CN105548092A - Method for detecting atomic structure on basis of photoelectron holographic imaging - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for detecting an atomic structure on basis of photoelectron holographic imaging. The method is characterized in that a momentum spectrum of a photoelectron generated due to ionization caused by action of high-power laser on an atom is measured, and an interference structure in the momentum spectrum is analyzed, so that phase information of atomic scattering amplitude can be obtained. The method comprises the following steps that the atom is ionized by utilization of high-intensity femtosecond laser, and the momentum spectrum of the photoelectron obtained through ionization is measured; the measured momentum spectrum is analyzed, and the phase information of the atomic scattering amplitude is extracted from holographic interferogram. The method disclosed by the invention has an important application value for comprehensively understanding the atomic structure due to the inexistence of an effective method for detecting the phase information of the atomic scattering amplitude at present.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to high field laser and atom or interaction of molecules field, more specifically, relate to a kind of method based on Photoelectron holography imaging detection atomic structure.
Background technology
Atomic scattering amplitude is a basic physical parameters of atomic and molecular physics.Usually, people utilize electron beam to go to clash into atom, then extract the information of scattering amplitude from the electron Spectrum of scattering.The information measured like this is the amplitude of scattering amplitude.We know, scattering amplitude is a plural number, its existing amplitude, also have phase place simultaneously.Measure the phase place of scattering amplitude, need the electron beam that two relevant.One beam electrons and atom are not had an effect and are directly arrived detector, and another beam electrons is arrived detector by after atomic scattering.Interference structure is there will be in the electron Spectrum of such detection.The phase information of atomic scattering amplitude can be extracted from these interference structures.The principle of this detecting phase is very simple, but is but difficult to experimentally realize.Because be difficult to generation two restraint completely relevant, electron density is enough large and the electron beam that can control arbitrarily.
High field laser and atom or interaction of molecules, can make atom or molecular ionization.The electronics of ionization, some directly can arrive detector, and these electronics are called direct electron.Other electronics does vibratory movement under the effect of laser electric field, can return, collide with parent ion, and these return the electronics come and are just called scattered electron.This part electronics returning to collide test with traditional electron scattering in electron beam the same, carry the information of atomic scattering amplitude.Simultaneously because direct electron and scattered electron are concerned with completely, therefore, the electron Spectrum finally detected can present interference structure.2011, the one section of article be published on " Science " reported this interference structure.This interference structure is the same with the physical process of the optical holography imaging that Gabor puts forward, and direct electron is as reference ripple, and scattered electron is as signal wave.Therefore people are called high field photoelectronic hologram this interference structure.People know, have wrapped the structural information of atom in this hologram.But, how to utilize this hologram, the information of Measurement atom scattering amplitude, or an open question.
Summary of the invention
For the defect of prior art, the invention provides a kind of method based on Photoelectron holography imaging detection atomic structure, object is the method for the Photoelectron holography imaging utilizing high field to ionize, the photoelectronic hologram arrived by analysis to measure, the phase information of Measurement atom scattering amplitude.
The invention provides a kind of method based on Photoelectron holography imaging detection atomic structure, comprise the steps:
(1) ionized by middle-infrared band linear polarization femtosecond laser and atom effect excited atom to be detected; And the sub-momentum spectra of the 2 D photoelectric obtaining atom;
In the sub-momentum spectra of described 2 D photoelectric, perpendicular to laser polarization direction having the holographic interference structure produced between forward scattering electronics and direct electron;
(2) utilize the interference structure being parallel to laser polarization direction in the sub-momentum spectra of 2 D photoelectric described in method of moving average filtering, obtain the holographic interference structure perpendicular to laser polarization direction
(3) rear acquisition holographic interference structure additive phase cos Δ φ is normalized to the described holographic interference structure perpendicular to laser polarization direction
tDSE;
(4) according to described holographic interference structure additive phase cos Δ φ
tDSEand formula
calculate the phase place α of atomic scattering amplitude;
Wherein, k
⊥for the momentum of vertical laser polarization direction, t
rfor the collision time of scattered electron, t
ifor the ionization time of scattered electron.
Further, in step (1), cold target recoil particle momentum imaging spectrometer or particle rapidity image instrument is utilized to obtain the sub-momentum spectra of 2 D photoelectric of atom.
Further, step (3) is specially:
Obtain the maximum value minimal value perpendicular to the holographic interference structure curve of laser polarization direction, and adopt Gaussian function to carry out matching, obtain the Gaussian envelope of adding;
By the holographic interference structure perpendicular to laser polarization direction divided by after Gaussian envelope, and it is normalized: namely divided by the g (k again carrying out Gaussian function fitting gained
⊥), obtain described holographic interference structure additive phase cos Δ φ
tDSE.
By the above technical scheme that the present invention conceives, compared with prior art, because holographic interference structure high field ionization produced combines with extraction atomic structure information, analyze and extract the atomic structure information comprised in interference structure; This atomic structure intrinsic information of atomic scattering Amplitude & Phase item not easily extracted from experiment can be obtained, thus obtain the understanding to atomic structure full apparent more.To the scattering phenomenon later further studied in quantum mechanics and particle structure helpful.The present invention can reach and obtain intrinsic information important in atom and molecular physics: this beneficial effect of the scattering amplitude of atom.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the realization flow figure of the method based on Photoelectron holography imaging detection atomic structure provided by the invention;
Fig. 2 is the fundamental diagram of first embodiment of the invention.(a) laser pulse electric field intensity map; (b) ionization electron movement locus schematic diagram; C the interference fringe in () photoelectron momentum spectra, is holographic structure.
Fig. 3 is the photoelectron momentum spectra under first embodiment of the invention one-photoperiod laser pulse drives, the interference in the cycle in visible significantly holographic structure and parallel polarization direction.
The photoelectron momentum spectra that Fig. 4 provides for first embodiment of the invention extracts the process of atomic scattering phase place and the scattering amplitude phase result of proposition; Wherein (a) is for photoelectron momentum spectra is at the interference structure of vertical laser polarization direction; (b) photoelectron spectrum phase information for extracting from the interference structure of (a), i.e. normalized cos Δ φ
tDSE; C in (), the little square frame of black is the scattering amplitude phase place α obtained from the phase place of (b), and compare with the precise results of theory calculate (solid black lines).
Fig. 5 is the photoelectron momentum spectra that the atomic ionization in second embodiment of the invention under ultrashort laser pulse (few-cyclepulses) drives obtains, and has utilized moving window average method to eliminate the interference structure in parallel polarization direction as far as possible.
Fig. 6 is the scattering amplitude phase place that the atomic scattering phase place extracted from the photoelectron momentum spectra of Fig. 5 in second embodiment of the invention and theory calculate obtain.
Embodiment
In order to make object of the present invention, technical scheme and advantage clearly understand, below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, the present invention is further elaborated.Should be appreciated that specific embodiment described herein only in order to explain the present invention, be not intended to limit the present invention.
In the present invention, utilize the femtosecond laser of middle-infrared band, act on atom to be detected, measure the two-dimentional momentum spectra of the electronics of laser ionization atom.The momentum spectra measured there will be obviously interference structure perpendicular to laser polarization direction, i.e. photoelectronic hologram.By analyzing this interference structure, extract the phase differential of direct electron and scattered electron ripple bag.Then, the phase differential extracted is utilized, according to formula
calculate the phase place of atomic scattering amplitude, wherein Δ φ
tDSEfor the phase differential from the direct electron that obtains of photoelectron interference spectum analysis measured and scattered electron ripple bag, k
⊥for the momentum of vertical laser polarization direction, t
rand t
ifor collision time and the ionization time of scattered electron, α is the phase place of scattering amplitude, namely needs the amount detected.
Method based on Photoelectron holography imaging detection atomic structure provided by the invention, as shown in Figure 1, concrete steps are as follows:
(1) use middle-infrared band (800nm to 1200nm) linear polarization femtosecond laser and atom effect to be detected, excited atom ionizes; Utilize cold target recoil particle momentum imaging spectrometer (coldtargetrecoil-ionmomentumspectroscopy, COLTRIMS) or particle rapidity image instrument (velocitymapimagery, VMI) obtain the sub-momentum spectra of 2 D photoelectric of atom.In photoelectron momentum spectra, there is the interference structure of various complexity, wherein perpendicular on laser polarization direction, have the holographic interference structure produced between forward scattering electronics and direct electron.
(2) interference etc. during ionization electron may produce week is being parallel to the interference structure of laser polarization direction, causes very large error and difficulty to the extraction of holographic structure.The method of moving average is utilized to eliminate the diffusing structure being parallel to laser polarization direction in the present invention.Namely in photoelectron momentum spectra, the momentum k in a certain parallel polarization direction
||get window ranges (k
||-0.1, k
||+ 0.1) atomic unit.The momentum value of the vertical polarization that this parallel polarization direction momentum is corresponding is the mean value of vertical polarization momentum in window ranges.Be averaged after eliminating, comparatively single holographic interference structure can be obtained.
(3) a certain parallel polarization direction momentum k is extracted
⊥corresponding vertical momentum, can see the interference structure (holographic structure) in vertical laser direction.Coincidence formula
wherein f (k
⊥) the continuous background contribution of decaying of representative; G (k
⊥) representative concussion item cos Δ φ
tDSEsmoothed envelope.Due to the modulation of additional Gaussian envelope that the structure that extracts is had powerful connections, be not easy to the discussion that is normalized and extract phase place.In the present invention, described holographic structure is normalized.Adopt and get point function and take out this structure and there is very big, minimal value on the curve of modulation, and carry out matching by Gaussian function form, obtain the Gaussian envelope of adding
after eliminating the Gaussian envelope in modulated structure, carry out Gaussian function fitting described above again, obtain g (k
⊥), eliminate g (k
⊥) after this concussion item, normalized cos Δ φ can be obtained
tDSE.Utilize inverse function can extract the phase difference φ of direct electron and scattered electron ripple bag
tDSE.
(4) according to formula
calculate the phase place α of atomic scattering amplitude.The wherein phase difference φ of direct electron and scattered electron ripple bag
tDSEobtain in upper step.K
⊥for the momentum of known vertical laser polarization direction, t
rand t
ifor collision time and the ionization time of scattered electron, can be calculated by a series of simple methods such as strong field approximations.
In order to the method based on Photoelectron holography imaging detection atomic structure that the further description embodiment of the present invention provides, below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and instantiation, the present invention is illustrated.
In first embodiment of the invention, the phase place of the holographic interference detection scattering amplitude of one-photoperiod laser pulse ionized atom can be adopted; Fig. 2 shows the fundamental diagram of first embodiment of the invention; (a) laser pulse electric field intensity map; Wherein curve is the relation function of laser pulse electric field and time.Arrow A, B represent scattered electron ripple bag A and the ionization with reference to electron waves bag B, and black slash mark region is that the ionization time of the electron waves bag producing holographic structure is interval.(b) ionization electron movement locus schematic diagram.Straight line with arrow in figure represents after scattered electron ripple bag A ionizes and return atomic nucleus under laser field effect, collides and forward scattering with core.Represented by dotted arrows no longer returns with reference to after electron waves bag B ionization.A and B finally has identical final states momentum thus interferes, and produces the interference fringe in photoelectron momentum spectra as shown in (c) figure, is holographic structure.
Fig. 3 shows the Electron Momentum Spectroscopy that single photoperiodic laser pulse ionization model hydrogen atom obtains.The wavelength of laser is about 800 nanometers, and intensity is 3.5 × 10
14w/cm
2.As can be seen from Figure 3, electron Spectrum has interference in vertical laser polarization direction, and this interference is exactly the interference come between direct electron and scattered electron, i.e. holographic interference.
Fig. 4 shows first embodiment of the invention and uses the method proposed in the present invention, and the photoelectron momentum spectra obtained to four from monochromatic light periodic laser ionized atom according to step one extracts the process of atomic scattering phase place and the scattering amplitude phase result of proposition.Wherein (a) is for photoelectron momentum spectra is at the interference structure of vertical laser polarization direction.(b) photoelectron spectrum phase information for extracting from the interference structure of (a), i.e. normalized cos Δ φ
tDSE.C in (), the little square frame of black is the scattering amplitude phase place α obtained from the phase place of (b), and compare with the precise results of theory calculate (solid black lines).
Along vertical laser polarization direction, get vertical momentum distribution, as shown in Fig. 4 (a), can find out the modulation phenomenon of this distribution, this is the result that direct electron and scattered electron are interfered.Then, use moving window average method to eliminate the background of vertical momentum distribution, the interferogram clearly as shown in Fig. 4 (b) can be obtained.From this figure, calculate the phase difference φ of direct electron and scattered electron
tDSE.Utilize the phase difference φ obtained
tDSE, according to formula
calculate the phase place α of atomic scattering amplitude.Circle in Fig. 4 (c) represents the scattering amplitude phase place obtained by such method.For model hydrogen atom used here, the phase place of scattering amplitude also can be obtained by theory calculate.The result that solid line representation theory in Fig. 4 (c) calculates.Can find out, the scattering amplitude phase place that the method utilizing the present invention to propose detects and the calculated results meet very well, demonstrate the accuracy of the method.
In second embodiment of the invention, the Photoelectron holography technology detection scattering amplitude phase place of few-cyclepulse (ultrashort pulse) ionized atom can be utilized.
Similar to the first embodiment, utilize now laboratory can be easy to the few-cycle pulse ionized atom produced.The photoelectron momentum spectra obtained as shown in Figure 5.The intensity of laser pulse is 3.5 × 10
14w/cm
2, optical maser wavelength is 1200 nanometers, laser pulse width be about 5 femtoseconds.In the momentum spectra of Fig. 5, left-half presents obvious holographic interference structure.Utilize these interference structures, through the process similar to the first embodiment, extract the phase information of scattering amplitude, the result obtained is provided by the circle of Fig. 6.Equally, our the theory calculate scattering amplitude phase place of atom, as shown in the solid line of Fig. 6.Can find out, the result that the phase information extracted by the present invention and theory calculate are obtained meets very good.
The present invention of these presented example is extracting feasibility and the accuracy of scattering amplitude phase place.For the Complex Atoms, particularly molecule of those very difficult theory calculate scattering amplitudes, utilize the present invention can extract the phase place of scattering amplitude experimentally.Therefore, the present invention has important using value in Measurement atom and molecular structure.
Those skilled in the art will readily understand; the foregoing is only preferred embodiment of the present invention; not in order to limit the present invention, all any amendments done within the spirit and principles in the present invention, equivalent replacement and improvement etc., all should be included within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. based on a method for Photoelectron holography imaging detection atomic structure, it is characterized in that, comprise the steps:
(1) ionized by middle-infrared band linear polarization femtosecond laser and atom effect excited atom to be detected; And the sub-momentum spectra of the 2 D photoelectric obtaining atom;
In the sub-momentum spectra of described 2 D photoelectric, perpendicular to laser polarization direction having the holographic interference structure produced between forward scattering electronics and direct electron;
(2) utilize the interference structure being parallel to laser polarization direction in the sub-momentum spectra of 2 D photoelectric described in method of moving average filtering, obtain the holographic interference structure perpendicular to laser polarization direction
(3) rear acquisition holographic interference structure additive phase cos Δ φ is normalized to the described holographic interference structure perpendicular to laser polarization direction
tDSE;
(4) according to described holographic interference structure additive phase cos Δ φ
tDSEand formula
calculate the phase place α of atomic scattering amplitude;
Wherein, k
⊥for the momentum of vertical laser polarization direction, t
rfor the collision time of scattered electron, t
ifor the ionization time of scattered electron.
2. the method for claim 1, is characterized in that, in step (1), utilizes cold target recoil particle momentum imaging spectrometer or particle rapidity image instrument to obtain the sub-momentum spectra of 2 D photoelectric of atom.
3. method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, it is characterized in that, step (3) is specially:
Obtain the maximum value minimal value perpendicular to the holographic interference structure curve of laser polarization direction, and adopt Gaussian function to carry out matching, obtain the Gaussian envelope of adding
By the holographic interference structure perpendicular to laser polarization direction divided by after Gaussian envelope, and it is normalized: namely divided by the g (k again carrying out Gaussian function fitting gained
⊥), obtain described holographic interference structure additive phase cos Δ φ
tDSE.
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Cited By (4)
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| CN108827464A (en) * | 2018-06-27 | 2018-11-16 | 华中科技大学 | A method of measurement laser intensity |
| CN112946386A (en) * | 2021-01-29 | 2021-06-11 | 鲁东大学 | Method for detecting magnetic A-B effect of negative ions in light stripping near surface |
| CN115220085A (en) * | 2022-07-06 | 2022-10-21 | 苏州科技大学 | Method for detecting initial transverse position of tunneling ionization electron |
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Cited By (5)
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| CN108680944A (en) * | 2018-03-19 | 2018-10-19 | 华中科技大学 | A method of detection electron motion |
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| CN108827464A (en) * | 2018-06-27 | 2018-11-16 | 华中科技大学 | A method of measurement laser intensity |
| CN112946386A (en) * | 2021-01-29 | 2021-06-11 | 鲁东大学 | Method for detecting magnetic A-B effect of negative ions in light stripping near surface |
| CN115220085A (en) * | 2022-07-06 | 2022-10-21 | 苏州科技大学 | Method for detecting initial transverse position of tunneling ionization electron |
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