CN105564423B - 具有混合动力驱动传动系的车辆 - Google Patents

具有混合动力驱动传动系的车辆 Download PDF

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CN105564423B
CN105564423B CN201510732177.5A CN201510732177A CN105564423B CN 105564423 B CN105564423 B CN 105564423B CN 201510732177 A CN201510732177 A CN 201510732177A CN 105564423 B CN105564423 B CN 105564423B
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revolving speed
motor
combustion engine
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internal combustion
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CN105564423A (zh
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A·罗思
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Audi AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/44—Series-parallel type
    • B60K6/445—Differential gearing distribution type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/04—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/44—Series-parallel type
    • B60K6/448—Electrical distribution type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W20/00—Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
    • B60W20/10—Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand
    • B60W20/15—Control strategies specially adapted for achieving a particular effect
    • B60W20/19—Control strategies specially adapted for achieving a particular effect for achieving enhanced acceleration
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W30/00—Purposes of road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub-unit, e.g. of systems using conjoint control of vehicle sub-units
    • B60W30/18—Propelling the vehicle
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W30/00—Purposes of road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub-unit, e.g. of systems using conjoint control of vehicle sub-units
    • B60W30/18—Propelling the vehicle
    • B60W30/188—Controlling power parameters of the driveline, e.g. determining the required power
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H3/00—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion
    • F16H3/44—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion using gears having orbital motion
    • F16H3/72—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion using gears having orbital motion with a secondary drive, e.g. regulating motor, in order to vary speed continuously
    • F16H3/727—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion using gears having orbital motion with a secondary drive, e.g. regulating motor, in order to vary speed continuously with at least two dynamo electric machines for creating an electric power path inside the gearing, e.g. using generator and motor for a variable power torque path
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W2510/00—Input parameters relating to a particular sub-units
    • B60W2510/06—Combustion engines, Gas turbines
    • B60W2510/0638—Engine speed
    • B60W2510/0652—Speed change rate
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W2510/00—Input parameters relating to a particular sub-units
    • B60W2510/10—Change speed gearings
    • B60W2510/104—Output speed
    • B60W2510/1045—Output speed change rate
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W2540/00—Input parameters relating to occupants
    • B60W2540/10—Accelerator pedal position
    • B60W2540/103—Accelerator thresholds, e.g. kickdown
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W2710/00—Output or target parameters relating to a particular sub-units
    • B60W2710/06—Combustion engines, Gas turbines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W2710/00—Output or target parameters relating to a particular sub-units
    • B60W2710/06—Combustion engines, Gas turbines
    • B60W2710/0644—Engine speed
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W2710/00—Output or target parameters relating to a particular sub-units
    • B60W2710/06—Combustion engines, Gas turbines
    • B60W2710/0644—Engine speed
    • B60W2710/0661—Speed change rate
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W2710/00—Output or target parameters relating to a particular sub-units
    • B60W2710/08—Electric propulsion units
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W2710/00—Output or target parameters relating to a particular sub-units
    • B60W2710/08—Electric propulsion units
    • B60W2710/081—Speed
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W2710/00—Output or target parameters relating to a particular sub-units
    • B60W2710/10—Change speed gearings
    • B60W2710/1038—Output speed
    • B60W2710/1044—Output speed change rate
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H37/00—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00
    • F16H37/02—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings
    • F16H37/06—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts
    • F16H37/08—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing
    • F16H37/0833—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts, i.e. with two or more internal power paths
    • F16H37/084—Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts, i.e. with two or more internal power paths at least one power path being a continuously variable transmission, i.e. CVT
    • F16H2037/0866—Power split variators with distributing differentials, with the output of the CVT connected or connectable to the output shaft
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/62—Hybrid vehicles

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Control Of Vehicle Engines Or Engines For Specific Uses (AREA)
  • Control Of Transmission Device (AREA)
  • Hybrid Electric Vehicles (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种具有混合动力驱动传动系的车辆，其具有内燃机(BKM)和电机(EM2)，它们分别通过输入轴(22、28)与无级的、功率分流式的自动变速器(18)传动连接，自动变速器通过输出轴(34)输出到车轮上，车辆具有电子的控制装置(11)，为了车辆加速在驾驶员的负载要求处于较高的负载范围内的情况下控制装置操控内燃机直至使之达到预先给定的理论转速并且以转速(nEM2)来操控所述电机。控制装置为了在车辆加速期间操控电机而具有转速引导单元(17)，利用它能实施转速引导，使输出轴上的转速梯度与内燃机输入轴上的转速梯度相比较，在该比较的基础上能操控电机以使所述两个梯度彼此同步。

Description

具有混合动力驱动传动系的车辆
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有混合动力驱动传动系的车辆以及用于运行这种车辆的方法。
背景技术
为了减少由机动车引起的CO2排放，混合动力形式的驱动传动系的电动车辆是针对性的解决方案。混合动力驱动传动系的一种表现是功率分流式的变速器结构。就具有一个内燃机、两个电机和行星齿轮传动机构的这种功率分流式的混合动力驱动传动系的目前最普遍的变型而言，可以通过将电机和内燃机相应地连接在行星齿轮传动机构中来调节出可自由变化的速比用以驱动车轮。这种可行方案被称为eCVT(电控无级变速器)-功能。就这种变速器结构而言，为实现所述变速功能所需的部件(即两个电机、一个行星齿轮传动机构和用于联接的元件)的数量较小，更确切地说相比于传统的自动变速器为实现所述变速功能所需的部件的数量较小。
在这种类型的混合动力驱动的车辆内，内燃机和至少一个电机(在附图中用附图标号EM2来表示)分别通过输入轴与无级的、功率分流式的自动变速器连接，所述自动变速器通过输出轴作用到车轮上。在通常的实践中车辆具有电子的控制装置，该控制装置根据驾驶员的负载要求(即通过驾驶员操纵加速踏板)来操控内燃机和电机。车辆的加速行驶通过驾驶员的负载要求而被引入到较高的负载范围内、例如全负载要求，随后内燃机直至到达最高限速(通常是名义转速，在该名义转速下内燃机提供最大的发动机功率)。借助于电机(在附图中用附图标号EM2来表示)如此调整速比，使得尽管车辆速度进一步提高，内燃机也恒定地保持在名义转速工作点的情况中。必要时可以提供另一电机(在附图中用附图标号EM1来表示)，借助于所述另一电机可直接影响作用到车轮上的输出轴的转速，所述转速与车辆速度有关。
在以上所述的、从现有技术中已知的eCVT变速器中，在驾驶员提出全负载要求的情况下操控内燃机直至名义功率点，即直至其名义转速，更确切地说变速器速比同时连续地与车辆速度相匹配。该运行策略导致所谓的“橡皮筋效应(Gummibandeffekt)”，其中在加速行驶中内燃机转速不追随车辆速度，即内燃机转速的梯度不对应于输出轴转速的作用到车轮上的梯度。这种转速行为通常被驾驶员感知为在声学上令人不悦和不安。
发明内容
本发明的任务在于，提供一种车辆以及一种用于运行车辆的方法，其中在结构上没有更多花费的情况下特别在加速行驶时可以调节改善了的主观驾驶感受。
根据本发明，电子的控制装置具有转速引导单元或者称为转速追踪单元，该转速引导单元可作为程序块集成在控制装置内。转速引导单元在车辆加速时执行转速引导。在转速引导情况下，使作用到车轮上的输出轴上的转速梯度与无级变速器的内燃机输入轴上的转速梯度相比较。在该梯度比较的基础上转速引导单元如此操控电机，使得在输出轴上和在内燃机输入轴上检测到的转速梯度表现同步，即彼此处于固定的比例中和/或相对彼此成比例地改变。采用该种方式实现了：内燃机转速与增大的车辆速度同步地增大。也就是说，在加速行驶时内燃机转速以与输出轴转速增大相同的尺度的方式被引导，由此避免了增大的输出轴转速(即增大的车辆速度)与内燃机转速的声学上令人不悦的退耦。
在车辆加速期间可以根据行驶运行参数(即特别是在达到预先给定的内燃机最高限速的情况下)在无级变速的自动变速器中模仿至少一个升挡切换。在该模仿的升挡切换中在电机上出现突然的转速变化，更确切地说是在内燃机上同时发生转速减小的情况下并且在输出轴转速(与车辆速度有关)还保持恒定的情况下。于是在其他加速变化情况中控制装置可以将减小了的内燃机转速再次提高直至最高限速，更确切地说是在同时进行的、上面限定的转速引导的情况下。
因此，利用根据本发明的运行策略在传统的变矩器-或双离合自动变速器中在与内燃机的联接位置处得到类似固定档位(例如8个档位)的转速特性。该运行策略可以受限地保持在较高的负载范围(系统功率要求例如在75％至100％)内，因为仅在这种情况下令人不安的橡皮筋效应才关系重大。通过模拟的(即模仿的)档位分级-相比于纯eCVT运行-产生小的消耗缺点。这些都是次要的，因为转速-/负载范围在许可循环之外。在低的转速-/负载范围(与许可循环有关)内由于小的系统效率要求不需要在名义功率点运行内燃机。在这种情况下不会发生内燃机转速与车辆速度的令人不悦的橡皮筋效应和令人不悦的声学上的脱耦。功率分流式的混合动力驱动传动系的各个部件的转速在此可以如旧地以效率最佳的方式来运行。
总之，因此在根据本发明的运行策略中至少在较高的负载范围中如此控制电机之一，从而在机动车的限定的速度范围内随内燃机的相应的转速引导而调节出分级的速比。也就是说，如此对集成的电机进行转速调节，使得在与内燃机的联接位置处产生类似于固定档位的转速特性。混合动力驱动传动系的结构设计在此保持不变，仅仅以软件的方式通过在电子的控制装置中提供上述的转速引导单元来对运行策略进行匹配。
此外，在相关的负载范围内在达到内燃机的限定的最高限速时可以通过改变电机中的至少一个的转速并且同时减小内燃机的转速来控制另一速比级。由此产生在驾驶性能和驾驶感受(所谓的橡皮筋效应的避免)方面的有利的设计。
特别有利地，通过相应地操控电机可以在机动车的速度范围上调节出多个速比级、特别地直至十个速比级。
此外，能够以有利的方式借助于切换装置选择性地设定以内燃机的恒定的转速和无级的驱动速比(效率优化地)进行控制或者以通过电机模拟的速比级(运动地)进行控制。
用于实施所述方法的、特别优选的设备在于：功率分流式的变速器以本身已知的方式是具有两个输入元件和一个输出元件的三轴式的行星齿轮传动机构，其中内燃机连接到其中一个输入元件上，一个电机连接到另一输入元件上，并且另一电机连接到输出元件上。然而在本发明的意义下也可修改具有功率分流式的变速器的其他混合动力驱动传动系。
特别地，内燃机可以输出到行星齿轮传动机构的作为其中一个输入元件的行星架上，其中一个电机输出到作为第二输入元件的太阳轮上，并且另一电机输出到作为行星齿轮传动机构的输出元件的齿圈上。
最后，利用电子的控制器和切换装置可以控制机动车的运行策略的切换，相应地操控电机从内燃机的转速恒定的驱动改变到具有内燃机转速非恒定的模拟的速比级的驱动。
附图说明
借助于附图详细地解释本发明的实施例。在附图中：
图1示出了具有一个内燃机和两个电机的混合动力驱动设备的框图，它们通过三轴的、功率分流式的行星齿轮传动机构配合作用；
图2示出了根据图1的行星齿轮传动机构的转速梯图，并且示出了在不同的行驶速度情况下行星齿轮传动机构的输出元件与输入元件的转速和转速nBKM以及内燃机与输出轴之间的不同的速比；
图3示出了转速梯图，并且示出了类似于输出轴转速或车速由电机EM2引起的内燃机的转速的重新调节；并且
图4示出了在通过电机EM2引起的、模拟的速比突变的切换过程中的转速梯图。
具体实施方式
图1粗略地示出了具有一个内燃机BKM和两个电机EM1、EM2的混合动力驱动设备，所述内燃机和电机共同作用到三轴的、功率分流式的行星齿轮传动机构18上。
在此，内燃机BKM必要时在中间连接有扭振减振器和/或分离离合器20的情况下传动到第一输入轴22上，该第一输入轴与行星齿轮传动机构18的带行星齿轮24的行星架26传动连接。此外，电机EM2的布置在定子16a内部的转子16b通过第二(空心的)输入轴28与行星齿轮传动机构18的太阳轮30传动连接。齿圈32最后与行星齿轮传动机构18的输出轴34固定连接，电机EM1的布置在环形的定子14a内部的转子14b也连接到该输出轴34上。
因此，内燃机BKM和电机的EM2被连接到变速器输入轴22、28上，而输出轴34联接到电机EM1上。通过行星齿轮传动机构18使轴22、28、34以及因此联接到这些轴上的驱动装置12、14、16以固定的速比连接，所述速比通过传动机构元件24、30、32的齿数来确定。在
图1中车辆具有电子控制装置11，该控制装置根据驾驶员的负载要求(通过加速踏板13来提出)来操控内燃机BKM和电机EM1、EM2。
图2以转速梯图的方式示例性地示出了各个轴在驱动设备10功率分流式的运行中的转速的特性。纵轴(转速梯)示出了各个轴22、28、34或与其相连接的元件的转速。轴22、28、34的水平距离是齿数或速比的函数。三个转速因此总是处于固定的比例中并且因此就每个工作点而言可以通过直线(例如实线36)连接。
由于可以在四个象限内(电机模式地、发电机模式地；转速正地/负地)运行两个电机EM1、EM2，可以结合内燃机BKM的转速nBKM和驱动力矩完全可变地改变输出轴34的输出转速nA和输出力矩(例如虚线38)。
电机EM1、EM2要么从其他作为发电机而连接的电机中获得其能量要么从动力电池中获得其能量。
在现有技术中如此执行运行策略：在机动车的加速过程中使内燃机转速nBKM(转速梯22)一直提高直至名义功率点并且基本上恒定地保持在该名义功率点处，而速比则持续且完全可变地通过电机EM2改变，其中在所述名义功率点处内燃机BKM提供最大的发动机功率。借助于电机EM2如此调整变速器速比：使得尽管车辆速度进一步提高，内燃机BKM却恒定地保持在名义转速工作点。这在驱动轴转速增大且内燃机转速保持恒定的情况下引起以上所提到的声学的退耦以及橡皮筋效应。
为了实现相比之下变化的驾驶感受(类似于传统的变速装置)在控制装置11内集成有转速引导单元17，利用该转速引导单元可执行转速引导。为此，转速引导单元17对加速行驶期间输出轴34上产生的转速梯度和内燃机输入轴22上产生的转速梯度进行比较。转速引导单元17基于该梯度比较如此操控电机EM2，使得在加速行驶期间这两个梯度和表现同步，即相对彼此以固定的比例存在。
在利用转速引导单元17改进的电子控制装置11中实施与现有技术不同的运行策略，其中至少在较高的负载范围内、优选在功率要求的约75％至100％的情况下如此控制电机EM2，从而随着内燃机12的相应的转速引导得到分级的速比。
在车辆加速时，由控制装置所使用的运行策略接下来借助于图3和图4来阐述。因此在图3中用实线40来表示驾驶运行状态，例如在匀速行驶的情况下，其中输出轴34的输出转速nA为1000min-1，内燃机转速nBKM约为2000min-1，并且电机EM2的转速nEM2约为3300min-1。由此开始，由于驾驶员的全负载要求开始加速行驶。接下来控制装置11操控内燃机转速nBKM直至达到名义转速nBKM，nenn，在图3中该名义转速约为4000min-1。同时借助于转速引导单元17进行转速引导，其中以转速nEM2来如此操控电机EM2，使得输出轴34上的转速梯度与内燃机输入轴22上的转速梯度彼此处于固定的比例中。在达到名义转速nBKM，nenn时得到一运行状态(在图3中为直线42)，在该运行状态中输出轴34的转速nA为3000min-1，并且电机EM2的转速nEM2约为5500min-1(直线42)。
在该运行状态(直线42)下，借助于控制装置11模拟在图4中示出的升挡切换，其中在电机EM2上发生了转速nEM2从5500min-1到约2000min-1的突然的变化，更确切地说是在内燃机BKM上的转速nBKM同时减小的情况下以及输出轴转速nA还恒定地保持为3000min-1的情况下。
出于简化的原因，在图4中仅仅示例性地示出了一个挡位切换(即从形成第一档位的速比到形成第二档位的速比)。然而附加地可以以类似于以上挡位切换的方式随着相应地引导内燃机BKM的转速nBKM再次达到最大转速进行进一步的挡位切换。

Claims (11)

1.具有混合动力驱动传动系的车辆，该混合动力驱动传动系具有内燃机(BKM)和至少一个电机(EM2)，所述内燃机和所述电机分别通过输入轴(22、28)与无级的、功率分流式的自动变速器(18)传动连接，所述自动变速器通过输出轴(34)输出到车轮上，车辆具有电子的控制装置(11)，为了车辆加速在驾驶员的负载要求处于较高的负载范围内的情况下，所述控制装置操控内燃机(BKM)直至使之达到预先给定的理论转速并且以转速(nEM2)在提高作用到车轮上的输出轴(34)的转速(nA)的情况下操控所述电机(EM2)，其特征在于，控制装置(11)为了在车辆加速期间操控电机(EM2)而具有转速引导单元(17)，利用该转速引导单元能实施转速引导，在转速引导中使输出轴(34)上的转速梯度与内燃机输入轴(22)上的转速梯度相比较，并且在该梯度比较的基础上能操控电机(EM2)，以使所述两个梯度 彼此同步，即相对彼此处于固定的比例中。
2.根据权利要求1所述的车辆，其特征在于，在满载要求的情况下，控制装置操控内燃机(BKM)直至使之达到预先给定的理论转速；所述理论转速是名义转速(nBKM,nenn)。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的车辆，其特征在于，在车辆加速期间根据行驶运行参数在达到预先给定的内燃机理论转速时能模仿出至少一个升挡切换，在所述升挡切换中电机(EM2)上出现突然的转速变化。
4.根据权利要求3所述的车辆，其特征在于，在所述升挡切换中，在内燃机(BKM)上同时发生转速变化并且输出轴转速(nA)仍保持恒定的情况下电机(EM2)上出现突然的转速变化。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的车辆，其特征在于，在所涉及的负载范围内在达到所限定的最高限速时，即达到内燃机(BKM)的预先给定的理论转速时，通过电机(EM2)的转速变化以及同时的内燃机(BKM)转速降低来进行升挡切换。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的车辆，其特征在于，在机动车的速度范围内控制多个挡位切换或速比级。
7.根据权利要求6所述的车辆，其特征在于，在机动车的速度范围内控制直至十个速比级。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的车辆，其特征在于，借助于一切换装置能够选择性地设定以恒定的内燃机(BKM)转速和无级的驱动速比进行的控制、或者设定以通过电机(EM1、EM2)模拟的即模仿的速比级来进行的控制。
9.根据权利要求1或2所述的车辆，其特征在于，功率分流式的自动变速器(18)是三轴式的行星齿轮传动机构，该行星齿轮传动机构具有两个输入元件(30、26)和一个输出元件(32)，其中内燃机(BKM)连接到其中一个输入元件(26)，一个电机(EM2)连接到另一输入元件(30)，另一电机(EM1)连接到输出元件(32)。
10.根据权利要求9所述的车辆，其特征在于，内燃机(BKM)输出到作为其中一个输入元件的、行星齿轮传动机构的行星架上，其中一个电机(EM2)输出到作为第二输入元件的太阳轮上，另一电机(EM1)输出到作为行星齿轮传动机构的输出元件的齿圈上。
11.用于运行根据权利要求1-10中任一项所述的车辆的混合动力驱动传动系的方法，其中，为了车辆加速而操控内燃机(BKM)直至使之达到预先给定的理论转速并且以转速(nEM2)在提高作用到车轮上的输出轴(34)的转速(nA)的情况下操控电机(EM2)，其特征在于，在车辆加速期间实施转速引导，在转速引导中使输出轴(34)上的转速梯度与内燃机输入轴(22)上的转速梯度相比较，并且在该梯度比较的基础上操控电机(EM2)以使所述两个梯度在车辆加速期间彼此同步，即相对彼此处于固定的比例中。
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