力,并诱导T、B淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞产生细胞因子,通过淋巴细胞再循环而活化全身免疫系统,从而增强机体的非特异性和特异性免疫系统。②芽孢具有免疫调节的佐剂效应,能诱导产生平衡的Th1/Th2混合型的免疫反应,不仅能激活特异性的体液免疫应答,也能激活特异性的细胞免疫应答。芽孢衣壳展示系统被广泛用于表达外源抗原蛋白的重组粘膜疫苗研究;另外,由于其生物粘附性,也被用于吸附型疫苗载体的研究。同时芽孢具有免疫佐剂效应,可用于增强DNA疫苗、多肽疫苗、基因工程蛋白疫苗、灭活病毒颗粒疫苗的免疫效果,从而节约外源蛋白的单次免疫剂量,同时提高免疫保护效果。因此,枯草芽孢杆菌被认为是最具有前景的粘膜疫苗载体,被广泛应用于病原微生物疫苗的研制。
目前,尚未见A型禽流感病毒CTL表位肽-IL-2-枯草芽孢杆菌重组或非重组粘膜通用疫苗应用的报道。若通过芽孢载体CotB衣壳蛋白融合表达细胞因子IL-2,使其展示于芽孢衣壳表面,与CTL表位抗原基因融合双表达,或将CTL表位肽吸附表达于IL-2重组芽孢表面。这样,既可发挥IL-2的免疫调节作用,增强Th1免疫应答,提高特异性CD8+T细胞免疫水平,又可发挥芽孢的佐剂效应,增强免疫反应的强度。
按照疫苗研制技术,可把疫苗分为传统疫苗和新型疫苗。在新型疫苗的研究使用中,发现仅用基因克隆技术获得的抗原制备出的疫苗不足以取得有效的免疫保护作用。提示真正有效的疫苗不仅依赖于克隆出能诱导具有免疫保护作用的抗原,还有赖于构建优良的载体系统,以及研究和评估抗原诱发免疫保护作用的机制和途径。近年来,研究新型疫苗载体,以获得安全、稳定和有效的新型疫苗成为人们关注的热点。用于制备新型疫苗的载体包括重组细菌、重组病毒、DNA载体、RNA载体、树突状细胞、T细胞以及多肽。新型疫苗载体平台的多样化,提供了多种抗原运载方式,也丰富了免疫接种途径,使得在感染部位能产生持久的免疫力,并可根据需要诱导理想的免疫保护类型。因而,针对禽流感病毒,新型抗原递呈平台的应用,有望诱导广效持久的免疫保护力,同时缩短疫苗研制和生产时间。
不少新型的禽流感或流感疫苗递呈系统已被报道,包括微生物载体疫苗、病毒载体(DNA病毒载体、Modified Vaccinia Ankara(MVA)载体、RNA病毒载体)、DNA疫苗、病毒样颗粒VLPs和病毒颗粒Virosomes、以及佐剂的应用。在小鼠和人体实验中,流感病毒载体疫苗可以诱导保护性抗体反应。人们通过基因枪免疫途径研究编码流感病毒的不同蛋白HA、NA、M1、NP和NS1质粒的诱导免疫反应能力,结果证明H1-DNA和N1-DNA可以诱导高水平的特异性抗体,并在随后的流感病毒攻击实验中起到很好的保护作用。此外,人们也研究了重组腺病毒载体疫苗对提高NP-M2-DNA疫苗的免疫效率的作用[12]。研究表明,将编码NP蛋白的质粒,经肌内注射初次免疫后,再利用重组腺病毒载体疫苗加强免疫,可以诱导出显著的体液免疫和细胞免疫应答,并且可以帮助小鼠抵抗来自异型流感病毒高致病性亚型流感病毒的攻击。尽管新型疫苗平台安全性和免疫力持久性需要在临床实验中进一步观察,但这些新型抗原递呈系统的应用,有效地缩短了研发周期的整体时间,灵活多样的免疫方式使得同时诱导特异性体液免疫和细胞免疫成为可能。
枯草芽孢杆菌作为新型疫苗载体具有独特的优势,被认为是最有前景的粘膜疫苗载体,并开始应用于病原微生物疫苗的研制。Isticato和Mauriello等用破伤风毒素C片段(TTFC,51.8kDa)以及大肠杆菌肠毒素B亚单位(LTB,12kDa)基因tetC和eltB与编码枯草芽孢衣壳蛋白CotB或CotC的基因融合,利用CotB或CotC启动子表达融合蛋白。融合蛋白CotB-TTFC,CotC-TTFC和CotC-LTB在芽孢表面稳定地成功表达,研究显示融合表达并未影响抗原的保护性,也没有破坏芽孢的特性。重组芽孢口服免疫小鼠能引起针对TTFC或LTB的系统免疫和局部免疫反应。疫苗评价研究表明,CotB-TTFC芽孢口服免疫小鼠后,血清IgG显著高于对照组,能抵抗20倍TTFC的攻击感染。Hinc等通过融合表达IL-2的芽孢作为免疫佐剂,能调节Th1为主的免疫应答,通过重组融合表达或者吸附外源抗原,产生特异性的细胞免疫反应,对幽门螺杆菌有一定的免疫保护效果。近年随着对芽孢粘附性的认识,枯草芽孢载体在流感和禽流感疫苗研制上有初步探索:Song用灭活得枯草芽孢作为粘膜免疫的佐剂和抗原蛋白载体与H5N1病毒的HA混合吸附,显现出显著的免疫调节佐剂效应,能增强免疫反应水平,并调节以Th1为主的Th1/Th2混合型的免疫反应,对禽流感病毒攻击有保护效果。Guangyu Zhao等通过芽孢衣壳CotB蛋白融合表达流感病毒A的M2e蛋白,口服免疫能产生强效持久的特异性系统免疫和粘膜免疫,完全抵抗了流感病毒H1N1的攻击。
禽流感病毒相对保守的内部蛋白诱导机体所产生的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocytes,CTL)反应,是机体有效控制感染的重要防御反应之一,有助于病毒的清除与疾病的恢复。既往研究发现,引起CTL免疫应答反应的,并非完整的肿瘤或病毒抗原分子,而是抗原来源的特异性CTL表位Epitope。因此,从蛋白抗原的完整序列中高效、准确地预测出CTL表位并加以鉴定,是基于表位之多肽疫苗分子设计(Epitope based vaccine design,EBVD)的前提,也是发展新型预防性和抗胞内感染疫苗的关键。病毒抗原蛋白在胞内经蛋白酶体Proteasome降解成为8~10个氨基酸长度的多肽片段,进而与内质网腔中的MHC-I类分子结合形成“多肽-MHC复合物”peptide-MHC complex,pMHC,并最终将上述复合物结构递呈到细胞表面供初始型CD8+T淋巴细胞识别、活化。在上述过程中,蛋白酶体识别切割抗原、表位多肽与MHC-I类分子结合,都有其特定的序列特征[22]。因此,免疫学家和计算生物学家通过提出新的算法和编写相应程序,发展了一些CTL表位预测的方法,可分为2大类:①基于表位多肽与MHC-I类分子结合特征的预测方案;②基于抗原加工处理过程的CTL表位预测方案。前者是一类目前较为成熟的CTL表位预测方法,主要包括结合基序法、矩阵法、人工神经网络和基于结构的表位预测算法;后者主要针对抗原递呈中所涉及的细胞器,目前集中在蛋白酶体和转运相关蛋白上。上述这些预测方法,尽管取得了一定的成功,但却明显存在一些不足:①绝大多数方法都是以抗原蛋白的一级序列为出发点发展预测算法事实上,表位多肽的氨基酸侧链与MHC-I类分子肽结合槽残基间存在广泛而复杂的相互作用,这些作用力在现有的预测方法中未能被充分考虑,直接导致预测精度不高,缺乏敏感性和特异性。如何利用肽-MHC复合物的三维结构特征发展新型预测方法,是CTL表位预测方法学研究中的一个难点;②对天然表位多肽进行合理修饰,使改造后的表位多肽(Altered peptide ligands,APLs)上调或下调抗原特异性T细胞应答,已经成为感染性疾病极富应用前景的治疗手段。然而目前的CTL表位预测方法无法准确地预测和计算改造前后的表位多肽与MHC-I类分子间亲和力的变化。随着结构生物学的发展,多肽-MHC复合物晶体结构得以大量解析;另一方面,计算机科学的飞速发展也促使分子模拟技术的理论和方法不断成熟和完善。本发明利用CTL表位预测软件包[23],从肽-MHC复合物的三维结构出发,应用柔性分子对接技术寻找合理的复合物构型,并基于自由能的经验打分函数建立HLA-A*0201限制性CTL表位亲和力的预测模型,使得新型CTL表位预测方法成为可能。
合成或重组获得的表位肽疫苗已经尝试用于禽流感和流感疫苗的研制中,但其应用存在一定的瓶颈。Rui Liu和Groot等用预测的H7N9血凝素HA的CTL表位,能诱导特异性免疫反应,但中和抗体的滴度较低,存在抗原逃避现象[3]。我们前期对A型流感病毒H1N1较保守的内部NP蛋白进行了表位预测,发现并鉴定了NP335-350、NP380-393两个CTL表位,构建了流感CTL表位肽疫苗,用其免疫BALB/c小鼠后进行CTL杀伤试验。结果表明该疫苗可诱导机体产生针对两个CTL表位的特异性CTL免疫应答,但是诱导的特异性CD8+T细胞反应水平较低,并不能抑制病毒复制和扩散。可能与自然感染差别较大,疫苗的保护效应持续时间较短暂有关。而针对流感病毒的特异性CD8+T细胞免疫,对清除病毒至关重要。如何提高CTL表位肽的特异性CD8+T细胞免疫水平,并产生持久的免疫保护效应,也是CTL表位肽疫苗的主要挑战之一。随着疫苗研究的深入,表位肽疫苗和具有佐剂效应的微生物疫苗载体的结合,将使得表位肽疫苗具有更加广阔的应用前景。
传统的流感疫苗研制技术已经无法满足当今禽流感疫苗的需求,必须要将多种新概念、新技术、高效能的疫苗平台互相结合共同实现目标。近年来,基于流感病毒CTL表位肽疫苗、流感病毒H1N1枯草芽孢重组疫苗和禽流感H5N1非重组吸附型芽孢疫苗、IL-2重组芽孢吸附型幽门螺杆菌疫苗的研究[15]都已有报道,但尚未见将此三者有机结合进行技术集成的综合研究。本发明拟将CTL表位肽、IL-2重组芽孢、枯草芽孢粘膜疫苗平台的综合研究,应用到H7N9等A型禽流感CTL表位肽疫苗研制中,为研发具有持久免疫保护力的通用型流感或禽流感疫苗提供技术支持和理论依据。
目前,市面上大多数的流感疫苗采用传统的灭活或裂解工艺,从选择毒株到利用鸡胚生产出疫苗耗力耗时,产量受限。当前传统方法生产的疫苗很难适应流感病毒抗原的快速变异,疫苗的效果受到一定限制,免疫方式基本上为皮下注射,必须存放在4℃,半衰期相对较短,无疑会增加疫苗运输和储存成本,在发展中国家难以被普遍接受。即使疫苗运往发展中国家,一旦分发给当地,便难以保证疫苗的质量,对公共卫生可能会带来灾难性的后果。因此,研发周期短,生产成本低,易于储存运输,免疫方式不需注射,能产生持久的交叉保护效果,同时激活体液免疫和细胞免疫,自身具有佐剂效应的新型疫苗,已成为全世界迫切的需求。此外,理想的流感疫苗设计还需要考虑到病原体感染的途径以及清除病原体所需的免疫反应类型。流感病毒从机体的鼻咽粘膜表面进入,因此局部(粘膜)免疫是抵抗感染的重要屏障。传统的流感疫苗接种依靠注射接种,不能阻止病原体最初对宿主粘膜表面的作用,而只能解决由此产生的感染后的问题,然而在尚未感染的情况下,在流感病毒进入的主要门户通道即鼻咽粘膜部位控制感染的发生将有更好的预防效果,迄今为止,已用于临床的疫苗都没能达到这些标准。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服现有技术存在的不足之处而提供了一种宿主菌,本发明还提供了一种禽流感通用疫苗,所述禽流感通用疫苗以芽孢型益生菌为粘膜递送载体。
为实现上述目的,所采取的技术方案:本发明提供了一种宿主菌,所述宿主菌通过以下方法制备而成:
(1)将CotB基因启动子序列、CotB编码序列、连接体的核苷酸序列和IL-2的核苷酸序列依次连接到第一表达载体,得到表达cotB-linker-IL2融合蛋白的第一重组表达载体;
(2)在所述步骤(1)中第一重组表达载体插入片段外单酶切使得所述第一重组表达载体线性化,然后转化入第一芽孢杆菌感受态细胞,筛选得到表达CotB-linker-IL-2融合蛋白的第一阳性株;
(3)将CotC基因启动子序列、CotC编码序列和上述所述CTL表位肽的核苷酸序列依次连接到第二表达载体,得到表达CotC-CTL epitopes融合蛋白的第二重组表达载体;
(4)在所述步骤(3)中第二重组表达载体插入片段外单酶切使得所述第二重组表达载体线性化,然后转化入第二芽孢杆菌感受态细胞,筛选得到表达CotC-CTLepitopes融合蛋白的第二阳性株;
(5)抽提所述步骤(4)中表达CotC-CTLepitopes融合蛋白的第二阳性株的染色体,转化入由所述步骤(2)中表达IL-2CotB-linker-IL-2融合蛋白的第一阳性株制备的感受态细胞,筛选同时表达CotB-IL2融合蛋白和CotC-CTLepitopes融合蛋白的阳性克隆,即得所述宿主菌。
优选地,所述连接体的氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.1所示。
优选地,所述步骤(1)中第一表达载体是质粒pDG364,所述步骤(3)中第二表达载体是质粒pDG1664。
优选地,所述步骤(2)中第一芽孢杆菌感受态细胞是枯草芽孢杆菌PY79感受态细胞,所述步骤(4)中第二芽孢杆菌感受态细胞是枯草芽孢杆菌PY79感受态细胞。
本发明提供了上述所述宿主菌在制备禽流感疫苗中的用途。
本发明提供了一种以芽孢型益生菌为粘膜递送载体的禽流感通用疫苗的构建方法,所述构建方法是采用如上述所述的宿主菌进行培养,得到芽孢,即为所述禽流感通用疫苗。
本发明提供了一种以芽孢型益生菌为粘膜递送载体的禽流感通用疫苗,所述禽流感通用疫苗含有由上述所述的宿主菌培养而得的芽孢。
本发明提供了上述所述的禽流感通用疫苗在制备预防禽流感疾病的制剂中的应用。
本发明在已构建的益生菌型枯草芽孢杆菌粘膜疫苗平台上,为了诱导以特异性CD8+T细胞为主的免疫反应类型,通过细胞因子IL-2调节增强Th1免疫应答,从而提高特异性CD8+T细胞的免疫反应水平。通过芽孢载体的CotB衣壳蛋白融合表达细胞因子IL-2展示于芽孢衣壳表面,使其发挥佐剂效应,调节免疫应答的类型,增强细胞免疫,预防和彻底清除感染机体的A型禽流感病毒;利用芽孢衣壳蛋白CotB融合表达IL-2,获得能够高效激活CD8+T细胞的具有佐剂效应的芽孢株,弥补单纯CTL表位肽疫苗的不足;利用免疫生物信息学和结构生物学技术设计CTL表位,并通过衣壳蛋白CotC将CTL表位融合表达在已构建的IL-2芽孢株,构建CotB-IL-2/CotC-CTL表位双转座重组枯草芽孢疫苗株。构建的重组禽流感CTL表位-IL-2-枯草芽孢疫苗株,生产快,成本低,可通过滴鼻或鼻咽喷雾粘膜免疫,为研发具有持久免疫保护力的通用型流感疫苗奠定了技术和理论基础。
枯草芽孢杆菌作为新型疫苗载体具有独特的优势,被认为是最有前景的粘膜疫苗载体,并开始应用于病原微生物疫苗的研制。本发明首次将H7N9等A型禽流感病毒亚型的CTL表位肽、细胞因子IL-2与枯草芽孢粘膜免疫疫苗载体三者有机结合,优势互补。针对H7N9、H5N1、H5N6、H7N9、H7N2、H7N3、H7N7、H9N2、H10N7等A型禽流感病毒亚型设计和筛选CTL表位抗原,利用芽孢载体递送抗原表位,通过芽孢以及芽孢展示的重组IL-2作为佐剂,调节免疫类型和免疫反应水平。
本发明的有益效果在于:
本发明立足于发明组在免疫学、病原生物学、生物信息学、分子生物学、流行病学与纳米生物技术等方面良好的研究基础,结合项目组成员在枯草芽孢杆菌粘膜递送疫苗载体和佐剂研究、CTL表位肽疫苗研究、禽流感易感因素研究上取得的重要进展,系统开展枯草芽孢杆菌粘膜递送载体的技术应用于禽流感通用疫苗的基础研究。本发明提出的寻找A型禽流感病毒共同抗原CTL抗原表位的基础上,将国际成熟的枯草杆菌的芽孢粘膜免疫递送载体的疫苗研究技术与通用型禽流感CTL表位肽疫苗技术结合,引用细胞因子IL-2作为免疫调节佐剂分子,实现在病毒入侵门户鼻咽局部产生粘膜免疫,进一步激活系统免疫应答,尤其是特异性CD8+T细胞免疫反应,达到交叉免疫保护的效果。枯草杆菌易于基因修饰,生产条件和设备简单,芽孢疫苗适合安全、高效、经济地大批量生产,还具有极好的热稳定性,半衰期长,适合现场作为禽鸟类和高危人群的滴鼻或鼻咽喷雾免疫,展现出良好的优势。
具有以下两方面的创新性和优点:
(1)CTL抗原表位、细胞因子佐剂IL-2与枯草杆菌的芽孢粘膜疫苗载体技术等多项技术的联合集成与创新。针对多个A型禽流感病毒及亚型的内部保守蛋白,探寻其共同的CTL抗原表位肽,保证了禽流感疫苗的特异性和广效性;芽孢疫苗载体技术实现了纳米级生物载体对递送抗原的佐剂效应,实现了滴鼻粘膜免疫方式,保障了后续疫苗生产的高效率和保存运输的低成本;细胞因子佐剂IL-2的引入使得调节免疫类型成为可能,促进了特异性CD8+T细胞免疫反应的增强。本项目引入多种技术的联合集成创新,形成了优势互补的有机整体,完善了禽流感通用疫苗的新技术理论,该方面的研究也属于理论上的创新。
(2)佐剂的创新性设计。本项目发挥新型微生物载体的免疫增强佐剂效应和细胞因子IL-2的免疫调节佐剂效应,将二者的优势互相结合,可以提高疫苗的免疫保护效果,显著降低接种疫苗的剂量和减少免疫次数,为A型禽流感特殊人群的免疫接种提供了保障。
本发明具有以下三方面特色:
(1)面向公共卫生的迫切需求,研发高效通用型A型禽流感疫苗,是预防H7N9等新型禽流感病毒的传播和流行的有效途径。引入疫苗的多种研制技术和佐剂新技术的集成创新,是突出科学理论与实际应用结合的应用性基础研究,能够为国家解决实际问题;
(2)通用型禽流感疫苗可提高群体的免疫力,符合One Health理念。针对高危人群,用鼻咽喷雾粘膜免疫,实现高危人群包括家禽从业人员的职业防护免疫,提高群体的免疫力也是阻断新发人兽禽流感向普通人群传播的有效手段。
(3)枯草杆菌的芽孢为载体的粘膜疫苗,热稳定性好,重组芽孢的构建方式能保护外源性抗原,延长了疫苗的半衰期,易于存储和常温运输,适合发展中国家和不发达地区的实际需求,为高危人群的现场喷鼻免疫提供了依据和保障,与传统的禽流感疫苗研制方法相比是一种突破,有巨大的研发前景和应用价值。
附图说明
图1为枯草芽孢杆菌B.subtilis细胞分裂及芽孢形成过程(F,forespore内生芽孢;MC,mother cell母细胞;S,spore芽孢;VC,vegetative cell繁殖体细胞.);
图2为枯草杆菌芽孢B.subtilis Spore衣壳蛋白电镜图和结构分布示意图(Daisuke etc,Yakugaku zasshi,2012);
图3为本发明实施例1中免疫荧光和激光共聚焦显微镜分析Sj26GST-TTFC在重组芽孢表面的展示图片,(A)重组芽孢(CotC-Sj26GST-TTFC表达株).样品与purified rabit anti-TTFC antiserum孵育后用二抗anti-rabit.IgG-Fluoresceinisothiocyanate(green,FITC;sigma);(B)LI172与mouse anti-Sj26GST antiserum孵育后用二抗anti-mouse IgG-tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate conjugate(red,TRITC;Sigma).(C)非重组芽孢PY79野生株对照;
图4为本发明实施例1中cotB-Peptide linker-IL-2融合基因构建示意图;
图5为本发明实施例1中cotC-CTL epitopes融合基因构建示意图;
图6为本发明实施例1中CotB-IL-2融合表达于芽孢衣壳最外层示意图;
图7为本发明实施例1中CotC-CTL表位肽融合表达于芽孢衣壳最外层示意图;
图8为本发明实施例1中将两段外源基因转座到枯草杆菌染色体的示意图;
图9为本发明实施例1中CotB-IL-2与CotC-CTL表位肽同时双融合表达于芽孢衣壳最外层示意图。
具体实施方式
为更好的说明本发明的目的、技术方案和优点,下面将结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步说明。
实施例1
本申请发明人在前期研究中以日本血吸虫26kDa GST(Sj26GST)蛋白为模式抗原,利用枯草杆菌表达质粒pUS186将Sj26GST基因构建于枯草杆菌芽孢衣壳基因CotC启动子及其编码序列的下游,在WB600胞外酶缺陷菌株中实现了外源蛋白Sj26GST在芽孢衣壳表面高表达。
利用穿梭整合质粒pDG1664、pDG364,将Sj26GST通过双交叉置换整合于枯草杆菌染色体,与CotC或CotB融合表达于芽孢衣壳外表面;同时利用枯草杆菌rrnO启动子实现了Sj26GST在繁殖体细胞内分泌表达。此外,利用枯草芽孢杆菌内生芽孢构建了多价抗原融合表达体系,选用破伤风毒素C片段(TTFC)作为免疫佐剂分子,与Sj26GST基因融合后以三种形式构建表达体系:①在芽孢外表面展示(与芽孢CotB或CotC外壳蛋白融合表达);②在芽孢萌发为繁殖体中的分泌表达;③芽孢与繁殖体双转构建相结合的方式表达。荧光免疫学实验、激光共聚焦显微镜检测到外源蛋白在芽孢外表面成功地表达(图3),同时也证明了多价重组抗原的大分子结构不影响芽孢外层蛋白的组装和芽孢形成。
前期研究还评估了芽孢的免疫佐剂效应,我们利用分子信息学进行分析并用实验方法检测了芽孢杆菌不同种属的物理化学特性,选择枯草芽孢杆菌PY79,HU58和克劳氏芽孢杆菌O/C作为非重组芽孢-蛋白疫苗的载体与蛋白混合,证实了芽孢对蛋白的吸附作用,用吸附蛋白的芽孢滴鼻免疫小鼠能引起强烈的粘膜免疫反应,在肺组织、粪便、唾液中均能检测到高水平的Sj26GST特异性sIgA的分泌。同时,也能激活小鼠系统免疫反应,IgG亚类提示为以Th1占主导的Th1/Th2混合型免疫反应。证实了芽孢作为新型粘膜疫苗佐剂,能提高机体特异性和非特异性免疫水平,并调节免疫反应类型。非重组芽孢-蛋白疫苗免疫效果较重组芽孢更佳,但由于其吸附的抗原蛋白不能通过胃屏障,只能以滴鼻形式免疫而使其应用受到一定限制。
研究表明,枯草芽孢疫苗平台针对特异性病原体能诱导粘膜和系统免疫反应,包括特异性CD8+T淋巴细胞的免疫应答,可以有效地防止病毒感染,为A型禽流感通用疫苗的研发提供理论基础。
1、研究目标
本发明以禽流感H5N1、H5N6、H7N2、H7N3、H7N7、H7N9、H9N2、H10N7等为研究对象,将A型禽流感病毒亚型CTL抗原表位、芽孢型益生菌疫苗载体平台、生物应答调节剂IL-2三者有机结合,研制针对多个A型禽流感病毒亚型的通用型粘膜免疫疫苗。该疫苗通过滴鼻或鼻咽喷雾免疫,可诱导局部粘膜免疫和系统免疫,尤其是CD8+T细胞免疫应答,实现在禽流感病毒的入侵门户鼻咽部位阻断病毒的进一步入侵,对人体产生持久的交叉免疫保护力。
2、研究内容
(1)禽流感特异性广谱CTL抗原表位的预测与合成
1)分析禽流感相对保守的内部病毒NP、M蛋白抗原表位变异规律
2)多种方案综合分析并预测CTL表位抗原序列并人工合成
3)细胞免疫学实验筛选合成的CTL表位肽,尤其是能够形成稳定的多肽-MHC-I复合物,并且能有效激活CD8+T的表位抗原肽
4)将最终确定的多个表位抗原序列合成融合序列并表达
(2)具有佐剂效应的IL-2表达芽孢的构建
1)分析细胞因子IL-2及芽孢衣壳CotB的序列
2)通过连接片断将IL-2构建在芽孢衣壳蛋白CotB基因的C端
3)枯草芽孢衣壳表面融合表达CotB-IL-2及融合表达的鉴定
(3)重组枯草芽孢疫苗IL-2和CTL表位肽双表达疫苗株的构建
1)分析芽孢衣壳CotC序列,分析多个表位肽的融合CTL表位序列
2)将融合CTL表位序列构建在CotC基因的C端
3)在IL-2表达芽孢基础上,构建CTL表位的芽孢衣壳融合双表达
(4)禽流感枯草芽孢疫苗的生物学活性鉴定及保护性评价
1)重组或非重组疫苗的安全性测定
2)疫苗的免疫学特性研究、免疫水平测定
3)疫苗的保护性攻击实验研究
3、研究方法和实验手段
(1)CTL抗原表位的预测与合成
对禽流感病毒H5N1、H5N6、H7N2、H7N3、H7N7、H7N9、H9N2、H10N7亚型相对保守的内部蛋白NP蛋白、M蛋白的抗原表位进行定位及预测(包括CD8+、CD4+T细胞抗原表位和B细胞抗原表位)B细胞抗原表位的预测主要根据抗原蛋白的亲水性、可及性、柔韧性以及已经通过实验证明的抗原表位数据库进行综合判断。T细胞抗原表位的预测拟通过基于表位多肽与MHC-I类分子结合特征的预测方案;基于抗原加工处理过程的CTL表位预测方案;应用柔性分子对接技术,基于肽-MHC复合物的三维结构的预测方案。
1)基于表位多肽与MHC-I类分子结合特征的预测方案:包括结合基序Binding motifs、矩阵法Matrices、人工神经网络Artificial neural net works,ANNs和基于结构Structure-based的表位预测算法;具体用到的软件包包括:CTLPred、ProPred1、MAPPP、nHLAPred、BIMAS、LPPEP、SVMHC、NetMHC、MHCPred、MMPRED、PREDEP、T-epitope designer、SYFPEITHI、RANKPEP、MHCBench将多个预测软件结果综合评价后筛选候选CTL表位。
2)基于抗原加工处理过程的CTL表位预测方案:蛋白酶体和转运相关(Transporter associated with antigen processing,TAP)具体如下:
①蛋白酶切位点预测:采用FRAGPREDICT程序将上述预测的抗原表位进行蛋白酶切位点预测,预测前期预测的候选表位位点发生酶切的概率,选择发生酶切概率低的表位,进一步缩小候选表位肽的筛选范围。
②抗原提呈转运体TAP预测:采用cascade SVM等方法预测并筛选候选表位肽,选择在抗原提呈过程中以较大概率形成MHC-抗原肽复合物的表位,进一步缩小候选表位肽的筛选范围。
3)基于肽-MHC复合物的三维结构的预测方案:利用CTL表位预测软件包,从肽-MHC复合物的三维结构出发,应用柔性分子对接技术寻找合理的复合物构型,并基于自由能的经验打分函数建立HLA-A*0201限制性CTL表位亲和力的新型预测,进一步缩小候选表位肽的筛选范围。
4)抗原表位肽的合成、鉴定:以芴甲氧羰基固相法合成多肽,用高效液相色谱分离多肽,对所合成的多肽采用质谱进行定性鉴定。抗原肽表位鉴定采用(流式细胞仪分别检测候选肽与HLA-A1、-A2、-A3、-A11、-B8、-B27的稳定性,采用竞争抑制法测定候选肽与HLA-A1、-A2、-A3、-A11、-B8、-B27的亲和力)。
5)细胞免疫学实验筛选合成的T细胞表位多肽序列:
①T2-多肽结合实验(T2Peptide Binding Assays):通过流式细胞仪检测CTL表位多肽与T2细胞的MHC-I分子形成的复合物,鉴定出可与MHC-I牢固结合的CTL抗原表位肽;
②T细胞酶联免疫斑点测定法(T cell ELISpot Assays):细胞与抗原表位肽孵育后通过ELISpot直接检测分泌的细胞因子IL-2、IL-4、IL-17、IFN gamma、TNF alpha、granzyme B,鉴定能激活CD8+和CD4+T细胞的抗原表位肽。
③CD8+T细胞酶联免疫斑点测定法:为了减少背景干扰,更清楚地筛选出CD8+CTL表位肽,通过流式细胞仪先筛选出CD8+T细胞,再用上述鉴定出的抗原表位肽与CD8+T细胞进行ELISpot实验,通过检测CD8+T细胞因子分泌水平的高低来筛选特异性的CTL表位肽序列。
6)融合序列的合成与表达:将最终确定的多个表位抗原序列人工合成融合序列并在原核融合表达。
(2)重组枯草芽孢杆菌疫苗候选株的构建
1)amyE:cotB-IL-2重组枯草芽孢杆菌穿梭整合质粒的构建
从B.subtilis PY79染色体扩增cotB启动子及编码序列的1091bp DNA片段并插入质粒pDG364。pDG364在淀粉酶amylase(amyE)位点,携带抗性cat基因及多克隆位点,并能通过amyE基因将携带的cat和插入的外源片段整合到B.subtilis染色体。在pDG364-cotB的下游C端,克隆入共457bp人工合成序列:包括具有强大的α螺旋结构的肽链接序列GGGEAAAKGGG(peptide linker)序列和源于Homo sapiens的人IL-2序列,所构建的质粒为pDG364-cotB-linker-IL2,测序鉴定构建是否成功(如图4)。
2)thrC:cotC-CTL epitopes重组枯草芽孢杆菌穿梭整合质粒构建
从B.subtilis PY79染色体扩增cotC启动子及编码序列插入pDG1664。pDG1664在thrC基因位点,携带有ErmR基因及多克隆位点,并能通过thrC基因将携带的ErmR和插入的外源片段整合到B.subtilis染色体。第二步,扩增设计并合成的CTL表位肽编码序列,插入pDG1664-CotC下游C端,所构建重组质粒为pDG1664-cotC-CTLepitopes,测序鉴定构建是否成功(如图5)。
3)IL-2与枯草芽孢衣壳CotB融合表达的构建
将重组质粒pDG364-cotB-linker-IL2插入片段外单酶切线性化,并转化PY79感受态细胞,将淀粉酶平板实验阴性的转化子用CmR(5μg/ml)LB平板筛选出阳性克隆,命名为IL-2枯草芽孢株,此株将表达CotB-linker-IL-2融合蛋白。通过流式细胞仪、Western Blot和Dot Blot对融合表达蛋白鉴定及定量分析,通过免疫荧光和激光共聚焦显微镜分析融合蛋白表达于芽孢最外层(如图6)。
4)CTL表位肽与枯草芽孢衣壳CotC融合表达的构建
将重组质粒pDG1664-cotC-CTLepitopes插入片段外单酶切线性化并转化PY79感受态细胞,将ThrC-阴性转化子用ErmR(1μg/ml)LB平板筛选出阳性克隆,命名为CTL表位枯草芽孢株,此株将表达CotC-CTLepitopes融合蛋白。通过流式细胞仪、Western Blot和Dot Blot对融合表达蛋白鉴定及定量分析,通过免疫荧光和激光共聚焦显微镜分析融合蛋白表达于芽孢最外层(如图7)。
5)IL-2与CTL表位肽双表达菌株的构建(amyE::cotB-IL2;thrC::cotC-CTLepitopes)
抽提上述构建的重组株CTL表位枯草芽孢株的染色体,转化IL-2重组芽孢株制作的感受态细胞,并用ErmR(1μg/ml)筛选阳性克隆。该双转座重组芽孢株将同时在芽孢衣壳最外层表达CotB-IL2和CotC-CTLepitopes两种融合蛋白(如图8,9)。通过流式细胞仪、Western Blot和Dot Blot对融合表达蛋白鉴定及定量分析,通过免疫荧光和激光共聚焦显微镜鉴定融合蛋白表达于芽孢最外层。
(4)重组芽孢疫苗的安全性测定
试验动物及分组:无菌Balb/c小鼠,雌雄各半6-8w,每小组20只,设立重组芽孢候选疫苗A组、非重组芽孢候选疫苗B组、空白对照小组,共三组。受试鼠经滴鼻接种芽孢候选疫苗,空白对照组不做任何处理。之后48h内密切观察并记录各组鼠的体温变化、活动量、摄食及饮水次数。在免疫后第3d、第7d及第21d,分别随机处死3只鼠,取注射部位肌肉、心、肝、脾、肺、肾及脑等组织,4%多聚甲醛固定后制作石蜡切片,镜下观察各脏器组织是否出现病理改变。受试鼠于免疫8w后,雌雄混养,使其自然交配。出生后统计和观察幼鼠仔数、畸形仔数、出生后死亡数及发育状况。
(5)疫苗的免疫学特性研究
1)重组芽孢疫苗粘膜免疫效果评价
实验动物及分组:无菌Balb/c小鼠,雌性6-8w,每组6只,设立Naive组、PY79、CotB-IL-2芽孢组、CotC-CTL表位肽芽孢组、CotB-IL-2/CotC-CTL表位肽双表达芽孢组、2μg IL-2+2μg CTL表位肽滴鼻组、2μg CTL表位肽滴鼻组等7组。小鼠经麻醉机用海罗芬(halothane)轻度麻醉后,于第1、22、43d滴鼻滴鼻(Gilson pipette tip,40μl)接种免疫2×109芽孢。在第-1、20、41、62d采集血清、唾液、粪便储存于-20℃备用。末次免疫后即第62d,用CO2处死小鼠,心脏胸腔外扎针取血,开胸取肺和开腹取脾脏。ELISA检测血清特异性IgG及亚类和唾液、粪便、肺组织提取物的特异性sIgA水平;脾脏细胞培养后,进行细胞免疫水平分析:测定脾细胞CD4+和CD8+细胞百分比,检测抗原刺激后,脾脏细胞分泌IFN-γ和TNF-α等细胞因子水平,MTT检测淋巴细胞增殖情况。
(6)疫苗的免疫保护性研究
1)动物分组及免疫:同(5)
2)病毒攻击:末次免疫后第7d用致死量流感病毒(广东省近五年的H7N9等禽流感代表性毒株)攻击,观察小鼠体重变化、呼吸、精神状况、皮毛等,计算每组死亡数和免疫保护率。死亡动物做剖检,做病毒滴定、肺病理、流式细胞等各项检测。第7d、14d、21天分别处死一批动物,做检测。
3)肺病理:观察疫苗候选组小鼠的肺病理与其它各组之间的差异。
4)淋巴细胞活化检测:MTT法检测淋巴细胞增殖情况。
5)流式细胞检测:采用流式细胞仪检测T细胞表面标记CD3+CD8+、CD3+CD8-水平,CD3+CD8+T细胞中Th1(CD3+CD8+IFN-r+)、Th2(CD3+CD8+IL-4+)细胞的比例及Th1(CD3+CD8+IFN-r+)/Th2(CD3+CD8+IL-4+)的比值,比较各组对活化T细胞的影响。
6)特异性CTL杀伤活性测定:LDH法检测小鼠特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)反应
7)病毒滴度测定:计算各组小鼠肺病毒滴度(以TCID50表示)比较差异。
8)血凝抑制试验(HI):在各组免疫后不同阶段采集血清进行动态检测,用HI试验检测特异性抗体滴度,比较差异。
最后所应当说明的是,以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非对本发明保护范围的限制,尽管参照较佳实施例对本发明作了详细说明,本领域的普通技术人员应当理解,可以对本发明的技术方案进行修改或者等同替换,而不脱离本发明技术方案的实质和范围。
Claims (8)
1.一种宿主菌,其特征在于,所述宿主菌通过以下方法制备而成:
(1)将CotB基因启动子序列、CotB编码序列、连接体的核苷酸序列和IL-2的核苷酸序列依次连接到第一表达载体,得到表达cotB-linker-IL2融合蛋白的第一重组表达载体;
(2)在所述步骤(1)中第一重组表达载体插入片段外单酶切使得所述第一重组表达载体线性化,然后转化入第一芽孢杆菌感受态细胞,筛选得到表达CotB-linker-IL-2融合蛋白的第一阳性株;
(3)将CotC基因启动子序列、CotC编码序列和CTL表位肽的核苷酸序列依次连接到第二表达载体,得到表达CotC-CTL epitopes融合蛋白的第二重组表达载体;
(4)在所述步骤(3)中第二重组表达载体插入片段外单酶切使得所述第二重组表达载体线性化,然后转化入第二芽孢杆菌感受态细胞,筛选得到表达CotC-CTLepitopes融合蛋白的第二阳性株;
(5)抽提所述步骤(4)中表达CotC-CTLepitopes融合蛋白的第二阳性株的染色体,转化入由所述步骤(2)中表达IL-2CotB-linker-IL-2融合蛋白的第一阳性株制备的感受态细胞,筛选同时表达CotB-IL2融合蛋白和CotC-CTLepitopes融合蛋白的阳性克隆,即得所述宿主菌。
2.根据权利要求1所述的宿主菌,其特征在于,所述连接体的氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.1所示。
3.根据权利要求1所述的宿主菌,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中第一表达载体是质粒pDG364,所述步骤(3)中第二表达载体是质粒pDG1664。
4.根据权利要求1所述的宿主菌,其特征在于,所述步骤(2)中第一芽孢杆菌感受态细胞是枯草芽孢杆菌PY79感受态细胞,所述步骤(4)中第二芽孢杆菌感受态细胞是枯草芽孢杆菌PY79感受态细胞。
5.如权利要求1所述宿主菌在制备禽流感疫苗中的用途。
6.一种以芽孢型益生菌为粘膜递送载体的禽流感通用疫苗的构建方法,其特征在于,所述构建方法是采用如权利要求1-4任一所述的宿主菌进行培养,得到芽孢,即为所述禽流感通用疫苗。
7.一种以芽孢型益生菌为粘膜递送载体的禽流感通用疫苗,其特征在于,所述禽流感通用疫苗含有由权利要求1-4任一所述的宿主菌培养而得的芽孢。
8.如权利要求7所述的禽流感通用疫苗在制备预防禽流感疾病的制剂中的应用。
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