CN105936569B - 一种基于多级膜处理载人航天器植物舱冷凝水处理工艺 - Google Patents
一种基于多级膜处理载人航天器植物舱冷凝水处理工艺 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及航天冷凝水回收利用技术领域，尤其涉及一种基于多级膜处理载人航天器植物舱冷凝水处理工艺。本发明提供一种基于多级膜处理载人航天器植物舱冷凝水处理工艺，包括以下步骤：A、冷凝水前段采用膜生物反应器+膜曝气生物反应器（MBR+MABR）技术，在好氧的环境下，通过微生物对冷凝水中有机物和氨氮进行降解；B、前段MBR的出水进入水箱，再进入中段纳滤膜进行截留，一部分纳滤膜出水进入反渗透膜，对水中的剩余无机盐和有机物进行进一步去除；C、反渗透膜的出水通过后段离子交换树脂、聚碘消毒、矿化、紫外消毒，制成饮用水。本发明利用以生物法MBR+MABR为核心、结合纳滤反渗透膜以及保障工艺的新工艺实现对冷凝水高效安全低能耗的再生利用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及航天冷凝水回收利用技术领域，是一种通过多级膜去除水中的污染物达到卫生用水以及饮用用水要求的新型再生水回用技术，具体涉及的是一种MBR+MABR技术+纳滤反渗透+后段深度处理技术相结合的载人航天器植物舱冷凝水高效回用技术。
背景技术
载人航天器植物舱冷凝水主要来源于植物舱体所种植的植物蒸腾作用产水的水蒸汽、航天员呼吸产生的水蒸汽以及舱体挥发气体等气体，其经冷却之后形成的冷凝水进行处理，处理后满足航天员日常生活的卫生以及饮用用水需求。
目前，美国、俄罗斯两国的载人航天器，其冷凝水主要是通过吸附过滤、催化氧化、电渗析、离子交换等方法去除废水中的污染物质，处理后的冷凝水可以达到相关的饮用水标准。参考俄美载人航天器中的冷凝废水的组成与含量的测定结果，总结出冷凝废水中主要的污染物组分与含量，其中污染物主要是一些有机醇、酸等小分子有机物以及氨氮等无机物，TOC约170mg/L，氨氮40mg/L。冷凝废水中的醇类占很大部分，这些小分子极性有机物难以通过过滤吸附的方式去除，并且对于长期太空作业的载人航天器，补给吸附过滤的对耗材需要量要求较高。催化氧化对大分子有机物有较好的降解作用，但对于小分子有机物，存在矿化难，并且催化氧化技术对于能耗要求较高。电渗析和离子交换主要应用于水质脱盐，对有机物去除效率低，需要结合其他几种技术对冷凝水进行处理。
根据冷凝水的组成与含量，生物处理对其处理有较好的优势，传统的活性污泥存在占地面积大、产泥量大等不足，而生物膜法具有流程短、占地小、出水水质优等特点。
发明内容
为了克服上述载人航天器冷凝水处理工艺的不足，本发明提出了一种经济高效基于多级膜处理载人航天器植物舱冷凝水处理工艺，主要前段生物法中MBR+MABR作为核心，采用膜曝气的方式以克服重力问题，中段NF-RO组合工艺，后段离子交换-聚碘消毒-矿化组合深度处理工艺，处理后满足航天员日常生活的卫生以及饮用用水，实现全部水再生循环。
为了实现上述目的，本发明采取的技术方案为提供一种基于多级膜处理载人航天器植物舱冷凝水处理工艺，包括以下步骤：
A、冷凝水前段采用膜生物反应器+膜曝气生物反应器（MBR+MABR）技术，在好氧的环境下，通过微生物对冷凝水中有机物和氨氮进行降解；
B、前段MBR的出水进入水箱，再进入中段纳滤膜进行截留，一部分纳滤膜出水进入反渗透膜，对水中的剩余无机盐和有机物进行进一步去除；
C、反渗透膜的出水通过后段离子交换树脂、聚碘消毒、矿化、紫外消毒，制成饮用水。
作为本发明的进一步改进，所述步骤B和C中反渗透膜和纳滤膜产生的浓水回流至纳滤膜前段的水箱，通过纳滤膜再浓缩作为植物舱植物的营养液，实现全部水再生循环。
作为本发明的进一步改进，所述步骤B中纳滤膜产生的水经过紫外消毒成为卫生用水。
作为本发明的进一步改进，所述冷凝水来源于载人航天器植物舱体所种植的植物蒸腾作用产水的水蒸汽、航天员呼吸产生的水蒸汽以及舱体挥发气体等气体，其经冷却之后形成的冷凝水。
本发明的有益效果是：本发明利用以生物法MBR+MABR为核心、结合纳滤反渗透膜以及保障工艺的新工艺实现对冷凝水高效安全低能耗的再生利用。
附图说明
图1是本发明的流程图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图说明及具体实施方式对本发明进一步说明。
如图1所示，鉴于载人航天器冷凝水的组成和含量，有机物污染物主要以小分子有机醇、酸形式存在，无机物污染物主要氨氮特点，本发明的目的在于利用以生物法MBR+MABR为核心、结合纳滤反渗透膜以及保障工艺的新工艺实现对冷凝水高效安全低能耗的再生利用。
本发明前段采用MBR+MABR技术，在好氧的环境下，通过微生物对冷凝水中有机物和氨氮进行降解，大部分有机物在微生物的作用下转化成CO2，小部分有机物成为微生物的代谢产物和细胞物质，氨氮在微生物的作用下转化成硝酸盐氮，微生物被MBR膜阻隔。前段MBR的出水进入中段纳滤膜，纳滤膜能够高效截留前段由氨氮转化成的硝酸盐氮等无机盐以及残留有机物，出水结合紫外消毒可达到航天员的卫生用水；一部分纳滤出水进入反渗透膜，反渗透膜能够对水剩余无机盐和有机物进行进一步去除。反渗透膜的出水，后续结合离子交换树脂，离子交换树脂进行氨氮的保障性去除，并进行pH的调节。聚碘消毒可对离子交换树脂出水进行持续性消毒，保障宇航员的用水安全。矿化主要向反渗透出水提供人体所需微量元素，紫外消毒间歇式消毒处理达到饮用标准。其中反渗透膜、纳滤膜的浓水回流至纳滤前段，通过纳滤再浓缩作为植物舱植物的营养液，实现全部水再生循环。
（1）高效，前段MBR+MABR中微生物在好氧的环境下能够对小分子有机物高效降解，能够通过硝化反应高效的将氨氮降解转化成硝酸盐氮，不存在对小分子有机物矿化能力低的问题。中段NF、RO能够高效的将水中无机盐类和剩余有机物进行深度去除。
（2）低能耗，本发明相对其他几种冷凝水处理技术所需的能耗有较好的优势，如，催化氧化技术在去除有机物过程反应所需的温度、压力较高其存在能耗高的问题。而吸附过滤、离子交换树脂等处理技术，其将无机盐进行吸附和交换，对这些物质回收（如NO3 -、K+）较为困难，并且消耗量大。本发明后段虽然也采用离子交换技术，但用来处理反渗透膜的出水，旨在起到保障性作用，反渗透膜出水无机盐等含量极少，所以对离子树脂需求量很小。
（3）安全，本发明MBR+MABR中的出水需要经过纳滤膜、反渗透膜、聚碘消毒树脂、紫外消毒四重深度处理，才能供给航天员饮用，纳滤膜能够将水中的细菌、大部分细菌能够去除，反渗透膜孔更小，结合聚碘树脂持续性以及紫外等间歇式消毒这重重保护，能够使航天员饮用的用水绝对安全。
以上内容是结合具体的优选实施方式对本发明所作的进一步详细说明，不能认定本发明的具体实施只局限于这些说明。对于本发明所属技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明构思的前提下，还可以做出若干简单推演或替换，都应当视为属于本发明的保护范围。
Claims (4)
1.一种基于多级膜处理载人航天器植物舱冷凝水处理工艺，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
A、冷凝水前段采用膜生物反应器MBR +膜曝气生物反应器MABR技术，在好氧的环境下，通过微生物对冷凝水中有机物和氨氮进行降解；在微重力环境下，通过采用膜曝气的方式进行曝气；
B、前段MABR的出水进入水箱，再进入中段纳滤膜进行截留，一部分纳滤膜出水进入反渗透膜，对水中的剩余无机盐和有机物进行进一步去除；
C、反渗透膜的出水通过后段离子交换树脂、聚碘消毒、矿化、紫外消毒，制成饮用水。
2.根据权利要求1所述的基于多级膜处理载人航天器植物舱冷凝水处理工艺，其特征在于：所述步骤B和C中反渗透膜和纳滤膜产生的浓水回流至纳滤膜前段的水箱，通过纳滤膜再浓缩作为植物舱植物的营养液，实现全部水再生循环。
3.根据权利要求1所述的基于多级膜处理载人航天器植物舱冷凝水处理工艺，其特征在于： 所述步骤B中纳滤膜产生的水经过紫外消毒成为卫生用水。
4.根据权利要求1所述的基于多级膜处理载人航天器植物舱冷凝水处理工艺，其特征在于：所述冷凝水来源于载人航天器植物舱体所种植的植物蒸腾作用产水的水蒸汽、航天员呼吸产生的水蒸汽以及舱体挥发气体，其经冷却之后形成的冷凝水。
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| RU2217387C2 (ru) * | 2001-11-23 | 2003-11-27 | ОАО "Научно-исследовательский и конструкторский институт химического машиностроения" | Способ кондиционирования воды для питья в гермообъекте |
| CN101381181A (zh) * | 2007-09-08 | 2009-03-11 | 范益华 | 一种航天器上水回收处理方法 |
| CN102232061A (zh) * | 2008-09-30 | 2011-11-02 | 吉普斯兰中心地区自来水公司 | 处理水流的方法和设备 |
| DE102010043662A1 (de) * | 2010-11-09 | 2012-05-10 | Michael Eumann | Brauereiabwasseraufbereitungsverfahren sowie Brauereiabwasseraufbereitungsvorrichtung |
| CN102795737A (zh) * | 2012-07-29 | 2012-11-28 | 天马（安徽）中药饮片科技有限公司 | 一种弱碱饮用水制备方法 |
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| RU2217387C2 (ru) * | 2001-11-23 | 2003-11-27 | ОАО "Научно-исследовательский и конструкторский институт химического машиностроения" | Способ кондиционирования воды для питья в гермообъекте |
| CN101381181A (zh) * | 2007-09-08 | 2009-03-11 | 范益华 | 一种航天器上水回收处理方法 |
| CN102232061A (zh) * | 2008-09-30 | 2011-11-02 | 吉普斯兰中心地区自来水公司 | 处理水流的方法和设备 |
| DE102010043662A1 (de) * | 2010-11-09 | 2012-05-10 | Michael Eumann | Brauereiabwasseraufbereitungsverfahren sowie Brauereiabwasseraufbereitungsvorrichtung |
| CN102795737A (zh) * | 2012-07-29 | 2012-11-28 | 天马（安徽）中药饮片科技有限公司 | 一种弱碱饮用水制备方法 |
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