CN105685039A - 一种含有机质的农用组合物及其用途 - Google Patents
一种含有机质的农用组合物及其用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于农业领域，涉及一种含有机质的农用组合物及其用途，有机质为甲壳素或甲壳素的降解产物，组合物通常含有助剂、载体、表面活性剂中的一种或一种以上。组合物还含有活性成分为元素肥、氨基酸、杀菌剂中的一种或一种以上，有机质与活性成分的质量百分比为30:1-1:30，有机质与活性成分的总含量占组合物总量的0-90％。组合物具有防治病虫害、促使果实着色、延长采后保鲜期的用途，尤其防治芒果露水斑有良好的效果。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于农业领域，涉及一种含有机质的农用组合物及其用途，尤其是甲壳素及甲壳素的降解产物防治芒果露水斑的用途。
背景技术
芒果是杧果(中国植物志)的通俗名，是一种著名的热带水果，在热带和亚热带地区广泛种植，海南省是我国芒果的主产区之一，作为经济作物栽培的地区还有广东、广西、四川、福建、云南、台湾等省区，芒果产业已经成为热区重要的农业支柱产业之一。果实含有糖、蛋白质、粗纤维，芒果所含有的维生素A的前体胡萝卜素成分特别高，维生素C含量也不低。矿物质、蛋白质、脂肪、糖类等，也是其主要营养成分，可制果汁、果酱、罐头、腌渍、酸辣泡菜及芒果奶粉、蜜饯等。
然而，近年来，芒果的安全生产常受到病害的严重为害，新病害不断涌现。露水斑是根据病症起的俗名，芒果果面有似“露水”般的病斑，中午后病斑不明显，早晨有露水凝聚在果面时病斑十分明显，阴凉潮湿的天气，病斑会逐渐扩展变大，该病害已经广泛分布于海南省的三亚、昌江、乐东和东方等芒果主产区。受害较为严重的品种有贵妃芒、金煌芒，有许多果地出售或转包，给当地的芒果产业带来严重影响，是果园内较为难防的病害之一。芒果露水斑病主要影响果实外观、形成污斑，严重降低商品价值，是制约芒果产业发展、品质提高、种植户增产增收的瓶颈。
有专家认为，芒果露水斑的发生主要是用了较多的噻苯隆、乙烯利、赤霉素等调节剂。张贺等在“海南芒果露水斑病的初步鉴定”(广东农业科学，2013年第7期)报道，该病害病原菌经柯赫氏法则验证、形态学鉴定和病原菌的rDNA—ITS的序列比对分析，确定病原菌为Cladosporiumcladosporioides(枝状芽枝霉)。还有专家认为，露水斑不是有病原菌引起的。关于其致病机理为生理性病害还是病源侵染还没有统一说法，发生露水斑的芒果一般很难治疗恢复。申请人发现施用有机质的组合物尤其甲壳素及甲壳素的降解产物对芒果露水斑的预防起到意想不到的效果。
发明内容
针对芒果露水斑，本发明提供一种含有机质的农用组合物及用途，尤其是甲壳素及甲壳素的降解产物在防治芒果露水斑方面的用途。
本发明的技术方案如下：
本发明提供一种含有机质的农用组合物，有机质为甲壳素或甲壳素降解产物。
本发明提供的农用组合物，有机质为甲壳素、壳聚糖、壳寡糖、碳酸钙、蛋白质中的一种或几种，组合物通常含有助剂、载体、表面活性剂中的一种或一种以上。
本发明的组合物，还含有活性成分为元素肥、氨基酸、杀菌剂中的一种或一种以上，有机质与活性成分的质量百分比为30:1-1:30，有机质与活性成分的总含量占组合物总量的0-90％。
优选的，元素肥是磷肥、钾肥、钙肥中的一种或一种以上，氨基酸为甘氨酸，杀菌剂是咪鲜胺、吡唑醚菌酯、戊唑醇、丙环唑、苯醚甲环唑、溴菌腈中的一种或一种以上。
本发明的组合物制成水乳剂、悬浮剂、水剂、水分散粒剂等剂型。
本发明提供的一种含有机质的组合物的用途，组合物用于防治作物病虫害。
优选的，提供了组合物用于防治芒果露水斑、芒果粉虱、芒果介壳虫的用途，进一步优选的，提供了组合物用于防治芒果露水斑。
本发明的组合物的应用方法，其特征在于，在幼果期和/或膨大期和/或果实成熟期，喷雾应用组合物，应用浓度为20-500mg/L。
本发明的甲壳素，来源于以下生物：
(1)节肢动物：主要是甲壳纲，如虾、蟹等，其次是昆虫纲(如蝗、蝶、蚊、蝇、蚕等蛹壳)、多足纲(如马陆、蜈蚣等)、蛛形纲(如蜘蛛、蝎、蜱、螨等)。
(2)软体动物：主要包括双神经纲(如石鳖)、腹足纲(如鲍、蜗牛)、掘足纲(如角贝)、瓣鳃纲(如牡砺)、头足纲(如乌贼、鹦鹉)等。
(3)环节动物：包括原环虫纲(如角窝虫)、毛足纲(如沙蚕、蚯蚓)和蛭纲(如蚂蝗)三纲。
(4)原生动物：简称原虫，是单细胞动物，包括鞭毛虫纲(如锥体虫)、肉足虫纲(如变形虫)、孢子虫纲(如疟原虫)、纤毛虫纲(如草履虫)等。
(5)腔肠动物：包括水螅虫纲(中水螅、简螅等)、钵水母纲(如海月水母、海蛰、霞水母等)和珊瑚虫纲等。
(6)海藻：主要是绿藻。
(7)真菌：包括子囊菌、担子菌、藻菌等。
(8)其他动物的关节、蹄、足的坚硬部分。
除此之外，在植物中也发现低聚的甲壳素或壳聚糖，一种情况是植物细胞壁受到病原体侵袭时，一些细胞壁中的多糖降解为有生物活性的寡糖，其中就有甲壳六糖，典型的例子是树干受伤后，在其伤口愈合处发现了甲壳六糖；另一种情况是根瘤菌产生的脂寡糖，也是甲壳四糖、甲壳五糖和甲壳六糖。
本发明的组合物与现有技术相比，产生以下有益效果：
1、防病：组合物对芒果露水斑的防治起到增效效果，还可防治芒果白粉病。
2、用途拓宽：本发明的组合物对芒果蓟马和介壳虫有良好的预防效果，而且还可促使果实着色，延长采后保鲜期。
3、环境友好：本发明的组合物在芒果上应用，对人畜及非靶标生物安全，不污染环境。
具体实施方式
为了便于本领域技术人员理解，以下通过具体实施例进一步说明本发明的内容，但本发明不仅仅限于以下实施例。
实施例1芒果幼果期到膨大期露水斑田间防治试验
将含有机质的组合物配制成水乳剂，用组合物进行了芒果幼果期到膨大期露水斑田间试验，并设相应对照，每药剂选贵妃芒果成龄树3株。分别在幼果期(花后30天)、果实膨大期(花后60天)采用背负式喷雾器常量施药，在第2次药后5-7天每株按东、南、西、北、中五点取样。每点随机调查果实10只，记录调查总果数，病果数。按照以下方法计算芒果露水斑防效。
x为使用浓度为a时的活性组分A的防效，y为使用浓度为b时的活性组分B的防效。比较理论效果和实际效果，评价组合物的协同作用，以实际防效大于理论防效时为增效作用。防治效果结果见表1。
表1含有机质的组合物防治芒果露水斑田间试验
在幼果到膨大期使用看壳聚糖的组合物，含有机质的组合物对芒果露水斑田间防治试验结果见表1。壳聚糖及含壳聚糖与磷肥、钾肥、甘氨酸、咪鲜胺、吡唑醚菌酯、戊唑醇、丙环唑、苯醚甲环唑或溴菌腈的组合物对芒果露水斑的实际效果均较，且组合物的实际防效高于组合物的理论防效。显而易见，含有壳聚糖的组合物对芒果露水斑有优良的预防增效效果。另外发现，壳聚糖及含壳聚糖的组合物的芒果树处理，芒果白粉病、芒果蓟马和芒果介壳虫的发生相对磷肥、钾肥、甘氨酸、咪鲜胺、吡唑醚菌酯、戊唑醇、丙环唑、苯醚甲环唑或溴菌腈的单剂处理发生较少。
实施例2含有机质的组合物防治成熟期芒果露水斑田间试验
将含有机质的组合物配制成悬浮剂剂，用组合物进行了成熟期芒果露水斑田间试验，并设相应对照，每药剂选贵妃芒果成龄树3株。在药前每株按东、南、西、北、中五点取样，每株调查果实10只，并挂牌，选择在采收前20天采用背负式喷雾器常量施药，药后5天调查挂牌处理，记录调查总果数，各级病果数。按照以下分级方法计算芒果露水斑病情指数和防效。
果实分级方法：
0级：每只果实上无露水病斑；
1级：每只果实上露水病斑少于5个；
3级：每只果实上露水病斑6个-15个；
5级：每只果实上露水病斑16个-25个；
7级：每只果实上露水病斑26个以上，斑点相连；
9级：整个果面有露水病斑；
x为使用浓度为a时的活性组分A的防效，y为使用浓度为b时的活性组分B的防效。比较理论效果和实际效果，评价组合物的协同作用，以实际防效大于理论防效时为增效作用。结果见表2。
表2含有机质的组合物防治成熟期芒果露水斑田间试验
含有机质的组合物对成熟期芒果露水斑防治试验见表2，发现，甲壳素、壳聚糖、壳寡糖及相应的组合物对芒果露水斑的实际效果均较高，且组合物的实际效果高于相应的理论防效。显而易见，含壳聚糖的组合物及含壳寡糖的组合物对芒果露水斑的防治也是增效的。含壳聚糖或壳寡糖的组合物处理，芒果着色明显，果面无病斑，成熟果实口感好，采摘后保鲜期较不含壳聚糖或壳寡糖的处理时间长。
Claims (9)
1.一种含有机质的农用组合物，其特征在于，有机质为甲壳素或甲壳素降解产物。
2.根据权利要求1的组合物，其特征在于，有机质为甲壳素、壳聚糖、壳寡糖、碳酸钙、蛋白质中的一种或几种，组合物通常含有助剂、载体、表面活性剂中的一种或一种以上。
3.根据权利要求2的组合物，其特征在于，组合物还含有活性成分为元素肥、氨基酸、杀菌剂中的一种或一种以上，有机质与活性成分的质量百分比为30:1-1:30，有机质与活性成分的总含量占组合物总量的0-90％。
4.根据权利要求3的组合物，其特征在于，组合物中元素肥是磷肥、钾肥、钙肥中的一种或一种以上，氨基酸为甘氨酸，杀菌剂是咪鲜胺、吡唑醚菌酯、戊唑醇、丙环唑、苯醚甲环唑、溴菌腈中的一种或一种以上。
5.根据权利要求4的组合物，其特征在于，本发明的组合物制成水乳剂、悬浮剂、水剂、水分散粒剂等剂型。
6.权利要求1-5的任一权利要求的组合物的用途，其特征在于，组合物用于防治作物病虫害。
7.根据权利要求6的用途，其特征在于，组合物用于防治芒果露水斑、芒果粉虱、芒果介壳虫的用途。
8.根据权利要求7的用途，其特征在于，组合物用于防治芒果露水斑。
9.根据权利要求6-7的用途，其特征在于，在幼果期和/或膨大期和/或果实成熟期，喷雾应用组合物，应用浓度为20-500mg/L。
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