CN112167261B - 一种果蔗采收后贮运保鲜用的农药组合物 - Google Patents
一种果蔗采收后贮运保鲜用的农药组合物 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
- A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
- A01N47/28—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N<
- A01N47/38—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N< containing the group >N—CO—N< where at least one nitrogen atom is part of a heterocyclic ring; Thio analogues thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/04—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
- A01N43/14—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom six-membered rings
- A01N43/16—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom six-membered rings with oxygen as the ring hetero atom
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23B—PRESERVING, e.g. BY CANNING, MEAT, FISH, EGGS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, EDIBLE SEEDS; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES; THE PRESERVED, RIPENED, OR CANNED PRODUCTS
- A23B7/00—Preservation or chemical ripening of fruit or vegetables
- A23B7/08—Preserving with sugars
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23B—PRESERVING, e.g. BY CANNING, MEAT, FISH, EGGS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, EDIBLE SEEDS; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES; THE PRESERVED, RIPENED, OR CANNED PRODUCTS
- A23B7/00—Preservation or chemical ripening of fruit or vegetables
- A23B7/14—Preserving or ripening with chemicals not covered by groups A23B7/08 or A23B7/10
- A23B7/153—Preserving or ripening with chemicals not covered by groups A23B7/08 or A23B7/10 in the form of liquids or solids
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Abstract
本发明属于果蔬保鲜技术领域，具体涉及一种果蔗采收后贮运保鲜用的农药组合物。一种果蔗采收后贮运保鲜用的农药组合物，其有效成分为桃胶多糖和咪鲜胺，所述的桃胶多糖和咪鲜胺的重量比是1:30‑30:1。本发明的农药组合物对采收后的果蔗起到明显的保鲜作用，能显著抑制凤梨病、赤腐病等病害的发生，减缓水分流失和营养变质速度，延长商品蔗的货架期15‑30天，对人畜相对安全，对果蔗产业发展将产生巨大经济和社会效益。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于果蔬保鲜技术领域，具体涉及一种果蔗采收后贮运保鲜用农药组合物。
背景技术
桃胶多糖(peach gum polysaccharide)是一种天然高分子，它是由蔷薇科的桃或山桃树干受损伤后分泌出来的天然胶质物，经过净化提取而得，其主要成分由阿拉伯糖(44-54％)、半乳糖(39-42％)、糖醛酸(7-14％)、木糖(7-9％)等组成的杂多糖超支化大分子。我国桃胶资源十分丰富，年产量超过千万吨，但只要极少一部分被收集和利用，资源浪费严重，据有关学者研究报道桃胶多糖具有良好的抗菌和抗氧化活性。
咪鲜胺是Boots公司1977年合成的一种广谱高效的咪唑类杀菌剂，广泛用于治疗和铲除由尾孢属、核腔菌属、喙孢属、核盘菌属、镰孢属及白粉菌、炭疽菌等致病菌所引起的油料作物、谷类、热带和亚热带水果、观赏植物、蔬菜及各种经济作物的病害,也用于种子、苗木处理及防治收获后水果贮存期的病害。咪鲜胺在国内的商品名称有：施保克、施保功、扑霉灵、丙氯灵。
果蔗是水果甘蔗的简称，是我国南方广泛种植的特色经济作物。在我国，果蔗按皮色主要分黄皮果蔗和黑皮果蔗两种，其中以黑皮果蔗分布最广，占总面积的90％以上。果蔗富含蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖等糖类及人体所必需的多种氨基酸、维生素和微量元素，同时具有生津止渴、清凉解毒、润肺止咳健胃等功效，具有丰富的营养和药用价值，是广受人民群众喜爱的冬季时令水果。果蔗采收后失水严重，货架期不足7天，砍收后的果蔗在自然条件下易失水干枯，随着时间的延长发生糖分转化和氨基酸含量下降，口感变差，特别是感染凤梨病、赤腐病等病害后，变质更快，使果蔗迅速失去其商品的感官价值和营养价值。近几年由于果蔗集中上市，销售渠道有限，缺乏保鲜贮藏和深加工技术等原因导致滞销屡屡发生，给蔗农带来巨大经济损失。
目前市场能应用于果蔗采收后保鲜的产品比较少且单一。本发明充分发掘我国桃胶多糖的资源优势，开发出贮运保鲜用农药组合物，既能减缓其水分流失速度，又能在果蔗堆贮过程中抑制凤梨病、赤腐病的发生，延长商品蔗的货架期15-30天，对人畜相对安全，将会促进果蔗产业发展，产生巨大经济和社会效益。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种果蔗采收后贮运保鲜用农药组合物，具有减缓水分流失速度，又能在果蔗堆贮过程中抑制凤梨病、赤腐病的发生，延长商品蔗的货架期等优点。
本发明提供的技术方案如下：
一种果蔗采收后贮运保鲜用农药组合物，有效成分包含桃胶多糖和咪鲜胺及其锰盐，所述的桃胶多糖和咪鲜胺及其锰盐的重量比是1:30-30:1。
作为优选，所述的果蔗采收后贮运保鲜用农药组合物农药中，桃胶多糖和咪鲜胺及其锰盐的重量比是1:10-10:1。
作为优选，所述的果蔗采收后贮运保鲜用农药组合物农药中，桃胶多糖和咪鲜胺及其锰盐的重量比是1:7。
本发明还提供一种包含上述果蔗采收后贮运保鲜用农药组合物农药，所述的桃胶多糖和咪鲜胺及其锰盐的重量占总重量的0.1-60％，余量为农药上可接受的辅助成分助剂或填料。优选的，所述的桃胶多糖和咪鲜胺及其锰盐的重量占总重量的7.0-50％，余量为农药上可接受的辅助成分助剂或填料。
作为优选，所述的农药剂型为乳油、可湿性粉剂、水分散粒剂、悬浮剂、微胶囊剂、纳米胶囊剂、微乳剂或水乳剂。
作为优选，所述桃胶多糖是指商品桃胶，主要成分由阿拉伯糖(44-54％)、半乳糖(39-42％)、糖醛酸(7-14％)、木糖(7-9％)组成的杂多糖超支化大分子，其相对分子质量0.9-5.6×103KDa。
本发明所述的组合物农药可作为果蔗采收后的贮运保鲜剂。
本发明的农药制剂中使用的助剂包括溶剂、分散剂、乳化剂、稳定剂、防冻剂、表面活性剂、交联剂、润湿剂等及其它有益于有效成分在制剂中稳定和药效发挥的已知物质，都是农药制剂中常用或允许使用的各种成分，并无特别限定，具体成分和用量根据配方要求通过试验确定。
与现有技术相比，本发明具有如下有益效果：
本发明的果蔗采收后贮运保鲜用农药组合物对采收后的果蔗具有明显的保鲜作用，能显著抑制凤梨病、赤腐病等病害的发生，减缓水分流失和营养变质速度，延长商品蔗的货架期15-30天，对人畜相对安全，对产业发展将产生巨大经济和社会效益。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明的具体实施方式进行详细描述，但应当理解本发明的保护范围并不受具体实施方式的限制。
实施例1：不同比例桃胶多糖、咪鲜胺复配组合对贮藏果蔗保鲜效果评价
果蔗堆贮试验(参考GB/T 17980.99-2004，杀菌剂防治杧果贮藏期炭疽病，有改动)：选取大小均一，表面无机械损失、无病虫伤口的果蔗植株，去头部和根部后，用清水洗净果蔗表面泥土，在通风处静置晾干。试验共设共设9个处理(见表2)，每个处理3个重复，每个重复3根果蔗。每个处理以不同质量比的桃胶多糖和咪鲜胺复配液稀释，使每个处理稀释液质量浓度300mg/kg。对果蔗进行全株喷雾施药，对照组喷施清水。待果蔗表面药液晾干后放入实验室，在温度为22±3℃、湿度56±5％条件下进行堆贮。
分别于7、15、30天测定果蔗贮藏前后的重量损失，从果蔗横切面中正间劈开，以横切面受病菌侵害的范围按表1对每节果蔗进行分级赋值，统计侵染率和保鲜效果。
表1果蔗横切面受侵染比例分级参考表
保鲜效果计算公式如下：
侵染率％＝侵染节数/调查总节数×100；
侵染指数＝∑(各级节数×相对应节侵染赋值)/(调查节总数×9)×100；
相对保鲜效果(％)＝(同期对照组侵染指数-处理组病情指数)/同期对照组病情指数×100；
重量损失率(％)＝(处置组重量-同期对照组重量)/同期对照组重量×100。
表2不同比例桃胶多糖和咪鲜胺对果蔗保鲜防效
由表2可知，施药后7天，桃胶多糖和咪鲜胺及其不同质量配比处理都表现出很好的保鲜效果，其相对保鲜防效为93.32-100％。随着时间延长，施药后15天，桃胶多糖与咪鲜胺以1:7质量比复配，其对果蔗的相对保鲜防效为87.23％，明细高于桃胶多糖和咪鲜胺单剂处理的29.17％和67.36％。施药后30天桃胶多糖与咪鲜胺1：7复配相对保鲜防效为76.92％，高于其它处理。
实施例2：不同浓度桃胶多糖、咪鲜胺复配对果蔗保鲜效果评价
果蔗堆贮试验方法同实例1，桃胶多糖与咪鲜胺以1:7质量比复配，设置200mg/kg、400mg/kg、600mg/kg三个浓度，试验设置清水空白对照，分别于施药后15天、30天测定果蔗贮藏前后的重量损失情况、侵染率，分析侵染指数和相对保鲜效果。
表3不同浓度桃胶多糖和咪鲜胺复配组合对果蔗保鲜防效
由表3可知，经过优化的不同浓度桃胶多糖、咪鲜胺复配组合对采收后的果蔗具有明显的保鲜作用，施药后15天，400mg/kg浓度其相对保鲜防效为87.50％，施药后30天，400mg/kg浓度的防效为78.34％，与600mg/kg相当，各浓度重量损失率变化不大。
桃胶多糖的存在能明细减少果蔗保鲜期间失水量，但其长期保鲜防效不及咪鲜胺，其与咪鲜胺复配能很好的保持果蔗水分和抑制病原菌侵染，有利于果蔗的长途运输和延长货架期。
Claims (7)
1.一种果蔗采收后贮运保鲜用的农药组合物，其特征在于，其有效成分为桃胶多糖和咪鲜胺，所述的桃胶多糖和咪鲜胺的重量比是1:30-30:1。
2.根据权利要求1所述的农药组合物，其特征在于，所述的桃胶多糖和咪鲜胺的重量比是1:10-10:1。
3.根据权利要求1所述的农药组合物，其特征在于，所述的桃胶多糖和咪鲜胺的重量比是1:7。
4.一种包含权利要求1-3任一项所述的农药组合物的农药制剂，其特征在于：所述的桃胶多糖和咪鲜胺的重量占总重量的0.1-60%，余量为农药上可接受的辅助成分助剂或填料。
5.根据权利要求4所述的农药制剂，其特征在于：所述的桃胶多糖和咪鲜胺的重量占总重量的7.0-45%，余量为农药上可接受的辅助成分助剂或填料。
6.根据权利要求4-5任一项所述的农药制剂，其特征在于：所述农药制剂的剂型为乳油、可湿性粉剂、水分散粒剂、悬浮剂、微胶囊剂、纳米胶囊剂、微乳剂或水乳剂。
7.根据权利要求4所述的农药制剂，其特征在于：所述桃胶多糖是指由阿拉伯糖44-54%、半乳糖39-42%、糖醛酸7-14%和木糖7-9%组成的杂多糖超支化大分子，其相对分子质量0.9-5.6×103 KDa。
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