CN105557733A - Pesticide composition containing flucarbazone and flufenacet and application of pesticide composition in control of weeds in wheat field - Google Patents
Pesticide composition containing flucarbazone and flufenacet and application of pesticide composition in control of weeds in wheat field Download PDFInfo
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- CN105557733A CN105557733A CN201510922955.7A CN201510922955A CN105557733A CN 105557733 A CN105557733 A CN 105557733A CN 201510922955 A CN201510922955 A CN 201510922955A CN 105557733 A CN105557733 A CN 105557733A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
- A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
- A01N47/28—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N<
- A01N47/38—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N< containing the group >N—CO—N< where at least one nitrogen atom is part of a heterocyclic ring; Thio analogues thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/72—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/82—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms five-membered rings with three ring hetero atoms
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Abstract
The invention discloses a pesticide composition containing flucarbazone and flufenacet and application of the pesticide composition. Active components of the pesticide composition are the flucarbazone and the flufenacet, wherein the mass ratio of the flucarbazone to the flufenacet is (0.5 to 5):(5 to 80). According to the pesticide composition, a remarkable synergistic effect within the proportioning range is shown, the using dose of pesticide is reduced, application times of the pesticide are reduced, the pesticide use cost is reduced, and adverse influence of pesticide on an ecological environment is reduced; a weeding spectrum is enlarged, and by one-time pesticide application, the problems of gramineous weeds and part of broadleaf weeds in the wheat field are solved, and the defects and the limitation of single-dose use are made up; the service life of the pesticide is prolonged, and important significance for integrated management of weed resistance is realized. The pesticide composition is quick in pesticide efficiency playing, long in duration and low in use cost, and can be used for controlling the gramineous weeds and part of broadleaf weeds in the wheat field.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of pesticide, be specifically related to a kind of composition pesticide containing flucarbazone and flufenacet preventing and kill off grass family and part broad leaved weed for wheat paddock.
Background technology
According to statistics world's cereal produce annual due to illness, worm, crop smothering loss 14%, the loss that wherein crop smothering causes is about 11%, and Weed infestation is the key factor of restriction crop yield.The use of chemical herbicide is one of important symbol of agricultural modernization.In recent years, the sales volume of weed killer herbicide increases year by year, and the proportion accounting for agricultural chemicals sales volume increases year by year, uses area and expands year by year.Wheat is the crops that Consumption of China amount is maximum, cultivated area is maximum, gross yield is maximum, per unit area yield is the highest, has consequence in the world.But the serious of wheat crop smothering is the major obstacle restricting its high yield, stable yields.Current wheat weeds is prevented and kill off mainly based on cauline leaf spraying after weeds seedling, and weed killer herbicide kind is based on acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor class.The continuous Long-Time Service of single herbicide causes herbicide resistance obvious, and the weeds such as wheatland Alopecurus, amur foxtail, Wang grass, ox chickweed, shepherd's purse all create obvious resistance to multiple weed killer herbicide.In addition, cornfield haulm process weed killer herbicide is slightly poor to Safe to wheat, and medicine processus aboralis is met low temperature and is easy to produce poisoning, threatens Wheat Production.Use after exploring wheat weeds seedling, effectively prevent and kill off resistance, efficient, the safety herbicide of malignant weed seem particularly important.
Flucarbazone, chemical name: N-(2-Trifluoromethoxyphen-l sulfonyl)-4,5-bis-chloro-3-methoxyl group-4-methyl-5-oxygen-1H-1,2,4-formamidetriazole sodium salt.Belong to sulfonylurea herbicide, absorbing mainly through root and cauline leaf the reaction suppressing the predecessor acetolactate synthestase producing side chain amino acid, leucine, isoleucine and knot propylhomoserin, is cauline leaf process weed killer herbicide after selectivity seedling.Flucarbazone is efficient, broad-spectrum herbicide, can be applicable to prevent and kill off grass family and some important broad leaved weedses in wheat paddock, to second stubble crop safety.
Flufenacet, chemical name: 4 '-fluoro-N-isopropyl-N-2-(5-Trifluoromethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazoles-2-base oxygen base) antifebrin.Belong to fragrant oxanamide class weed killer herbicide, absorb by plant roots and cauline leaf, effective division of T suppression cell and growth.Flufenacet effectively can be applied to corn, wheat, barley, Soybean and Other Crops Tanaka prevent and kill off numerous annual gramineous weeds and some broad leaved weed.
Summary of the invention
Goal of the invention: in prior art to farmland weed develop immunity to drugs problem, single use control efficiency poor, once use the problem being difficult to effectively to control Weed infestation in wheat whole breeding time, the object of this invention is to provide a kind of composition pesticide containing flucarbazone and flufenacet, make it have efficient, wide spectrum, environmentally friendly, be beneficial to the features such as the wheat weeds comprehensive regulation.Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of above-mentioned application containing the composition pesticide of flucarbazone and flufenacet.
Technical scheme: in order to realize foregoing invention object, the technical solution used in the present invention is:
Contain a composition pesticide for flucarbazone and flufenacet, it is characterized in that: active component is flucarbazone and flufenacet, the mass ratio of flucarbazone and flufenacet is 0.5-5: 5-80.
The preferred mass ratio of flucarbazone and flufenacet is 1: 20,1: 15,2: 15,2: 20 or 2: 35.
Contain a pesticidal preparations for flucarbazone and flufenacet, described preparation becomes agricultural chemicals on acceptable any one formulation with the composition pesticide of flufenacet with the acceptable auxiliaries of field of pesticide preparation by containing flucarbazone.
The formulation of described pesticidal preparations is wetting powder, water dispersible granules, suspending agent, suspension emulsion or oil-suspending agent.
In described pesticidal preparations, two kinds of herbicidal active components account for the 1-90% of pesticidal preparations gross weight.
Described auxiliary material is selected from wetting agent, dispersant, spreader-sticker, stabilizing agent, bleeding agent, thickener, antifreezing agent, defoamer, filler, solvent; Wherein, described wetting agent is one or more among neopelex, calcium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, lauryl sodium sulfate, lignosulfonates, alkyl phenol formaldehyde resin polyoxyethylene ether, aliphatic alcohol sulfate, phenethyl phenol polyethenoxy ether, polyoxyethylene nonylphenol ether; Described dispersant be lignosulfonates, alkylbenzenesulfonate, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene, polyoxyethylene nonylphenol ether, alkyl ethyl sulfonate, alkylnaphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensation products and polycarboxylic acid salt one or more; Described stabilizing agent is that epoxidized vegetable oil is as one or more in epoxidised soybean oil, epoxidized linseed; Described spreader-sticker is one or more in polyvinyl alcohol, alkyl diphenyl ether disulphonic acid sodium, poly-trisiloxanes, triethanolamine oleate; Described solvent is one or more in soybean oil, methyl oleate, white oil, turpentine oil methyl naphthalene higher aliphatic hydrocarbon ils; Described filler is one or more in white carbon, corn starch, kaolin, diatomite, sodium sulphate, ammonium sulfate.
The described composition pesticide containing flucarbazone and flufenacet prevents and kill off the application in grass family and part broad leaved weed at wheat paddock.When preventing and treating weeds of wheat, use to wheat 6 ~ 7 leaf phase before seedling after Wheat Sowing.
The described pesticidal preparations containing flucarbazone and flufenacet prevents and kill off the application in grass family and part broad leaved weed at wheat paddock.When preventing and treating weeds of wheat, use to wheat 6 ~ 7 leaf phase before seedling after Wheat Sowing.
The described production technology containing the various application forms of the composition pesticide of flucarbazone and flufenacet all belongs to existing known technology.
Composition pesticide and the pesticidal preparations thereof containing flucarbazone and flufenacet provided by the invention, usually adopts the method for spraying to use, also can adopt other operation techniques agriculturally applied as required.
Beneficial effect: compared with prior art, the composition pesticide containing flucarbazone and flufenacet of the present invention, tool has the following advantages:
1) composition pesticide containing flucarbazone and flufenacet of the present invention, obvious synergistic effect is shown in certain ratio range, the control efficiency of composition is significantly improved than single dose, reduce the using dosage of agricultural chemicals, decrease times for spraying, reduce drug cost, decrease the adverse effect of agricultural chemicals to ecotope.
2) composition pesticide containing flucarbazone and flufenacet of the present invention, the combination of two kinds of active ingredients, expands herbicidal spectrum, and a drug had both solved various weed problem, compensate for defect when single dose uses and limitation.
3) composition pesticide containing flucarbazone and flufenacet of the present invention, active ingredient mechanism of action is different, the shortcoming that long-term single use easily produces resistance can be overcome, extend the service life of medicament, to the comprehensive regulation important in inhibiting of Weed Resistance.
4) composition pesticide containing flucarbazone and flufenacet of the present invention, drug effect plays rapidly, and the lasting period is long, and use cost is low, easy to use, time saving and energy saving, and to wheat safety, it applies huge economic benefit and social benefit.
Specific embodiments
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, the present invention is further illustrated.The following stated is only the good embodiment of the present invention, only for describing the present invention, can not be interpreted as the restriction to scope of the present invention.It should be pointed out that all any amendments done within the spirit and principles in the present invention, equivalent replacement and improvement etc., all should be included within protection scope of the present invention.
In following examples, unless otherwise indicated, all percentage is mass percent.
Embodiment 1:21% flucarbazone flufenacet oil-suspending agent
Each component containing the composition pesticide of flucarbazone and flufenacet is: flucarbazone 1%, flufenacet 20%, lauryl sodium sulfate 2%, sodium butylnaphthalenesulfonate 3%, calcium lignosulfonate 5%, white carbon 5%, kaolin to 100%.
After flufenacet is mixed with filling adsorption, again other above-mentioned materials (except organobentonite) are joined in reactor mixer together, stir, material is injected stage sand grinding machine to grind, fineness of materials 98% after grinding is by discharging after 1-5um, material, putting into high-shear emulsifying still together with the organobentonite dissolved in advance, namely can be made into 21% flucarbazone flufenacet oil-suspending agent after emulsification.
Embodiment 2:16% flucarbazone flufenacet suspending agent
Each component containing the composition pesticide of flucarbazone and flufenacet is: flucarbazone 1%, flufenacet 15%, phenethyl phenol APEO 5%, sodium lignin sulfonate 8%, ethylene glycol 5%, aluminium-magnesium silicate 2%, defoamer 0.5%, preservative 0.1%, xanthans 0.1%, water to 100%.
After flufenacet is mixed with filling adsorption, again other above-mentioned materials (except xanthans) are joined in reactor mixer together, stir, material is injected stage sand grinding machine to grind, fineness of materials 98% after grinding is by discharging after 1-5um, material, putting into high-shear emulsifying still together with the xanthans dissolved in advance, namely can be made into 16% flucarbazone flufenacet suspending agent after emulsification.
Embodiment 3:17% flucarbazone flufenacet oil-suspending agent
Each component containing the composition pesticide of flucarbazone and flufenacet is: flucarbazone 2%, flufenacet 15%, phenethyl phenol APEO 5%, sodium lignin sulfonate 8%, epoxidized soybean oil 5%, organobentonite 5%, methyl oleate to 100%.
After flufenacet is mixed with filling adsorption, again other above-mentioned materials (except organobentonite) are joined in reactor mixer together, stir, material is injected stage sand grinding machine to grind, fineness of materials 98% after grinding is by discharging after 1-5um, material, putting into high-shear emulsifying still together with the organobentonite dissolved in advance, namely can be made into 17% flucarbazone flufenacet oil-suspending agent after emulsification.
Embodiment 4:22% flucarbazone flufenacet suspending agent
Each component containing the composition pesticide of flucarbazone and flufenacet is: flucarbazone 2%, flufenacet 20%, phenethyl phenol APEO 5%, sodium lignin sulfonate 8%, ethylene glycol 5%, aluminium-magnesium silicate 2%, defoamer 0.5%, preservative 0.1%, xanthans 0.1%, water to 100%.
After flufenacet is mixed with filling adsorption, again other above-mentioned materials (except xanthans) are joined in reactor mixer together, stir, material is injected stage sand grinding machine to grind, fineness of materials 98% after grinding is by discharging after 1-5um, material, putting into high-shear emulsifying still together with the xanthans dissolved in advance, namely can be made into 22% flucarbazone flufenacet suspending agent after emulsification.
Embodiment 5:37% flucarbazone flufenacet wetting powder
Each component containing the composition pesticide of flucarbazone and flufenacet is: flucarbazone 2%, flufenacet 35%, sodium butylnaphthalenesulfonate 3%, calcium lignosulfonate 5%, white carbon 5%, kaolin to 100%.
After flufenacet is mixed with filling adsorption, add in cone-type mixer together with other above-mentioned material and mix, pulverize by airslide disintegrating mill, material after pulverizing is again through cone-type mixer mixing, and mixed fineness of materials 98% is by 325 mesh standard sieves i.e. obtained 37% flucarbazone flufenacet wetting powder.
The optimum proportioning screening of embodiment 6 flucarbazone and flufenacet
1) flucarbazone and the screening of flufenacet optimum proportioning
In order to understand flucarbazone and flufenacet mixture further to the synergy of weeds, the present inventor has carried out formulation screening test to flucarbazone and flufenacet mixture.
Shi Wang grass (Beckmanniasyzigachne (Steud.) Fern.), ox chickweed (Malachiumaquaticum (L.) Fries), in October, 2013 picks up from experimental field, Jiangsu Province Agriculture Science Institute, adopt natural air drying under rear room temperature condition, load paper bag, be placed in 4 DEG C ± 0.5 Refrigerator store.
Test apparatus: PWT-510 type spray tower, plum Teller AB135-S electronic balance, volumetric flask, triangular flask, beaker, graduated cylinder, polypots, pipette, chi, scissors etc.
Test method: the flucarbazone and the former medicine of flufenacet that first take certain mass, add the Tween 80 aqueous solution dilution that methyl alcohol fully dissolves rear use 0.1%, be mixed with single dose mother liquor, arrange serial proportioning according to mixture object, it is stand-by that each proportioning arranges 5-7 concentration gradient.Polypots (15cm × 11cm × 7cm) is filled air-dry fine earth, in infiltrating irrigation mode bottom polypots, makes soil completely moistening.Soil be horse liver soil, pH6.7, the content of organic matter 1.6%, air-dry sieve after for subsequent use.Each polypots Bo Wang grass, ox chickweed, broadcast rear fine earth and cover, thickness is about 0.2cm.When weeds 2 ~ 3 leaf phase, weeds are fixed to 15 strains/alms bowl, put into Jiangsu Province Agriculture Science Institute 300m after spraying process
2greenhouse by solar heat is cultivated.
Ding after medicine phase Guan Cha Wang grass, ox chickweed growing state.After medicine, 30 days investigation weeds overground part fresh weights, calculate fresh weight inhibition namely to the preventive effect of target weeds.Adopt DPS data handling system to obtain the virulence regression equation of each process, calculate ED
50value and 95% confidence limit.Co-toxicity coefficient is calculated by the abundant method of Sun Yun.Co-toxicity coefficient is greater than 120 and is expressed as synergistic effect, is less than 80 and is expressed as antagonism, be expressed as summation action between 80 ~ 120.
Result of the test: medicine post processing is observed for 20 days, flucarbazone and flufenacet mixture use Hou Wang grass, ox chickweed partial blade jaundice inhibitory action that is careless to withered Dui Wang, ox chickweed rises ， Dui Wang grass with the increase of drug concentration, ox chickweed has very high biologically active.
1) flucarbazone and flufenacet mixture preventive effect
After medicine 30 days, the fresh weight of flucarbazone and flufenacet 9 binary mixture Zu He Dui Wang grass had obvious inhibitory action (table 1).In 9 proportionings, the co-toxicity coefficient of 0.5: 80,0.5: 5,5: 80,5: 5,1: 20,1: 15,2: 15,2: 20 and 2: 35 proportionings is respectively 173.2590,153.8430,183.1761,436.9103,160.6884,159.3611,132.5627,121.2522 and 233.4847, co-toxicity coefficient is greater than 120, shows as synergistic effect.
The synergy of table 1 flucarbazone-flufenacet Hun Pei Wang grass fresh weight
After medicine 30 days, flucarbazone and flufenacet 9 binary mixtures combinations had obvious inhibitory action (table 2) to the fresh weight of ox chickweed.In 9 proportionings, the co-toxicity coefficient of 0.5: 80,0.5: 5,5: 80,5: 5,1: 20,1: 15,2: 15,2: 20 and 2: 35 proportionings is respectively 130.0209,132.9368,127.6593,192.5226,356.1915,174.0447,171.3966,190.0846 and 160.8373, co-toxicity coefficient is greater than 120, shows as synergistic effect.
The synergy of table 2 flucarbazone-flufenacet mixture ox chickweed fresh weight
Flucarbazone broad weed-killing spectrum, the flufenacet lasting period is long, and the two mixture can effectively prevent and kill off wheat paddock annual gramineae and broad leaved weed, has the advantage such as instant effect, lasting period length.Flucarbazone and flufenacet, in 0.5-5: 5-80 ratio mixture, show as synergistic effect.
Embodiment 7 field control effectiveness test
Reagent agent: select mixed herbicide prepared in embodiment 1 ~ 4.
Contrast medicament: 70% flucarbazone WDG (commercial)
25% flufenacet SC (commercial)
If clear water contrasts
Using method: adopt spray-on process.
Spraying time: sowing on October 22nd, 2013 wheat (Huaihe River wheat 18, raise wheat 16, peaceful wheat 13), dispenser on November 24.。
Respondent and method: Wang grass, amur foxtail, ox chickweed, shepherd's purse and wheat, 30 days investigation fresh weights of weeds and the fresh weight of wheat and plant height after medicine.
Test results and analysis are in table 3.
30 days field control effectiveness test results after table 3 medicine
As can be seen from Table 3, the present invention has obvious effect to little Mai field Wang grass, amur foxtail, ox chickweed, shepherd's purse, preventive effect higher than single dose preventive effect, and has good quick-acting and lasting effect: from table 4 kind we find out the present invention to Huaihe River wheat 18, raise wheat 16, peaceful wheat 13 safety.
30 days Plant Height in Wheats and fresh weight after table 4 medicine
Embodiment 8
With reference to the method for embodiment 7, the mixed herbicide obtained to embodiment 1,2,5 carries out field control effectiveness test, confirms: each mixed herbicide has obvious synergistic effect, has better preventive effect to wheat paddock grass family and broad leaved weed, Be very effective is better than single dose and uses, and the lasting period is long.
Claims (12)
1. a Herbicidal combinations, is characterized in that: it comprises component flucarbazone and flufenacet, and the mass ratio of flucarbazone and flufenacet is 0.5-5: 5-80.
2. a Herbicidal combinations preparation, is characterized in that: described preparation becomes any one formulation acceptable on agricultural chemicals by the acceptable auxiliaries of Herbicidal combinations according to claim 1 and field of pesticide preparation.
3. Herbicidal combinations preparation according to claim 2, is characterized in that: the formulation of described preparation is wetting powder, water dispersible granules, suspending agent, microemulsion, finish, suspension emulsion, missible oil, water dispersible granules, aqueous emulsion or oil-suspending agent.
4. Herbicidal combinations preparation according to claim 2, is characterized in that: in described preparation, active ingredient accounts for the 1-90% of weight of formulation.
5. Herbicidal combinations preparation according to claim 2, is characterized in that: described auxiliary material is selected from wetting agent, dispersant, spreader-sticker, stabilizing agent, bleeding agent, thickener, antifreezing agent, defoamer, filler, solvent.
6. Herbicidal combinations preparation according to claim 5, is characterized in that: described wetting agent is at least one among neopelex, calcium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, lauryl sodium sulfate, lignosulfonates, alkyl phenol formaldehyde resin polyoxyethylene ether, aliphatic alcohol sulfate, phenethyl phenol polyethenoxy ether, polyoxyethylene nonylphenol ether; Described dispersant is at least one of lignosulfonates, alkylbenzenesulfonate, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene, polyoxyethylene nonylphenol ether, alkyl ethyl sulfonate, alkylnaphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensation products and polycarboxylic acid salt; Described stabilizing agent is that epoxidized vegetable oil is as at least one in epoxidised soybean oil, epoxidized linseed; Described spreader-sticker is at least one in polyvinyl alcohol, alkyl diphenyl ether disulphonic acid sodium, poly-trisiloxanes, triethanolamine oleate; Described solvent is at least one in soybean oil, methyl oleate, white oil, turpentine oil, methyl naphthalene higher aliphatic hydrocarbon ils; Described filler is at least one in white carbon, corn starch, kaolin, diatomite, sodium sulphate, ammonium sulfate.
7. a method for anti-wheat paddock grass family and part broad leaved weed, is characterized in that: Herbicidal combinations formulation application described in Herbicidal combinations described in claim 1 or any one of 2-6 is prevented and kill off grass family and part broad leaved weed in wheat paddock.
8. method according to claim 7, is characterized in that: when preventing and treating weeds of wheat, uses to wheat 6 ~ 7 leaf phase after Wheat Sowing before seedling.
9. the application in grass family and part broad leaved weed prevented and kill off by Herbicidal combinations preparation described in Herbicidal combinations according to claim 1 or any one of claim 2-6 at wheat paddock.
10. application according to claim 9, is characterized in that: when preventing and treating weeds of wheat, uses to wheat 6 ~ 7 leaf phase after Wheat Sowing before seedling.
11. Herbicidal combinations according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the mass ratio of flucarbazone and flufenacet is 1: 20,1: 15,2: 15,2: 20 or 2: 35.
12. Herbicidal combinations preparations according to any one of claim 2-6, is characterized in that: the mass ratio of flucarbazone and flufenacet is 1: 20,1: 15,2: 15,2: 20 or 2: 35.
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| CN106818834A (en) * | 2017-02-24 | 2017-06-13 | 江苏省农用激素工程技术研究中心有限公司 | Composition pesticide and its application containing diflufenican, flufenacet and flucarbazone |
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| CN106818834A (en) * | 2017-02-24 | 2017-06-13 | 江苏省农用激素工程技术研究中心有限公司 | Composition pesticide and its application containing diflufenican, flufenacet and flucarbazone |
| CN107156164A (en) * | 2017-06-23 | 2017-09-15 | 北京科发伟业农药技术中心 | The Herbicidal combinations of flufenacet, flucarbazone and diflufenican |
| CN107960422A (en) * | 2017-12-06 | 2018-04-27 | 江苏省农业科学院 | A kind of herbicide decrement control careless method of dispenser prevention and control Wheat after rice time of infertility crop smothering |
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