CN105834564B - A kind of soldering appliance and using the instrument without fixture welding technique method - Google Patents
A kind of soldering appliance and using the instrument without fixture welding technique method Download PDFInfo
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- CN105834564B CN105834564B CN201610272237.4A CN201610272237A CN105834564B CN 105834564 B CN105834564 B CN 105834564B CN 201610272237 A CN201610272237 A CN 201610272237A CN 105834564 B CN105834564 B CN 105834564B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
- B23K9/32—Accessories
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Butt Welding And Welding Of Specific Article (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of soldering appliance and using the instrument without fixture welding technique method, soldering appliance includes torch body, the torch body is provided with plumb joint, the torch body side is provided with knocking device, the knocking device is fixed on torch body by height adjustment mechanism, knocking device is provided with tup, and tup can complete reciprocating hammer process under the driving of motor.The present invention, by beaing welding region constantly, removes most of welding stress, therefore can realize the precision that weldment is still ensured that in the case where being welded without fixture in welding process.
Description
Technical field
The invention mainly relates to manufacturing industry, the welding stress technology for eliminating being specifically related in structural member welding processing is special
Be not a kind of soldering appliance and using the instrument without fixture welding technique method.
Background technology
In welding process in weldment weldment caused by caused internal stress and welding thermal process shape and size change.Weldering
The uneven temperature field of termination process and be to produce welding stress by the tissue different with specific volume of local plastic deformation caused by it
With the basic reason of deformation.When uneven temperature field not yet disappears caused by welding, this stress and deformation in weldment claim
For transient state welding stress and distortion;Stress after field of welding temperature disappears is referred to as remaining welding stress and distortion with deformation.Do not having
Under conditions of having external force effect, welding stress is balance inside weldment.Welding stress and distortion under certain condition can shadow
The function and outward appearance of weldment are rung, therefore is the problem of must take into consideration in design and manufacture.
Existing structural member welding, which inevitably results from welding stress, causes part deformation, and to eliminate welding stress
Influence to production, it usually needs make frock clamp to prevent part deformation, or deformed to eliminate in welding processing post-equalization.
Traditional way need to put into larger manpower and materials, make frock clamp, and the design of frock clamp is that weldment can be made rapid
And be accurately installed on the Working position of fixture, using fixture be accurately positioned and reliable grip, ensure the crudy of part,
Percent defective is reduced, improves production efficiency.If the part processed is sheet member, due to thin plate welded light weight, easily activity
And it is difficult to be fixed so that the design difficulty of welding tool setup is big, input is big, and correction difficulty is bigger.
The content of the invention
The deficiency of the current technology of this solution, the present invention combines prior art, from practical application, there is provided a kind of Welder
Have and using the soldering appliance without fixture welding technique method, work need not be made by carrying out welding using this soldering appliance and method
Clamps, it need to only be adjusted according to electric current when set welding group point, welding sequence and welding job, voltage, to realize part
The mutual elimination of stress caused by each position during welding, reach effect of the part welding without deformation.
To achieve the above object, technical scheme is as follows:
A kind of soldering appliance, including torch body, the torch body are provided with plumb joint, and the torch body side is set
There is knocking device, the knocking device is fixed on torch body by height adjustment mechanism, and the height adjustment mechanism includes
Engaging lug, connecting rod, fix bar and fixing nut, the engaging lug is two, and is each attached on torch body, on engaging lug
Provided with strip hole, the connecting rod is arranged between two engaging lugs, and connecting rod is provided with connecting hole, and fix bar is arranged on connection
In hole, fix bar both ends are stretched out by the strip hole on two engaging lugs respectively, are provided with the fixation boom end for stretching out strip hole solid
Determine nut, knocking device includes connecting seat, tup and motor, is provided with tup accommodating chamber in the connecting seat, in tup accommodating chamber
Provided with spring, described tup one end is arranged on outside tup accommodating chamber and is used cooperatively with plumb joint, and the tup other end is arranged on tup
Abutted in accommodating chamber and by stressed plate with spring, the stressed plate forms a T-shaped structure with tup, in tup accommodating chamber bottom
Provided with the limiting plate for preventing tup abjection tup accommodating chamber, the motor is fixed on connecting seat side, is provided with and slows down below motor
Device, cam being connected on the output shaft of the decelerator, is rotated by motor driving cam, the cam extend into tup appearance
Intracavitary of receiving coordinates with stressed plate, and stressed plate can be driven to drive tup to be accommodated to tup when being contacted in cam rotary course with stressed plate
Intracavitary portion motion compresses spring, when departing from stressed plate in cam rotary course, tup is accommodated by tup under the action of the spring
Intracavitary ejects, and the one end for being used to beat on the tup is spherical.
It is a kind of using above-mentioned soldering appliance without fixture welding technique method, comprise the following steps:
(1) main structural framework is welded first, is allowed to form a frame structure by four angles for welding main structure simultaneously,
Center section is welded again and forms a complete main structural framework, in main structural framework welding process, is opened in soldering appliance
Motor, the tup in soldering appliance is beaten each point of weld seam peripheral region makes metal expansion eliminate change caused by welding stress
Shape;
(2) other constituent parts are welded again after weld metal completely cooling after the completion of main structural framework welding, it is other
The welding of parts according to from inside outwards, first short and then long, first indulge after horizontal order welded;
(3) adjustment of Current Voltage is determined when welding according to welding base metal thickness, weld bead height size, welds satisfaction
Connecing prevents welding heat from overheating and making part deformation while requirement;
(4) detected after the completion of welding to the flatness of weldment and to angle, if flatness or overproof to angle,
Then part is lain on verification platform, the region in the presence of deformation is measured with ruler, three points is divided equally in the range of deformation,
Burn at red 3 points using flame gun to be corrected, depending on the baking duration and degree of heating is with deflection size, measured again after cooling after baking, directly
It is extremely qualified.
When welding other constituent parts, when there is two or more pieces weld seam at same position, welding direction should be one just
One is anti-, stress and torsion is mutually eliminated.
The edge of a wing angle welding that one section of 20mm is first reserved during weld at weld seam both ends is not welded, to weld caused by contraction
Stress can discharge from there, finally just be soldered edge of a wing angle welding, allow edge of a wing angle welding to bear internal stress.
During the more structural member of welded seam, the short weld seam to stagger should be first welded, then welds straight-through long weld seam, to prevent being handed in weld seam
The place of connecing cracks, if weld seam is longer, using backstep welding and wandering sequence, is uniformly distributed temperature, reduces welding stress
And deformation.
When carrying out main structural framework welding, need to be welded simultaneously using more people according to the concrete structure of main structural framework
Method, frame structure is set disposably to weld completion.
Detection to flatness includes the detection in direction in length and breadth, and flat piece surface is leaned on using ruler, is measured with clearance ruler flat
Face degree error;Detection to angle is diagonally tensed using two yarns, it is seamed with clearance ruler measurement plane by stratosphere part plane
Gap part, the maximum error with minimum of reading are to angular error.
Beneficial effects of the present invention:Tup and soldering tip are combined together, tup in welding process is struck automatically at the moment
The weld seam welded is hit, eliminates most welding stress in time, traditional fabrication work is substituted using the welding method of this soldering appliance
The method that clamps eliminate welding stress, manufacturing cost is saved, saves human input, reduce cost, shorten the R&D and production cycle,
The excessive risk that can not be corrected is deformed after avoiding welding.By calculating welding group point, design elements in welding process with each portion
The mutual elimination of the stress of position, effect of the part without deformation is realized, save the manpower and materials input for making frock clamp.
Brief description of the drawings
Accompanying drawing 1 is soldering appliance structural front view of the invention;
Accompanying drawing 2 is soldering appliance structure top view of the invention;
Accompanying drawing 3 is the schematic diagram that the present invention is applied to compressor chassis structure;
Accompanying drawing 4 is fundamental diagram of the invention;
Accompanying drawing 5 is midplane degree error detection method schematic diagram of the present invention;
Accompanying drawing 6 is diagonal torsional angle detection method schematic diagram in the present invention.
Embodiment
With reference to the drawings and specific embodiments, the invention will be further described.It should be understood that these embodiments are merely to illustrate
The present invention rather than limitation the scope of the present invention.In addition, it is to be understood that after the content of the invention lectured has been read, this area
Technical staff can make various changes or modifications to the present invention, and these equivalent form of values equally fall within the application appended claims
Limited range.
A kind of soldering appliance, including torch body 2, the torch body 2 are provided with plumb joint 1, the torch body 2 one
Side is provided with knocking device, and the knocking device is fixed on torch body 2 by height adjustment mechanism, the height adjustment mechanism
Including engaging lug 3, connecting rod 5, fix bar 16 and fixing nut 14, the engaging lug 3 is two and is each attached to torch body 2
On, engaging lug 3 is provided with strip hole 4, and the connecting rod 5 is arranged between two engaging lugs 3, and connecting rod 5 is provided with connecting hole
15, fix bar 16 is arranged in connecting hole 15, and the both ends of fix bar 16 are stretched out by the strip hole 4 on two engaging lugs 3 respectively, are stretching
The end of fix bar 16 for going out strip hole 4 is provided with fixing nut 14, and knocking device includes connecting seat 6, tup 13 and motor 8, described
Tup accommodating chamber 7 is provided with connecting seat 6, spring 17 is provided with tup accommodating chamber 7, described one end of tup 13 is arranged on tup receiving
Chamber 7 is outer to be used cooperatively with plumb joint 1, and the other end of tup 13 is arranged in tup accommodating chamber 7 and supported by stressed plate 9 and spring 17
Connect, the stressed plate 9 forms a T-shaped structure with tup 13, and being provided with the bottom of tup accommodating chamber 7 prevents tup 13 from deviating from tup and holding
Receive the limiting plate 12 of chamber 7, the motor 8 is fixed on the side of connecting seat 6, and the lower section of motor 8 is provided with decelerator 10, the decelerator 10
Output shaft on connect cam 11, rotated by the driving cam 11 of motor 8, the cam 11 extend into tup accommodating chamber 7
It is interior to coordinate with stressed plate 9, stressed plate 9 can be driven to drive tup 13 to tup when being contacted in the rotary course of cam 11 with stressed plate 9
The internal motion compression spring 17 of accommodating chamber 7, when departing from stressed plate 9 in the rotary course of cam 11, work of the tup 13 in spring 17
The one end for being used to beat by ejecting in tup accommodating chamber 7 under, on the tup 13 is spherical.
The torch body 2 of the present invention can be that hand-held welding gun is alternatively automatic welding device upper end welding gun, torch body 2 one
Side is provided with knocking device, and the tup 13 on knocking device mainly plays to be beaten plumb joint 1 and welded in time in welding process
Region, to eliminate welding stress, the operation principle of knocking device is as follows:
Motor 8 imparts power to decelerator 10 after starting, decelerator 10 connects cam 11, and driving cam 11 does rotation fortune
Dynamic, due to the structure of itself of cam 11, its lug boss can contact with stressed plate 9 for some time in rotary course, work as cam
11 with stressed plate 9 when contacting, and can lift stressed plate 9, the compression spring 17 of stressed plate 9 and drives tup 13 to retract, when cam 11 after
During continuous rotation, cam 11 can separate suddenly with stressed plate 9, and now the elasticity of spring 17 can eject the moment of tup 13, realize hammer
First 13 percussion function, the beating position of tup 13 are corresponding with the welding position of plumb joint 1.The height adjustment mechanism of the present invention
The position of adjustable tup 13, fixing nut 14, position of the adjustment fix bar 16 in strip hole 4 need to be only unclamped during adjustment
.Automatically the tup 13 tapped is arranged on the side of plumb joint 1 by the present invention, in welding process, starts motor 8, makes hammer
First 13 moment taps the position welded, and its is simple to operate, can disposably complete two work, and can be eliminated during tapping big
Partial welding stress, ensure the dimensional accuracy of soldering part.
Using the soldering appliance in the present invention without fixture welding technique method, comprise the following steps:
(1) main structural framework is welded first, is allowed to form a frame structure by four angles for welding main structure simultaneously,
Center section is welded again and forms a complete main structural framework, in main structural framework welding process, is opened in soldering appliance
Motor, the tup in soldering appliance is beaten each point of weld seam peripheral region makes metal expansion eliminate change caused by welding stress
Shape;Because main structural framework stress is larger, easily deform, main structural framework is now welded in welding process and welds center section again
Welding stress can be enable relatively evenly to be distributed on each parts of main structure, unbalanced stress is prevented and cause the change of part
Shape, during weld metal cooling is treated in welding completion, produced tension by resistance during due to weld contraction when weld seam and
Overlay cladding raps weld metal zone in the state of red heat, with hammer to deploy metal, make metal expansion to eliminate welding stress generation
Cross-direction shrinkage and longitudinal contraction, offset weld metal zone metal in tension caused by cooling meat, weld seam extension can reduce weldering
The contraction of seam, welding stress can reduce 1/2~1/4.
(2) other constituent parts are welded again after weld metal completely cooling after the completion of main structural framework welding, it is other
The welding of parts according to from inside outwards, first short and then long, first indulge after horizontal order welded;There is two or more pieces at same position
Weld seam, welding direction should be a positive and a negative, stress and torsion is mutually eliminated, and one is first reserved during the weld of weld seam both ends
Section 20mm or so edge of a wing angle welding is not welded, so as to weld shrink caused by stress can discharge from there, finally just by edge of a wing angle
Weld seam is soldered, and allows edge of a wing angle welding to bear internal stress.
Rational appropriate welding sequence is selected in welding procedure, is to make weld seam free shrink as far as possible.Welded seam compared with
During more structural member, the short weld seam to stagger should be first welded, then welds straight-through long weld seam, to prevent being cracked in weld seam junction, if
Weld seam is longer, can use backstep welding and wandering sequence, make temperature distribution uniform, so as to reduce welding stress and distortion.
(3) adjustment of Current Voltage is determined when welding according to welding base metal thickness, weld bead height size, welds satisfaction
Connecing prevents welding heat from overheating and making part deformation while requirement;Welding current species and polarity effect electric arc input weldment heat
The size of amount, therefore appearance of weld can be influenceed, while droplet transfer process and the removal to mother metal surface film oxide can also be influenceed.
The influence of the size welding quality and welding productivity of welding current is very big, and electric current is too small, and electric arc is unstable, and fusion penetration is small, easily
The defects of causing lack of penetration and slag inclusion, and productivity ratio is low;The defects of electric current is excessive, then weld seam easily produces undercut and burnt,
Cause splashing simultaneously.Therefore, welding current must select suitably, typically can according to core diameter, empirically formula is selected,
Further according to appropriate adjustment of carry out such as position while welding, joint form, welding level, weldment thickness.Arc voltage is determined by arc length
Fixed, electric arc length, arc voltage height;Electric arc is short, then arc voltage is low.The size of arc voltage mainly influences the molten wide of weld seam,
Electric arc is unsuitable long in welding process, and otherwise, arc burning is unstable, increases the splashing of metal, but also can be due to air
Intrusion, weld seam is set to produce stomata.Therefore, the selection of electric current will be according to mother metal thickness during welding, weld bead height, joint during welding
The factors such as form adjust, and ensure the outer shape of weldment and surface quality with this, improve the productivity ratio of product.
Detected after the completion of welding to the flatness of weldment and to angle, if flatness or overproof to angle,
Part is lain on verification platform, the region in the presence of deformation is measured with ruler, three points is divided equally in the range of deformation, are adopted
Burn at red 3 points with flame gun to be corrected, depending on the baking duration and degree of heating is with deflection size, measured again after cooling after baking, until
It is qualified.Detection to flatness includes the detection in direction in length and breadth, flat piece surface is leaned on using ruler, with clearance ruler measurement plane degree
Error;Detection to angle is diagonally tensed using two yarns, by stratosphere part plane, has gap portion with clearance ruler measurement plane
Point, the maximum error with minimum of reading is to angular error.The present invention is merely able to turn round to flatness and to angle is i.e. diagonal
The assay method simple and fast at angle, the adjustment to weldment is reached by this method, further adjust the deformation of welded workpiece.
Below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, the welding method of (compressor body chassis) in actual applications of the invention is made to say into one
It is bright:
In accompanying drawing 3, compressor chassis is mainly made up of main structural components 18 and secondary structure part 19, main structural components 18
Stress is larger, and main structural components 18 are the rectangular frame structures being welded to form by A, B, C, D shown in accompanying drawing 4, secondary structure
Part 19 includes E, F, G, H, and wherein E, F, G, H is welded in main structural components 1, identified in accompanying drawing 1., 2., 3., 4.,
5., be 6. welding sequence, tip is identified as welding direction, be in accompanying drawing 5 to part 20 carry out flatness detection method, mainly
The instrument used is ruler 21 and clearance ruler 22, is the detection method of the diagonal torsional angle carried out to part 20 in accompanying drawing 6, mainly makes
Instrument is clearance ruler 22 and yarn 23, and when being welded to this compressor chassis, its step is as follows:
1st, preparation:Scene needs one block of steel plate and can put air compressor machine chassis into as composition backing, area and be defined,
The flatness error of composition backing is placed on backing plate no more than 3mm, by part is smooth, welding personnel 4, is on close level.
2nd, main structural item A, B, C, D first are welded simultaneously by the people of order illustrated four, then welds E, F, G, H, welding current 280A,
Voltage 27V, after being soldered main structural item, beat weld seam peripheral region one time with hand hammer, uniform appropriateness should be kept by beaing, and avoid striking
It is undue to beat, and to prevent crack, each point will knock, and beaing makes weld seam be extended, and metal is produced plastic elongation and become
Shape, horizontal and vertical contraction distortion caused by part welding is offset, so as to reduce welding stress and distortion.
3rd, after the cooling of main structure weld seam, then 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6. weld by mark order, herein welding current
240A, voltage 24V, welding by from inside outwards, first short and then long, first indulge after in any case sequence process, there is two or more pieces weldering at same position
Seam, welding direction should be a positive and a negative, notes such as icon and 1., 2. locates shown in the direction of arrow, remaining position is intended to enter by this principle
Row is welded, the mutual elimination of proof stress and torsion, and rational appropriate welding sequence is selected in welding procedure, is to make as far as possible
Weld seam free shrink, make temperature distribution uniform, reduce welding stress and distortion.
4th, detected after the completion of welding:Flatness error, the torsional angle≤3mm of upper plane.
Detection method:The flatness detection in direction in length and breadth:The plane of stratosphere part 1 is leaned on ruler 21, is measured with clearance ruler 22 flat
Face degree error.
Diagonal torsional angle detection:Diagonally tensed with two yarns 23, by the plane of stratosphere part 1, had with the measurement plane of clearance ruler 22
Slotted section, the maximum error with minimum of reading is torsional angle error.
5th, such as flatness or overproof to angle, then lie in part 20 on dressing plate, and which section measured with ruler 21
In the presence of deformation, three points are divided equally in the range of deformation, burn red three point calibration with flame gun.The fire duration and degree of heating is with deflection size
It is fixed, it is to be cooled after fire to measure again, until qualified.
Compressor chassis is welded using method as described above, without using frock clamp, and can avoid welding
The excessive risk that can not be corrected is deformed afterwards, and having saved human input reduces cost.
Claims (7)
1. a kind of soldering appliance, including torch body (2), the torch body (2) is provided with plumb joint (1), it is characterised in that:
Torch body (2) side is provided with knocking device, and the knocking device is fixed on torch body (2) by height adjustment mechanism
On, the height adjustment mechanism includes engaging lug (3), connecting rod (5), fix bar (16) and fixing nut (14), the connection
Ear (3) is two, and is each attached on torch body (2), and engaging lug (3) is provided with strip hole (4), and the connecting rod (5) sets
To put between two engaging lugs (3), connecting rod (5) is provided with connecting hole (15), and fix bar (16) is arranged in connecting hole (15),
Fix bar (16) both ends are stretched out by the strip hole (4) on two engaging lugs (3) respectively, are stretching out the fix bar of strip hole (4)
(16) end is provided with fixing nut (14), and knocking device includes connecting seat (6), tup (13) and motor (8), the connecting seat
(6) tup accommodating chamber (7) is provided with, is provided with spring (17) in tup accommodating chamber (7), described tup (13) one end is arranged on tup
Accommodating chamber (7) is used cooperatively with plumb joint (1) outside, and tup (13) other end is arranged in tup accommodating chamber (7) and passes through stress
Plate (9) abuts with spring (17), and the stressed plate (9) forms a T-shaped structure with tup (13), in tup accommodating chamber (7) bottom
Provided with preventing tup (13) from deviating from the limiting plate (12) of tup accommodating chamber (7), the motor (8) is fixed on connecting seat (6) side,
Decelerator (10) is provided with below motor (8), cam (11) is connected on the output shaft of the decelerator (10), is driven by motor (8)
Cam (11) is rotated, and the cam (11) is extend into tup accommodating chamber (7) to be coordinated with stressed plate (9), cam (11)
Stressed plate (9) can be driven to drive tup (13) to tup accommodating chamber (7) internal motion when being contacted in rotary course with stressed plate (9)
Compression spring (17), when departing from stressed plate (9) in cam (11) rotary course, tup (13) in the presence of spring (17) by
Ejected in tup accommodating chamber (7), the one end for being used to beat on the tup (13) is spherical.
2. soldering appliance described in a kind of usage right requirement 1 without fixture welding technique method, it is characterised in that including with
Lower step:
(1) main structural framework is welded first, is allowed to form a frame structure by four angles for welding main structure simultaneously, then weld
Connect center section and form a complete main structural framework, in main structural framework welding process, open the motor in soldering appliance,
The tup in soldering appliance is beaten each point of weld seam peripheral region makes metal expansion eliminate deformation caused by welding stress;
(2) other constituent parts are welded after weld metal completely cooling again after the completion of main structural framework welding, other zero
The welding of part according to from inside outwards, first short and then long, first indulge after horizontal order welded;
(3) adjustment of Current Voltage is determined when welding according to welding base metal thickness, weld bead height size, makes satisfaction welding will
Prevent welding heat from overheating and making part deformation while asking;
(4) detected after the completion of welding to the flatness of weldment and to angle, will if flatness or overproof to angle
Part is lain on verification platform, measures the region in the presence of deformation with ruler, three points are divided equally in the range of deformation, use
Flame gun is burnt at red 3 points and is corrected, and depending on the baking duration and degree of heating is with deflection size, is measured again after cooling after baking, until closing
Lattice.
3. one kind as claimed in claim 2 is without fixture welding technique method, it is characterised in that:Welding other constituent parts
When, when there is two or more pieces weld seam at same position, welding direction should be a positive and a negative, stress and torsion is mutually eliminated.
4. one kind as claimed in claim 3 is without fixture welding technique method, it is characterised in that:At weld seam both ends during weld
First reserve one section of 20mm edge of a wing angle welding do not weld, so as to weld shrink caused by stress can discharge from there, finally just by the wing
Edge angle welding is soldered, and allows edge of a wing angle welding to bear internal stress.
5. one kind as claimed in claim 4 is without fixture welding technique method, it is characterised in that:The more structural member of welded seam
When, the short weld seam to stagger should be first welded, then straight-through long weld seam is welded, to prevent being cracked in weld seam junction, if weld seam is longer, adopt
With backstep welding and wandering sequence, temperature is uniformly distributed, reduces welding stress and distortion.
6. one kind as claimed in claim 2 is without fixture welding technique method, it is characterised in that:Carrying out main structural framework welding
When, the method welded simultaneously using more people, frame structure need to be enable disposably to weld according to the concrete structure of main structural framework
Complete.
7. one kind as claimed in claim 2 is without fixture welding technique method, it is characterised in that:Detection to flatness includes vertical
The detection of transverse direction, flat piece surface is leaned on using ruler, with clearance ruler measurement plane degree error;Two are used to the detection to angle
Yarns diagonally tense, and by stratosphere part plane, have slotted section, the maximum error with minimum of reading with clearance ruler measurement plane
As to angular error.
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