CN105548092B - A kind of method based on Photoelectron holography imaging detection atomic structure - Google Patents
A kind of method based on Photoelectron holography imaging detection atomic structure Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of method based on Photoelectron holography imaging detection atomic structure, by measure light laser act on atom ionization caused by photoelectron momentum spectra, analyze interference structure therein, the phase information of atomic scattering amplitude can be obtained.Including：Using the femtosecond laser ionized atom of high intensity, measurement ionizes obtained photoelectronic momentum spectra.The momentum spectra that analysis measurement arrives, the phase information of atomic scattering amplitude is extracted from holographic interference pattern.There to be important application value in terms of full appreciation atomic structure because there is presently no the effective ways of Measurement atom scattered amplitude phase information, method proposed by the present invention.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to high field laser and atom or interaction of molecules field, and photoelectricity is based on more particularly, to one kind
The method of sub- holographic imaging Measurement atom structure.
Background technology
Atomic scattering amplitude is a basic physical parameters of atomic and molecular physicses.Generally, people go to hit using electron beam
Atom is hit, then extracts the information of scattered amplitude from the electron Spectrum of scattering.The information so measured is the amplitude of scattered amplitude.
It is known that scattered amplitude is a plural number, its existing amplitude, while also phase.Measure the phase of scattered amplitude, it is necessary to
Two relevant electron beams.One beam electrons are not had an effect with atom and directly reach detector, and another beam electrons are by atomic scattering
After reach detector.Interference structure occurs in the electron Spectrum so detected.Atom can be extracted from these interference structures to dissipate
Penetrate the phase information of amplitude.The principle of this detecting phase is very simple, but is experimentally but difficult to realize.Because it is difficult to produce
The electron beam that raw two beams are completely relevant, electron density is sufficiently large and can arbitrarily control.
High field laser and atom or interaction of molecules, can make atom or molecular ionization.The electronics of ionization, some energy
Enough directly to reach detector, these electronics are called direct electron.Other electronics does vibration fortune in the presence of laser electric field
It is dynamic, it can return and, be collided with parent ion, these return to the electronics come and are just called scattered electron.This part is returned to send out
The electronics of raw collision carries the information of atomic scattering amplitude as the electron beam in traditional electron scattering experiment.Simultaneously
Because direct electron and scattered electron are completely relevant, therefore, interference structure can be presented in the electron Spectrum finally detected.2011
Year, it is published in《Science》On an article report this interference structure.What this interference structure put forward with Gabor
The physical process of optical holographic imaging is the same, and direct electron is as reference wave, and scattered electron is as signal wave.Therefore people are this
Kind interference structure is called high field photoelectronic hologram.It is known that the structural information of atom is wrapped in this hologram.But
It is how to utilize this hologram, the information of Measurement atom scattered amplitude, or an an open question.
The content of the invention
The defects of for prior art, the invention provides a kind of side based on Photoelectron holography imaging detection atomic structure
Method, it is therefore intended that the method being imaged using the Photoelectron holography of high field ionization, the photoelectronic hologram arrived by analysis measurement, visit
Survey the phase information of atomic scattering amplitude.
The invention provides a kind of method based on Photoelectron holography imaging detection atomic structure, comprise the steps：
(1) excited atom is acted on atom to be detected by middle infrared band linear polarization femtosecond laser to ionize；And obtain
The sub- momentum spectra of 2 D photoelectric of atom；
In the sub- momentum spectra of the 2 D photoelectric, there is forward scattering electronics and directly electricity on laser polarization direction
Caused holographic interference structure between son；
(2) filtered out using the method for moving average in the sub- momentum spectra of the 2 D photoelectric parallel to the interference knot of laser polarization direction
Structure, obtain the holographic interference structure perpendicular to laser polarization directionWherein f (k⊥),g
(k⊥) background that constantly decays and concussion item cos △ φ are represented respectivelyTDSESmoothed envelope, △ φTDSEIt is that holographic interference structure is straight
Connect the phase difference of electronics and scattered electron ripple bag；
(3) holographic interference is obtained after the holographic interference structure perpendicular to laser polarization direction being normalized
The concussion item cos Δs φ of structureTDSE；So as to obtain the phase difference △ of holographic interference structure direct electron and scattered electron ripple bag
φTDSE；
(4) according to the holographic interference structure direct electron and the phase difference △ φ of scattered electron ripple bagTDSEAnd formulaCalculate the phase α of atomic scattering amplitude；
Wherein, k⊥For the momentum of vertical laser polarization direction, trFor the collision time of scattered electron, tiFor scattered electron
Ionization time.
Further, in step (1), obtained using cold target recoil particle momentum imaging spectrometer or particle rapidity image instrument
Take the sub- momentum spectra of 2 D photoelectric of atom.
Further, step (3) is specially：
The maximum value minimum of the holographic interference structure curve perpendicular to laser polarization direction is obtained, and uses Gaussian function
Number is fitted, and obtains additional Gaussian envelope；
After will be perpendicular to the holographic interference structure divided by Gaussian envelope of laser polarization direction, and it is normalized：I.e.
Divided by again carry out Gaussian function fitting obtained by g (k⊥), obtain the holographic interference structure direct electron and scattered electron ripple
The phase difference △ φ of bagTDSE。
It is compared with prior art, complete caused by high field is ionized by the contemplated above technical scheme of the present invention
Breath interference structure is combined with extraction atomic structure information, and analysis extracts the atomic structure information included in interference structure；Energy
It is enough to obtain atomic scattering Amplitude ＆ Phase item this atomic structure intrinsic information for being not easy to extract from experiment, so as to obtain to atom
The understanding of structure more full apparent.To later further study quantum mechanics in scattering phenomenon and particle structure have side
Help.The present invention, which can reach, obtains intrinsic information important in atom and molecular physics：This beneficial effect of the scattered amplitude of atom
Fruit.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the implementation process figure of the method provided by the invention based on Photoelectron holography imaging detection atomic structure；
Fig. 2 is the fundamental diagram of first embodiment of the invention.(a) laser pulse electric field intensity map；(b) ionization electron motion rail
Mark schematic diagram；(c) interference fringe in photoelectron momentum spectra, as holographic structure.
Fig. 3 is the photoelectron momentum spectra under the driving of first embodiment of the invention one-photoperiod laser pulse, it is seen that obvious
Interference in the cycle in holographic structure and parallel polarization direction.
Fig. 4 is process and the proposition that the photoelectron momentum spectra that first embodiment of the invention provides extracts atomic scattering phase
Scattered amplitude phase result；Wherein (a) is interference structure of the photoelectron momentum spectra in vertical laser polarization direction；(b) be from
(a) the photoelectron spectrum phase information extracted in interference structure, i.e., normalized cos Δs φTDSE；(c) the small square frame of black is in
The scattered amplitude phase α obtained from the phase of (b), and compared with the precise results of theoretical calculation (solid black lines).
Fig. 5 is the atom electricity under ultrashort laser pulse (few-cyclepulses) driving in second embodiment of the invention
From obtained photoelectron momentum spectra, tried one's best using moving window average method and eliminated the interference structure in parallel polarization direction.
Fig. 6 is the atomic scattering phase and theory extracted in second embodiment of the invention from Fig. 5 photoelectron momentum spectra
The scattered amplitude phase being calculated.
Embodiment
In order to make the purpose , technical scheme and advantage of the present invention be clearer, it is right below in conjunction with drawings and Examples
The present invention is further elaborated.It should be appreciated that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the present invention, and
It is not used in the restriction present invention.
In the present invention, in utilization infrared band femtosecond laser, act on atom to be detected, measure laser ionization
The two-dimentional momentum spectra of the electronics of atom.Obviously interference knot is occurring perpendicular to laser polarization direction in the momentum spectra of measurement
Structure, i.e. photoelectronic hologram.By analyzing this interference structure, the phase difference of direct electron and scattered electron ripple bag is extracted.So
Afterwards, using the phase difference extracted, according to formulaThe phase of atomic scattering amplitude is calculated, its
Middle φ is the phase difference that obtained direct electron and scattered electron ripple bag are analyzed from the photoelectron interference spectrum of measurement, and K swashs to be vertical
The momentum of light polarization direction, trAnd tiFor the collision time and ionization time of scattered electron, α is the phase of scattered amplitude, that is, is needed
The amount of detection.
Method provided by the invention based on Photoelectron holography imaging detection atomic structure, as shown in figure 1, specific steps are such as
Under：
(1) infrared band (1300nm) linear polarization femtosecond laser acts on atom to be detected in using, excited atom electricity
From；Using cold target recoil particle momentum imaging spectrometer (cold target recoil-ion momentum spectroscopy,
COLTRIMS) or particle rapidity image instrument (velocity map imagery, VMI) obtains the sub- momentum of 2 D photoelectric of atom
Spectrum.Various complicated interference structures in photoelectron momentum spectra be present, wherein on laser polarization direction, there is forward scattering
Caused holographic interference structure between electronics and direct electron.
(2) there may be interference during week etc. in the interference structure parallel to laser polarization direction for ionization electron, to complete
The extraction of breath structure causes very big error and difficulty.Eliminated in the present invention using the method for moving average parallel to laser polarization direction
Diffusing structure.I.e. in photoelectron momentum spectra, the momentum k in a certain parallel polarization direction||Take window ranges (k||- 0.1, k||+
0.1) atomic unit.The momentum value of vertical polarization corresponding to the parallel polarization direction momentum is vertical inclined in window ranges
Shake the average value of direction momentum.Be averaged after elimination, you can obtain more single holographic interference structure.
(3) a certain parallel polarization direction momentum k is extracted||Corresponding vertical momentum, it can be seen that do in vertical laser direction
Relate to structure (holographic structure).Coincidence formulaWherein f (k⊥) represent the back of the body constantly decayed
Scape is contributed；g(k⊥) represent concussion item cos Δs φTDSESmoothed envelope.Due to the additional Gauss that has powerful connections in the structure that extracts
The modulation of envelope, it is not easy to discussion and the extraction phase being normalized.The holographic structure is normalized in the present invention.
Very big, minimum on the curve of modulation be present using taking point function to take out the structure, and be fitted with Gaussian function form,
Obtain additional Gaussian envelopeAfter eliminating the Gaussian envelope in modulated structure, Gaussian function as described above is carried out again
Fitting, obtain g (k⊥), eliminate g (k⊥) after this concussion item, you can obtain normalized cos Δs φTDSE.It is using inverse function
It can extract the phase difference φ of direct electron and scattered electron ripple bagTDSE。
(4) according to formulaCalculate the phase α of atomic scattering amplitude.It is wherein direct
The phase difference φ of electronics and scattered electron ripple bagTDSEObtained in upper step.k⊥For known vertical laser polarization direction
Momentum, trAnd tiFor the collision time and ionization time of scattered electron, a series of simple methods such as strong field approximation can be passed through
It is calculated.
In order to which further description is provided in an embodiment of the present invention based on Photoelectron holography imaging detection atomic structure
Method, the present invention is illustrated with instantiation below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
In first embodiment of the invention, the holographic interference detection scattering of one-photoperiod laser pulse ionized atom can be used
The phase of amplitude；Fig. 2 shows the fundamental diagram of first embodiment of the invention；(a) laser pulse electric field intensity map；Wherein curve is
For laser pulse electric field and the relation function of time.Arrow A, B represent scattered electron ripple bag A and the ionization with reference to electron waves bag B,
Black slash mark region is the ionization time section for the electron waves bag for producing holographic structure.(b) ionization electron movement locus shows
It is intended to.Straight line with the arrow returns to atomic nucleus after representing scattered electron ripple bag A ionization under laser field action in figure, occurs with core
Collision and forward scattering.Dotted line represents not to be returned again to reference to after electron waves bag B ionization.A and B finally has identical final states momentum
So as to interfere, the interference fringe in the photoelectron momentum spectra as shown in (c) figure, as holographic structure are produced.
Fig. 3 shows the Electron Momentum Spectroscopy that the laser pulse ionization model hydrogen atom in monochromatic light cycle obtains.The wavelength of laser
About 800 nanometers, intensity is 3.5 × 1014W/cm2.From figure 3, it can be seen that electron Spectrum have in vertical laser polarization direction it is dry
Phenomenon is related to, this interference just comes from the interference between direct electron and scattered electron, i.e. holographic interference.
Fig. 4 shows first embodiment of the invention with the method that proposes in the present invention, according to step 1 to four from monochromatic light
The process of photoelectron momentum spectra extraction atomic scattering phase and the scattered amplitude phase of proposition that periodic laser ionized atom obtains
Position result.Wherein (a) is interference structure of the photoelectron momentum spectra in vertical laser polarization direction.(b) it is from the interference structure of (a)
The photoelectron spectrum phase information of middle extraction, i.e., normalized cos Δs φTDSE.(c) the small square frame of black is to be obtained from the phase of (b) in
The scattered amplitude phase α arrived, and compared with the precise results of theoretical calculation (solid black lines).
Along vertical laser polarization direction, vertical momentum is taken to be distributed, as shown in Fig. 4 (a), it can be seen that the tune of this distribution
Phenomenon processed, this is direct electron and the result of scattered electron interference.Then, vertical momentum point is eliminated with moving window average method
The background of cloth, the clearly interference pattern as shown in Fig. 4 (b) can be obtained.From this figure, direct electron and scattering electricity are calculated
The phase difference φ of sonTDSE.Utilize obtained phase difference φTDSE, according to formulaMeter
Calculate the phase α of atomic scattering amplitude.Circle in Fig. 4 (c) represents the scattered amplitude phase obtained by such method.For
Used herein of model hydrogen atom, the phase of scattered amplitude can also be obtained by theoretical calculation.Solid line in Fig. 4 (c) represents
The result that theoretical calculation obtains.As can be seen that counted using the scattered amplitude phase that method proposed by the present invention detects with theoretical
Calculate result and meet very well, it was demonstrated that the accuracy of the method.
In second embodiment of the invention, the photoelectron of few-cycle pulse (ultrashort pulse) ionized atom can be utilized
Holographic technique detects scattered amplitude phase.
It is similar to first embodiment, it can be easy to caused few-cycle pulse ionized atoms now with laboratory.
Obtained photoelectron momentum spectra is as shown in Figure 5.The intensity of laser pulse is 3.5 × 1014W/cm2, optical maser wavelength is 1200 nanometers,
About 5 femtoseconds of laser pulse width.In Fig. 5 momentum spectra, left-half shows obvious holographic interference structure.Utilize these
Interference structure, by the process similar to first embodiment, the phase information of scattered amplitude is extracted, obtained result is by Fig. 6's
Circle provides.Equally, our the theoretical calculations scattered amplitude phase of atom, it is shown in solid such as Fig. 6.As can be seen that pass through
The result that the phase information that the present invention extracts obtains with theoretical calculation meets very good.
Feasibility and accuracy of these presented examples present invention in extraction scattered amplitude phase.For those it is difficult to manage
By the Complex Atoms for calculating scattered amplitude, particularly molecule, the phase of the invention that can experimentally extract scattered amplitude is utilized.
Therefore, the present invention has important application value in terms of Measurement atom and molecular structure.
As it will be easily appreciated by one skilled in the art that the foregoing is merely illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, not to
The limitation present invention, all any modification, equivalent and improvement made within the spirit and principles of the invention etc., all should be included
Within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (3)
- A kind of 1. method based on Photoelectron holography imaging detection atomic structure, it is characterised in that comprise the steps：(1) excited atom is acted on atom to be detected by middle infrared band linear polarization femtosecond laser to ionize；And obtain atom The sub- momentum spectra of 2 D photoelectric；In the sub- momentum spectra of the 2 D photoelectric, have on laser polarization direction forward scattering electronics and direct electron it Between caused holographic interference structure；(2) filtered out using the method for moving average in the sub- momentum spectra of the 2 D photoelectric parallel to the interference structure of laser polarization direction, Obtain the holographic interference structure perpendicular to laser polarization directionWherein f (k⊥), g (k⊥) Background and the concussion item cos Δs φ constantly to decay is represented respectivelyTDSESmoothed envelope, Δ φTDSEIt is that holographic interference structure is direct The phase difference of electronics and scattered electron ripple bag；(3) holographic interference structure is obtained after the holographic interference structure perpendicular to laser polarization direction being normalized Concussion item cos Δs φTDSE, so as to obtain the phase difference φ of holographic interference structure direct electron and scattered electron ripple bagTDSE；(4) according to the holographic interference structure direct electron and the phase difference φ of scattered electron ripple bagTDSEAnd formulaCalculate the phase α of atomic scattering amplitude；Wherein, k⊥For the momentum of vertical laser polarization direction, trFor the collision time of scattered electron, tiFor the ionization of scattered electron Time.
- 2. the method as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that in step (1), be imaged and composed using cold target recoil particle momentum Instrument or particle rapidity image instrument obtain the sub- momentum spectra of 2 D photoelectric of atom.
- 3. method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that step (3) is specially：The maximum value minimum of the holographic interference structure curve perpendicular to laser polarization direction is obtained, and is entered using Gaussian function Row fitting, obtains additional Gaussian envelopeAfter will be perpendicular to the holographic interference structure divided by Gaussian envelope of laser polarization direction, and it is normalized：I.e. divided by G (the k obtained by Gaussian function fitting are carried out again⊥), obtain the holographic interference structure direct electron and scattered electron ripple bag Phase difference φTDSE。
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| CN108680944B (en) * | 2018-03-19 | 2020-07-14 | 华中科技大学 | Method for detecting electron motion |
| CN108827464B (en) * | 2018-06-27 | 2019-09-27 | 华中科技大学 | A method of measurement laser intensity |
| CN112946386A (en) * | 2021-01-29 | 2021-06-11 | 鲁东大学 | Method for detecting magnetic A-B effect of negative ions in light stripping near surface |
| CN115220085B (en) * | 2022-07-06 | 2023-06-09 | 苏州科技大学 | Method for detecting initial transverse position of tunneling ionized electrons |
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