CN105642018A - 一种防雾霾醋酸纤维过滤材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种防雾霾醋酸纤维过滤材料及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN105642018A
CN105642018A CN201610190056.7A CN201610190056A CN105642018A CN 105642018 A CN105642018 A CN 105642018A CN 201610190056 A CN201610190056 A CN 201610190056A CN 105642018 A CN105642018 A CN 105642018A
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acetate fiber
haze
filtering material
fiber
cellulose acetate
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CN105642018B (zh
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陈昀
张淑洁
曹建华
司祥平
张丽
徐磊
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Nantong Cellulose Fibers Co Ltd
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01D39/14Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B23/00Layered products comprising a layer of cellulosic plastic substances, i.e. substances obtained by chemical modification of cellulose, e.g. cellulose ethers, cellulose esters, viscose
    • B32B23/10Layered products comprising a layer of cellulosic plastic substances, i.e. substances obtained by chemical modification of cellulose, e.g. cellulose ethers, cellulose esters, viscose next to a fibrous or filamentary layer
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    • D02YARNS; MECHANICAL FINISHING OF YARNS OR ROPES; WARPING OR BEAMING
    • D02GCRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
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    • D04H1/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
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    • D04H1/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
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    • D04H1/48Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres in combination with at least one other method of consolidation
    • D04H1/485Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres in combination with at least one other method of consolidation in combination with weld-bonding
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    • D04H1/00Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
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    • D04H1/46Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres
    • D04H1/492Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres by fluid jet
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01DSEPARATION
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种防雾霾醋酸纤维过滤材料及其生产方法,是以醋酸纤维为主,与聚乳酸纤维、活性炭纤维通过三维立体复合制造工艺,制成的水刺非织造材料为过滤内层,以醋酸纤维平纹织物为外层的三层结构材料。中间层的过滤材料是以醋酸纤维与聚乳酸纤维、活性炭纤维为原料,经过梳理、针刺、水刺和热轧加工制成复合醋酸纤维非织造材料,该非织造材料采用的原料为醋酸纤维、聚乳酸纤维和活性炭纤维,醋酸纤维和聚乳酸纤维为绿色环保纤维,可生物降解,活性炭纤维的比表面积大,吸附性能极佳;三层结构中间层过滤掉较细小的粉尘,上下层层过滤掉较粗大的粉尘颗粒,吸湿透气,贴肤舒适。

Description

一种防雾霾醋酸纤维过滤材料及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于高分子材料领域,涉及一种防雾霾过滤材料制造技术,具体为一种以醋酸纤维为主要原料的防雾霾过滤材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
近几年,由于机动车尾气排放、燃煤量增加、施工灰尘,使得空气中微小颗粒物的数量显著增加。雾霾天气越来越严重,特别是在冬天,北方的城市几乎每天都会遭受雾霾的天气,空气的污染使人们健康遭受了严重的威胁。在雾霾天气中的微小颗粒的化学成分非常复杂,可能引发多种疾病。其中PM2.5是大气污染物中对人体危害最大的颗粒物,这种颗粒物直径等于或小于2.5微米,能直接进入人体的肺部,并在肺泡内沉积,影响肺部的气体交换,如果长期吸入会导致尘肺、肺纤维化,甚至肺癌的发生。所以在这样的天气条件下,人们外出时戴上一种防雾霾的口罩是十分必要的。
目前市场上销售的口罩种类主要有棉纱口罩、普通无纺布口罩、活性炭口罩、专业的医用口罩、普通的民用口罩以及N95等防颗粒口罩。棉纱口罩和普通无纺布口罩的防尘机理是机械式过滤,对大颗粒的粉尘具有一定的阻挡作用。对一些细微的粉尘,尤其是直径小于5微米的细小颗粒物,不能进行有效的阻挡。活性炭口罩虽然可以有效吸附空气中的苯、甲醛等有害气体,但不能有效防尘。专业的医用口罩使用经过严格消毒程序的医用纱布制成,具有防毒灭菌的作用,但是不能有效的防雾霾。普通的民用口罩不仅面部贴合不好,而且度对直径10微米以下的颗粒物的过滤效率不足30%。N95等防颗粒口罩在一定程度上能有效地防治PM2.5这样微小的颗粒,但是这种口罩的透气性较差,呼吸阻力大,长期佩戴有可能出现呼吸不畅,对于有呼吸道疾病的人群来说,这种口罩不宜长期佩戴,并且一次佩戴的时间不宜过长,并且这种口罩成本高、不能清洗也影响了其推广应用。
市场上防雾霾口罩的滤料一般选用聚丙烯材料,采用熔喷法非织造布的生产方式。虽然聚丙烯具备一系列的特点,非常适合用作口罩的滤材,但是聚丙烯纤维本身是一种合成纤维,生产过程对环境有一定的污染。熔喷法非织造布也有自身的性能缺陷,主要是结构强度低、耐磨性差。在实际应用中,口罩仅靠熔喷法非织造布过滤层是无法维持其使用强度的,通常采用熔喷法非织造布和纺粘法非织造布相结合的方法制作口罩的面罩。这样虽然弥补了彼此的弱点,提高了过滤效率,但是也增加了吸阻,使口罩的透气性减小,长时间的佩戴可能会有不舒适的感觉。因此,研发一种能有效过滤细微颗粒,并且透气性好、呼吸阻力小,可更换滤材,方便清洗和反复使用的口罩,具有重要的应用价值。
水刺是采用高压产生的多股微细水射流喷射纤网,水射流穿过纤网后,受托持网帘的反弹,再次穿插纤网,由此,纤网中纤维在不同方向高速水射流穿插的水力作用下,产生位移、穿插、缠结和抱合,从而使纤网得到加固。得到的水刺材料的孔隙小,有很好的过滤效果;纤维间柔性缠结的作用,不影响纤维原有特征,不损伤纤维;水刺材料的透气性较好。醋酸纤维是一种绿色环保的再生纤维素纤维,醋酸纤维的性能优异,可生物降解无污染,常被用作香烟过滤嘴的过滤介质,是一种很好的过滤材料。醋酸纤维的单丝截面呈Y型,这种截面表面积大,增加与微小颗粒接触的几率,获得更高的过滤效率。醋酸纤维的卷曲有助于阻止纤维间的相对滑动,做成的非织造材料更加紧密,提高过滤性能。聚乳酸纤维本身也是一种植物性纤维,从玉米中提取的生态环保纤维。活性炭纤维是经过活化的含碳纤维,这种纤维的表面布满了纳米级的微孔,表面积很大,其对有机气体吸附能力比颗粒活性炭在空气中高几倍至几十倍,在水溶液中高5-6倍,吸附速率快大约100-1000倍。将这三种纤维按照一定的比例进行混合,通过水刺的方法制得的非织造过滤材料,再配合用醋酸纤维织成的机织物,做成三明治的结构,健康环保,过滤性能好,并且这种材料的透气性好,长期佩戴不会影响舒适性。
发明内容
本发明拟解决的问题是提供一种防雾霾材料,其能有效阻挡PM2.5颗粒物,且透气性好,可更换滤材,可反复清洗和使用。
本发明的目的通过以下技术方案来实现:一种防雾霾醋酸纤维过滤材料,防雾霾醋酸纤维过滤材料是由醋酸纤维、聚乳酸纤维和活性炭纤维通过三维立体复合制造工艺混合制成的水刺非织造材料与醋酸纤维平纹织物复合制成的三层结构,中间层为水刺非织造材料,上下层为醋酸纤维平纹织物。
优选的是,中间层水刺非织造材料厚度在0.5mm-3.5mm之间,上下层为醋酸纤维平纹织物厚度在0.3mm-0.6mm之间。
优选的是,醋酸纤维细度在1.5-3.5den之间,长度在25-60mm之间,聚乳酸纤维细度在1.5-3.5den之间,长度在30-55mm之间,活性炭纤维的细度在1.52-3.59den之间,纤维的长度在30-60mm之间。
优选的是,醋酸纤维平纹织物的纱线为醋酸纤维纱线,经纱是由号数15-50tex、捻系数200-500的纯醋酸纤维单纱并捻合股制成的股线,纬纱设计有两种,一种是号数15-50tex、捻系数200-500的纯醋酸纤维单纱,另一种是号数15-50tex、捻系数200-500的纯醋酸纤维单纱并捻合股制成的股线。
优选的是,醋酸纤维、聚乳酸纤维和活性碳纤维混合中,聚乳酸纤维的配比5%-30%;活性炭纤维的配比在5%-10%。
一种权利要求1所述的防雾霾醋酸纤维过滤材料的制备方法,步骤如下:
A、外层织物的工艺设计:
纱线的具体工艺设计:
a、开松梳理工序:称取200g醋酸纤维纤维进行开松,每次称取开松后的醋酸纤维30g进行梳理,一共梳理5次。
b、并条工序:成条时牵伸倍数为8(中1.05,后1.55),制得生条;接着进行头道并条:五并一,牵伸倍数为5(中1.05,后1.55),制得半熟条;最后进行二道并条:六并一,牵伸倍数为5(中1.05,后1.55),制得熟条。
c、粗纱工序:经测量,粗条干定量为21.8g/5m;纱线工艺:捻系数77,捻度31.3捻/m;牵伸工艺:粗纱单重为500tex,喂入条子单重为21.8g/5m,机械牵伸8.80倍。
d、细纱工序:经测量粗纱号数为480tex
细纱一:理论转速6000转/分;纱线线密度21tex;牵伸倍数22.9;捻系数330。
细纱二:理论转速7000转/分;纱线线密度30tex;牵伸倍数16;捻系数340。
B、上机织造工艺设计(实验所用的机器为半自动小样织机)
上机织造工艺流程:整经-穿综-穿筘-织造
上级织造工艺参数:钢筘筘号100,经纱400根2片综,每筘2入,幅宽20cm。
C、内层非织造材料的工艺设计:
a、预处理阶段:制备醋酸纤维、聚乳酸纤维和活性炭纤维混合非织造材料,分别将每种纤维进行开松除杂后,还要经过和毛机进行混合,直至混合均匀;
b、梳理阶段:在梳理阶段采用两道梳理工艺,第一道梳理先将要梳理的纤维形成纤维网,然后将两个梳理好的纤维网重叠喂入第二道梳理机;
c、铺网阶段:采用交叉铺网的方式;
d、预刺阶段:采用一道针刺;
e、固网阶段:采用两道正反面水刺,喂入速度采用慢速喂入,第二道水刺的压力高于第一道水刺;
f、热轧整理阶段:采用正反面两道热轧。
优选的是,水刺时水压控制在2MPa-5MPa之间,进行两道水刺时第二道水刺的压力高于第一道水刺20%-25%左右,生产速度为8-12m/min。
优选的是,热轧整理阶段采用正反面两道热轧,温度设定在120-180℃之间。
综上所述,与现有技术相比,本发明有益效果在于:1、防雾霾过滤材料采用的是水刺的加固方法,这种方法加工成的非织造材料孔隙小,有很好的过滤效果并且透气性好;2、滤层材料是醋酸纤维、聚乳酸纤维和活性炭纤维制成非织造过滤材料,孔隙率高,比表面积大,对细小颗粒物的过滤效率高且保持了优良的透气性;3、主要原料更加环保健康,醋酸纤维是可再生纤维素纤维。
附图说明
图1为本发明醋酸纤维平纹织物;
图2为本发明醋酸纤维、聚乳酸纤维和活性炭纤维混合制成的水刺非织造材料;
图3为本发明三层结构防雾霾醋酸纤维过滤材料。
具体实施方式
下面将对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整的描述,显然,所描述的实施例是本发明的一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动的前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
本发明提供了一种防雾霾醋酸纤维过滤材料及其制备方法,其中外层织物的工艺设计:
纱线的具体工艺设计:
开松梳理工序:称取200g醋酸纤维纤维进行开松,每次称取开松后的醋酸纤维30g进行梳理,一共梳理5次。
并条工序:成条时牵伸倍数为8(中1.05,后1.55),制得生条;接着进行头道并条:五并一,牵伸倍数为5(中1.05,后1.55),制得半熟条;最后进行二道并条:六并一,牵伸倍数为5(中1.05,后1.55),制得熟条。
粗纱工序:经测量,粗条干定量为21.8g/5m;纱线工艺:捻系数77,捻度31.3捻/m;牵伸工艺:粗纱单重为500tex,喂入条子单重为21.8g/5m,机械牵伸8.80倍。
细纱工序:经测量粗纱号数为480tex
细纱一:理论转速6000转/分;纱线线密度21tex;牵伸倍数22.9;捻系数330。
细纱二:理论转速7000转/分;纱线线密度30tex;牵伸倍数16;捻系数340。
上机织造工艺设计(实验所用的机器为半自动小样织机)
上机织造工艺流程:整经-穿综-穿筘-织造,
上级织造工艺参数:钢筘筘号100,经纱400根2片综,每筘2入,幅宽20cm。
内层非织造材料工艺设计:
制备醋酸纤维、聚乳酸纤维和活性炭纤维混合的非织造材料,其中聚乳酸纤维的配比占20%,活性炭纤维的配比在10%,该非织造布的克重为75g/m2,厚度为2.01mm。选择的醋酸纤维的细度在3den,纤维的横截面为Y型,平均长度为38mm;聚乳酸纤维的细度为1.56den,长度为38mm,活性炭纤维的细度为1.52den,长度为38mm。将醋酸纤维和聚乳酸纤维、活性炭纤维按设定的配比进行开松混合,然后在棉型梳理机上进行预梳理,梳理的基本参数设置:给棉罗拉的速度为0.43r/min;刺辊的速度为578.13r/min;锡林的速度为555.00r/min;道夫的速度为7.71r/min;出网速度为4.07r/min。然后将纤维网在经过GSA-500梳理机进行固网前的再一次梳理,基本参数设置:喂入2.06HZ,道夫13.10HZ,锡林20.14HZ,采用交叉铺网的方式,进入GZA-800针刺机进行预针刺,然后经过水刺系统,水刺时第一道水压控制在5MPa,第两道水刺水压为6.5MPa,生产速度为8m/min。将经过水刺的混合非织造材料进行烘燥,然后进行热轧整理,热轧的温度在165℃。即得本发明所述的防雾霾醋酸纤维非织造材料。
对所得的防雾霾醋酸纤维非织造材料进行透气性能、过滤效率、过滤阻力、的测试,测试结果良好,满足防雾霾用过滤材料的预期效果。测试的试验数据如下:
透气性测试结果
过滤阻力测试结果
本次试验制作了三个样品,样品的平均厚度为2.033mm,与一般的口罩的过滤材料部分相差不大;这种材料的透气性在789.33(L/(m2·s))左右,比市场上卖的防雾霾口罩的透气性要好;由过滤效率的结果来看,该材料的过滤效率较好,一般都在90%左右,与市场上的防雾霾口罩的过滤效率相差不大,并且过滤阻力也保持在较小的范围之内。满足防雾霾材料透气性好,过滤效率高的要求。
本发明的工作原理和工作流程是:
工作原理:外层过滤掉较粗大的粉尘颗粒,内层非织造材料过滤掉穿过外层的细小颗粒,直至最后将各种粒径粉尘颗粒中的绝大多数过滤掉。
工作流程:外层平纹织物→内层非织造材料→外层平纹织物。

Claims (8)

1.一种防雾霾醋酸纤维过滤材料,其特征在于:所述防雾霾醋酸纤维过滤材料是由醋酸纤维、聚乳酸纤维和活性炭纤维通过三维立体复合制造工艺混合制成的水刺非织造材料与醋酸纤维平纹织物复合制成的三层结构,中间层为水刺非织造材料,上下层为醋酸纤维平纹织物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种防雾霾醋酸纤维过滤材料,其特征在于:所述中间层水刺非织造材料厚度在0.5mm-3.5mm之间,上下层为醋酸纤维平纹织物厚度在0.3mm-0.6mm之间。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种防雾霾醋酸纤维过滤材料,其特征在于:所述醋酸纤维细度在1.5-3.5den之间,长度在25-60mm之间,所述聚乳酸纤维细度在1.5-3.5den之间,长度在30-55mm之间,所述活性炭纤维的细度在1.52-3.59den之间,纤维的长度在30-60mm之间。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种防雾霾醋酸纤维过滤材料,其特征在于:所述醋酸纤维平纹织物的纱线为醋酸纤维纱线,经纱是由号数15-50tex、捻系数200-500的纯醋酸纤维单纱并捻合股制成的股线,纬纱设计有两种,一种是号数15-50tex、捻系数200-500的纯醋酸纤维单纱,另一种是号数15-50tex、捻系数200-500的纯醋酸纤维单纱并捻合股制成的股线。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种防雾霾醋酸纤维过滤材料,其特征在于:所述的醋酸纤维、聚乳酸纤维和活性碳纤维混合中,聚乳酸纤维的配比5%-30%;活性炭纤维的配比在5%-10%。
6.一种权利要求1所述的防雾霾醋酸纤维过滤材料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤如下:
A、外层织物的工艺设计:
纱线的具体工艺设计:
a、开松梳理工序:称取200g醋酸纤维纤维进行开松,每次称取开松后的醋酸纤维30g进行梳理,一共梳理5次;
b、并条工序:成条时牵伸倍数为8(中1.05,后1.55),制得生条;接着进行头道并条:五并一,牵伸倍数为5(中1.05,后1.55),制得半熟条;最后进行二道并条:六并一,牵伸倍数为5(中1.05,后1.55),制得熟条;
c、粗纱工序:经测量,粗条干定量为21.8g/5m;纱线工艺:捻系数77,捻度31.3捻/m;牵伸工艺:粗纱单重为500tex,喂入条子单重为21.8g/5m,机械牵伸8.80倍;
d、细纱工序:经测量粗纱号数为480tex
细纱一:理论转速6000转/分;纱线线密度21tex;牵伸倍数22.9;捻系数330;
细纱二:理论转速7000转/分;纱线线密度30tex;牵伸倍数16;捻系数340;
B、上机织造工艺设计(实验所用的机器为半自动小样织机)
上机织造工艺流程:整经-穿综-穿筘-织造
上级织造工艺参数:钢筘筘号100,经纱400根2片综,每筘2入,幅宽20cm;
C、内层非织造材料的工艺设计:
a、预处理阶段:制备醋酸纤维、聚乳酸纤维和活性炭纤维混合非织造材料,分别将每种纤维进行开松除杂后,还要经过和毛机进行混合,直至混合均匀;
b、梳理阶段:在梳理阶段采用两道梳理工艺,第一道梳理先将要梳理的纤维形成纤维网,然后将两个梳理好的纤维网重叠喂入第二道梳理机;
c、铺网阶段:采用交叉铺网的方式;
d、预刺阶段:采用一道针刺;
e、固网阶段:采用两道正反面水刺,喂入速度采用慢速喂入,第二道水刺的压力高于第一道水刺;
f、热轧整理阶段:采用正反面两道热轧。
7.根据权利要求6所述的一种防雾霾醋酸纤维过滤材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述水刺时水压控制在2MPa-5MPa之间,进行两道水刺时第二道水刺的压力高于第一道水刺20%-25%左右,生产速度为8-12m/min。
8.根据权利要求6所述的一种防雾霾醋酸纤维过滤材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述热轧整理阶段采用正反面两道热轧,温度设定在120-180℃之间。
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