CN105543116A - Microzyme strain and application thereof in disease control after fresh fruit picking - Google Patents
Microzyme strain and application thereof in disease control after fresh fruit picking Download PDFInfo
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- CN105543116A CN105543116A CN201610076567.6A CN201610076567A CN105543116A CN 105543116 A CN105543116 A CN 105543116A CN 201610076567 A CN201610076567 A CN 201610076567A CN 105543116 A CN105543116 A CN 105543116A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12R—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES C12C - C12Q, RELATING TO MICROORGANISMS
- C12R2001/00—Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms
- C12R2001/645—Fungi ; Processes using fungi
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/14—Fungi; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/145—Fungal isolates
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23B—PRESERVING, e.g. BY CANNING, MEAT, FISH, EGGS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, EDIBLE SEEDS; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES; THE PRESERVED, RIPENED, OR CANNED PRODUCTS
- A23B7/00—Preservation or chemical ripening of fruit or vegetables
- A23B7/14—Preserving or ripening with chemicals not covered by groups A23B7/08 or A23B7/10
- A23B7/153—Preserving or ripening with chemicals not covered by groups A23B7/08 or A23B7/10 in the form of liquids or solids
- A23B7/154—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
- A23B7/155—Microorganisms; Enzymes; Antibiotics
Abstract
The invention discloses a microzyme strain and application thereof in disease control after fresh fruit picking. The collection registration number of the microzyme Pseudozyma aphidis HT-4 provided by the invention is CGMCC NO.11629. The invention also discloses a pathogen inhibitor or plant disease control agent of which the active component is Pseudozyma aphidis and/or metabolites thereof. The pathogen is at least one of the following (a1)-(a4): (a1) peach brown rot pathogen; (a2) tomato gray mold pathogen; (a3) Ascomycetes; and (a4) Botrytis cinerea. The plant disease is at least one of the following (b1)-(b4): (b1) peach brown rot; (b2) tomato gray mold; (b3) plant diseases caused by Ascomycetes; and (b4) plant diseases caused by Botrytis cinerea. The peach brown rot can be peach brown rot caused by Ascomycetes. The strain has favorable application prospects.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to microbe application field, be specifically related to a saccharomycete and the application in the control of fresh fruit post-harvest diseases thereof.
Background technology
The fungal disease occurred after Fruit is the important disease of a class, causes a large amount of underproduction of fruit, has had a strong impact on edibleness and the marketable value of fruit, and the income that result in orchard worker reduces.In developed country, the loss amount that postharvest diseases of fruit causes accounts for more than 15% of fruit total amount, and in developing country owing to lacking necessary Control Technology and equipment, the loss amount that postharvest diseases of fruit causes accounts for more than 30% of total amount.The generation of postharvest diseases of fruit is caused with processing to the especially high-end fruit and vegetable food production of modern agricultural production and has had a strong impact on.
The peach brown rot caused by Moniliniaspp. pathogenic fungi is all worldwide the first disease of peach at present, is also the first problem affecting peach industry development.According to statistics, in developed country as the U.S., Israel, Italy, France etc., adopt the 10%-30% that loss amount that rear brown heart causes just accounts for peach ultimate production; In developing country because the Prevention Technique and its loss amount of relevant device lacking necessity reaches 30%-50%, even higher; Some area, the big area of peach brown rot seriously occurs, and almost causes the total crop failure of peach fruit.Therefore, the control of peach brown rot and control are seemed more urgent and important.China's peach garden area, more than 9,000,000 mu, is peach effective cultivated area first big country in the world; Producing peach per year more than 400,000 tons, is peach output first big country in the world.Beijing peach output occupies domestic last eight, only Pinggu County, beijing one ground, and peach cultivated area just reaches more than 220,000 mu (1.47 ten thousand hectares); Peach industry has become the pillar of the economy industry in Pinggu county, and some peaches and relevant converted products have exported to European Union, Japan and other countries.Since 2000, peach brown rot big area in Beijing increases, and increases the weight of year by year; The peach garden that wherein morbidity in 2005 is heavier, peach fruit is injured, and comes off in a large number, has no the fruit of aobvious disease during harvesting, and after harvesting 2-3 days, the fruit of more than 50% rots because brown heart infects, and this causes serious financial loss to orchard worker.Beijing plant protection unit peach brown rot investigation result display in 2012, each suburban county peach producing region, Beijing all has peach brown rot to occur, and the transport of peach after adopting and duration of storage sickness rate are all more than 30%.This greatly reduces edibleness and the marketable value of fruit, has had a strong impact on the development of Beijing peach industry.Therefore adopt effective prevention and control of rear brown heart and first-passage-time model to peach to develop and be especially closely connected with the income of orchard worker.
Tomato gray mold be affect tomato storage and transport heavy want one of disease, the gray mold caused by ash arrhizus bacteria (Botrytiscinerea) every year all can cause the marketable value of tomato fruit and edibleness greatly to reduce.Therefore effective prevention and control of tomato gray mold and Economic development are also seemed outbalance and urgent.
Applying bactericidal agent control post-harvest diseases is the important means reducing fruit loss; The chemical agent that current domestic application is prevented and treated in postharvest diseases of fruit is mainly SO
2with Top Form Wormer (Thiabendazole); And SO
2widely use and usually can bring environmental pollution, and in normal distance transport and long-term fruit storage, its sterilization effect can be lost in time and rapidly; Although Top Form Wormer has good prevention effect to fungal disease after Fruit, but effect is not had to pathogenetic bacteria, and it uses the rear longevity of residure longer, not easily degrade, the export abroad of some high-end fruits can be affected, the more important thing is, the widespread adoption of Top Form Wormer easily makes some pathogenic bacterias develop immunity to drugs.Therefore, development and application novel fresh fruit post-harvest diseases sterilant is needed badly.
Biological bactericide has inherent advantage for chemical pesticide, avoids the problems such as pesticide residue, environmental pollution, resistance, and low toxicity, environmental protection, holding effect and nature ecological compatibility is better.At present, domestic biological pesticide exploitation mainly concentrates on several aspects such as Bt sterilant, agricultural antibiotic, bacterial origin biological prevention and control agent, and controlling object focuses mostly in field crop disease.But for fruit disease, especially postharvest diseases of fruit prevents and treats aspect, it is relatively less that biological and ecological methods to prevent plant disease, pests, and erosion applied research is carried out, and at present domestic also not can be used in postharvest diseases of fruit control biocontrol fungicide product.Different from the research and development of field crop disease biocontrol fungicide and biocontrol bacteria in soil-borne diseases agent, development and application for postharvest diseases of fruit biocontrol microorganisms microbial inoculum has higher safety requirements, because be different from field crop, do not need processing after picking fruit or merely through simple processing, just eaten.Than product antibiotics bacterium with there is a Mycophyta biocontrol microorganisms, preventing and treating on fruit disease with the sterilant that yeast-like fungi or yeast develops for main body, seeming safer, environmental protection.
Yeast and yeast-like fungus source biological bactericide have unique advantage: (1), compared with biocontrol bacteria, does not produce microbiotic, less to the negative impact of environment; (2) with have compared with a Mycophyta biocontrol microorganisms, do not produce sensitization spore; (3) growth requires simple, is easy to large scale fermentation and produces.Therefore, develop post-harvest diseases yeast source bactericide and to become in international fruit disease control in recent years and fruit food safety research field a new direction and trend.
On current world market, the yeast source bactericide one for postharvest diseases of fruit control of having registered has 3 kinds of products.They are the sterilant developed based on black yeast bacterium Aureobasidiumpullulans respectively
(Germany), based on the sterilant that the strange yeast Metschnikowiafructicola of plum develops
(Israel), based on the sterilant that candidiasis Candidasake develops
(Spain).Domestic also do not have yeast source biological bactericide product to occur.Therefore, for us, development of new fresh fruit post-harvest diseases yeast source bactericide is necessary is also important.
Summary of the invention
The object of this invention is to provide a saccharomycete and the application in the control of fresh fruit post-harvest diseases thereof.
Yeast provided by the invention (Pseudozymaaphidis) HT-4, be preserved in China Committee for Culture Collection of Microorganisms's common micro-organisms center on November 06th, 2015 and (be called for short CGMCC, address is: No. 3, Yard 1, BeiChen xi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing City, Institute of Microorganism, Academia Sinica), preservation registration number is CGMCCNO.11629.Yeast (Pseudozymaaphidis) HT-4CGMCCNO.11629, is called for short yeast HT-4.
The present invention also protects a kind of pathogenic bacteria inhibitor, and its activeconstituents is the metabolite of yeast HT-4 and/or yeast HT-4.Described pathogenic bacteria be following (a1) at least one in (a4): (a1) peach brown rot pathogenic bacterium; (a2) tomato gray mold pathogenic bacterium; (a3) chain sclerotinia sclerotiorum; (a4) Botrytis cinerea.Described peach brown rot pathogenic bacterium specifically can be chain sclerotinia sclerotiorum.Described tomato gray mold pathogenic bacterium specifically can be Botrytis cinerea.
The present invention also protects a kind of Plant diseases prevention and control agent, and its activeconstituents is the metabolite of yeast HT-4 and/or yeast HT-4.Described Plant diseases be following (b1) at least one in (b4): (b1) peach brown rot; (b2) tomato gray mold; (b3) Plant diseases that causes of chain sclerotinia sclerotiorum; (b4) Plant diseases that causes of Botrytis cinerea.Described peach brown rot specifically can be the peach brown rot that chain sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes.Described tomato gray mold specifically can be the tomato gray mold that Botrytis cinerea causes.The Plant diseases that described chain sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes specifically can be the peach brown rot that chain sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes.The Plant diseases that described Botrytis cinerea causes specifically can be the tomato gray mold that Botrytis cinerea causes.The peach brown rot that described peach brown rot occurs after specifically can be and plucking.The tomato gray mold that described tomato gray mold occurs after specifically can be and plucking.
The present invention also protects the application of the metabolite of yeast HT-4 and/or yeast HT-4, for following (c1) is at least one in (c4): (c1) suppresses pathogenic bacteria; (c2) pathogenic bacteria inhibitor is prepared; (c3) prevention and control Plant diseases; (c4) Plant diseases prevention and control agent is prepared.Described pathogenic bacteria be following (d1) at least one in (d4): (d1) peach brown rot pathogenic bacterium; (d2) tomato gray mold pathogenic bacterium; (d3) chain sclerotinia sclerotiorum; (d4) Botrytis cinerea.Described peach brown rot pathogenic bacterium specifically can be chain sclerotinia sclerotiorum.Described tomato gray mold pathogenic bacterium specifically can be Botrytis cinerea.Described Plant diseases be following (e1) at least one in (e4): (e1) peach brown rot; (e2) tomato gray mold; (e3) Plant diseases that causes of chain sclerotinia sclerotiorum; (e4) Plant diseases that causes of Botrytis cinerea.Described peach brown rot specifically can be the peach brown rot that chain sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes.Described tomato gray mold specifically can be the tomato gray mold that Botrytis cinerea causes.The Plant diseases that described chain sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes specifically can be the peach brown rot that chain sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes.The Plant diseases that described Botrytis cinerea causes specifically can be the tomato gray mold that Botrytis cinerea causes.The peach brown rot that described peach brown rot occurs after specifically can be and plucking.The tomato gray mold that described tomato gray mold occurs after specifically can be and plucking.
Arbitrary described plant specifically can be fruit or vegetables above, such as peach or tomato (cherry tomato).
Yeast is ubiquity in physical environment, be mainly present in sugar degree compared with horn of plenty fruit surface and take, be one of superior microorganism population in plant microecosystem.This bacteria growing speed is fast, and nutrition is simple, and growing ability is strong.Yeast is applied as biocontrol microorganisms, there is following advantage: (1) of reduced contamination to environment, does not produce toxin; (2)=and do not produce microbiotic, relatively safe to the mankind; (3) for other fungies, this bacterium does not produce sensitization spore; (4) this bacterium desired nutritional is fairly simple; (5) this bacterium is applicable to commercialization scale operation.
Yeast HT-4 provided by the invention is inhibited to peach brown rot pathogenic bacterium, tomato gray mold pathogenic bacterium, has prevention and control effect, have a good application prospect to peach brown rot, tomato gray mold.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is yeast HT-4 cellular form under the microscope.
Fig. 2 is the result of the step one of embodiment 3.
Fig. 3 is the result of the step 2 of embodiment 3.
Embodiment
Following embodiment is convenient to understand the present invention better, but does not limit the present invention.Experimental technique in following embodiment, if no special instructions, is ordinary method.Test materials used in following embodiment, if no special instructions, is and purchases available from routine biochemistry reagent shop.Quantitative test in following examples, all arranges and repeats experiment for three times, results averaged.
Peach brown rot pathogenic bacterium are chain sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Moniliniafructicola), reference: Wang Fei etc. the occurrence and control of peach brown rot. and fruit tree flowers .2012 the 5th phase p58.
Tomato gray mold pathogenic bacterium are Botrytis cinerea (Botrytiscinerea), reference: Fan Pingsheng etc. the study on prevention progress of graw mold of tomato. and Jiangsu's agriculture science .2012 the 4th phase p133.
The separation of embodiment 1, bacterial strain, preservation
One, the separation of bacterial strain
Wild fruit is gathered from Xinjiang, China, from wild fruit surface isolated strains, conventional gradients dilution spread is adopted to be separated, with PDA (containing paraxin) and YPD Agar (containing paraxin) totally 2 kinds of substratum cultivate under 25 DEG C of conditions respectively, picking colony morphological differences is comparatively large and can the bacterium of pure culture, purification storage on YPD Agar substratum, and carry out the primary dcreening operation of Antagonistic Fungi with peach brown rot pathogenic bacterium for target pathogens and repeatedly sieve again, obtain the bacterial strain that a strain bacteriostatic activity is strong, named it to be HT-4.
Two, the qualification of bacterial strain
HT-4 is carried out to the analysis of morphology, physio-biochemical characteristics and part conserved sequence.With reference to " TheYeasts, aTaxonomicStudy " (Kurtzman, C.P. (1998a) .WilliopsisZender.InTheYeasts, aTaxonomicStudy, 4thedn, pp.529-920.EditedbyC.P.Kurtzman & J.W.Fell.Amsterdam:Elsevier.) in described method carry out physiological and biochemical test and molecular biology identification.
The morphological feature of HT-4: thalline vegetative cell is avette, or subsphaeroidal, mostly is monolateral gemmation or less for polygon gemmation; Growth 48 hours at 25 DEG C on YPD Agar substratum and on PDA substratum, bacterium colony is that butteriness, oyster white are opaque, flat or circular, neat in edge, bacterium colony corrugationless.Yeast HT-4 cellular form is under the microscope shown in Fig. 1.
The physiological and biochemical property of HT-4: can carry out glucose fermentation, can not carry out raffinose and lactose fermentation; Carbon assimilation aspect: sorbose, sucrose, maltose, trehalose, PEARLITOL 25C are positive, semi-lactosi, lactose, rhamnosyl, ribitol, erythritol are negative; Produce organic acid; All can normal growth in containing the substratum of 5% (mass content) sodium-chlor, can not grow in containing the substratum of 10% (mass content) sodium-chlor, all can normal growth in the substratum of pH7.0-8.5, at envrionment temperature is 4 DEG C, growth potential is weak, can not grow more than 40 DEG C; Best suitable growth temperature is 25-30 DEG C.
The 26SrDNA of HT-4 is as shown in the sequence 1 of sequence table.
Above-mentioned qualification result shows, HT-4 is yeast (Pseudozymaaphidis).
Three, the preservation of bacterial strain
Yeast (Pseudozymaaphidis) HT-4, be preserved in China Committee for Culture Collection of Microorganisms's common micro-organisms center on November 06th, 2015 and (be called for short CGMCC, address is: No. 3, Yard 1, BeiChen xi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing City, Institute of Microorganism, Academia Sinica), preservation registration number is CGMCCNO.11629.Yeast (Pseudozymaaphidis) HT-4CGMCCNO.11629, is called for short yeast HT-4, represents with HT-4.
The antimicrobial spectrum of embodiment 2, yeast HT-4 measures
Plant pathogenic fungi is chain sclerotinia sclerotiorum or Botrytis cinerea.
1, yeast HT-4 25 DEG C of constant temperature culture 48h on PDA substratum.
2, plant pathogenic fungi 25 DEG C of constant temperature culture 3-4 days on PDA flat board, then make from the aseptic stainless steel punch tool of colony edge diameter 0.7cm the agar block that carries disease germs.
3, with the agar block that carries disease germs that aseptic inoculation pin picking step 2 obtains, mycelia faces down and is inoculated in new PDA culture medium flat plate center.
4, the PDA culture medium flat plate that step 3 obtains is got, be divided into test group and control group (often organizing three flat boards), test group is apart to carry disease germs all about 3.00cm place, agar block both sides aseptic inoculation ring streaked yeast bacterium HT-4, control group does not do any process, then 25 DEG C, cultivate 5-7 days under 80% humidity condition, measure the antibacterial bandwidth between plant pathogenic fungi edge and the bacterium colony bandwidth center of yeast HT-4.
The measuring result of the 5th day is as follows: the antibacterial bandwidth of yeast HT-4 to chain sclerotinia sclerotiorum is 10 ± 1.0mm, and corresponding control treatment is without antibacterial band; The antibacterial bandwidth of yeast HT-4 to Botrytis cinerea is 12 ± 1.0mm, and corresponding control treatment is without antibacterial band.Result shows, yeast HT-4 has anti-microbial property that is stable, efficient, wide spectrum.
Embodiment 3, yeast HT-4 are to the suppression of the rotten scab that plant pathogenic fungi causes
One, yeast HT-4 is to the suppression of the rotten scab that chain sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes
After peach is plucked, first with the sterilization of 0.5g/100mL aqueous sodium hypochlorite solution, then with sterilized pipettor gun head, along peach waist jack, (3, hole pricked by each peach, each hole is 30mm × 30mm), then every hole is inoculated 30 μ lHT-4 bacterium liquid (obtain HT-4 bacterium liquid with sterilized water suspended yeast bacterium HT-4, yeast HT-4 concentration is respectively 10
7cfu/ml, 10
8cfu/ml or 10
9cfu/ml; The control treatment replacing HT-4 bacterium liquid with sterilized water is set), room temperature is dried, and then every hole is inoculated 30 μ l chain sclerotinia sclerotiorum spore suspensions (with sterilized water suspend chain sclerotinite spore, obtaining spore concentration is 5 × 10
4the spore suspension of cfu/ml), then peach is preserved 21 days (holding conditions: temperature is 1 DEG C, relative humidity is 95%, dark).
Preserve the photo after 21 days and see that (test group in Fig. 2 is yeast HT-4 concentration is 10 to Fig. 2
8treatment group during cfu/ml).
Every Yeasts HT-4 concentration is as one group, and often group is tested 10 peaches, results averaged.
The prevention effect of statistics storage after 21 days.Rotten spot is less than 10mm and is regarded as rotten spot does not occur.
Total hole count × 100% of prevention effect=the do not occur hole count/inoculation pathomycete of rotten spot.
When yeast HT-4 concentration is 10
7during cfu/ml, prevention effect is 45%.When yeast HT-4 concentration is 10
8during cfu/ml, prevention effect is 60%.When yeast HT-4 concentration is 10
9during cfu/ml, prevention effect is 65%.The prevention effect of control treatment is 0.
Two, yeast HT-4 is to the suppression of the rotten scab that Botrytis cinerea causes
After tomato (cherry tomato) is plucked, first with the sterilization of 0.5g/100mL aqueous sodium hypochlorite solution, then with sterilized pipettor gun head jack, (3, hole pricked by each tomato, each hole is 30mm × 30mm), then every hole is inoculated 30 μ lHT-4 bacterium liquid (obtain HT-4 bacterium liquid with sterilized water suspended yeast bacterium HT-4, yeast HT-4 concentration is respectively 10
7cfu/ml, 10
8cfu/ml or 10
9cfu/ml; The control treatment replacing HT-4 bacterium liquid with sterilized water is set), room temperature is dried, and then every hole is inoculated 30 μ l Botrytis cinerea spore suspensions (with sterilized water suspension Botrytis cinerea spore, obtaining spore concentration is 5 × 10
4the spore suspension of cfu/ml), then tomato is preserved 21 days (holding conditions: temperature is 4 DEG C, relative humidity is 95%, dark).
Preserve the photo after 21 days and see that (test group in Fig. 3 is yeast HT-4 concentration is 10 to Fig. 3
8treatment group during cfu/ml).
Every Yeasts HT-4 concentration is as one group, and often group is tested 10 tomatoes, results averaged.
The prevention effect of statistics storage after 21 days.Rotten spot is less than 10mm and is regarded as rotten spot does not occur.
Total hole count × 100% of prevention effect=the do not occur hole count/inoculation pathomycete of rotten spot.
When yeast HT-4 concentration is 10
7during cfu/ml, prevention effect is 50%.When yeast HT-4 concentration is 10
8during cfu/ml, prevention effect is 65%.When yeast HT-4 concentration is 10
9during cfu/ml, prevention effect is 70%.The prevention effect of control treatment is 0.
Result shows, under holding conditions, yeast HT-4 all has good inhibition to the rotten scab that the 2 kind of plant pathogenic fungies for examination cause.
Claims (8)
1. yeast (Pseudozymaaphidis) HT-4, its deposit number is CGMCCNO.11629.
2. a pathogenic bacteria inhibitor, its activeconstituents is saccharomycetic metabolite described in yeast described in claim 1 and/or claim 1.
3. pathogenic bacteria inhibitor according to claim 2, is characterized in that, described pathogenic bacteria be following (a1) at least one in (a4):
(a1) peach brown rot pathogenic bacterium;
(a2) tomato gray mold pathogenic bacterium;
(a3) chain sclerotinia sclerotiorum;
(a4) Botrytis cinerea.
4. a Plant diseases prevention and control agent, its activeconstituents is saccharomycetic metabolite described in yeast described in claim 1 and/or claim 1.
5. Plant diseases prevention and control agent according to claim 4, is characterized in that: described Plant diseases be following (b1) at least one in (b4):
(b1) peach brown rot;
(b2) tomato gray mold;
(b3) Plant diseases that causes of chain sclerotinia sclerotiorum;
(b4) Plant diseases that causes of Botrytis cinerea.
6. the application of saccharomycetic metabolite described in yeast described in 1 described in claim 1 and/or claim 1, for following (c1) is at least one in (c4):
(c1) pathogenic bacteria is suppressed;
(c2) pathogenic bacteria inhibitor is prepared;
(c3) prevention and control Plant diseases;
(c4) Plant diseases prevention and control agent is prepared.
7. application according to claim 6, is characterized in that:
In described (c1) and/or described (c2), described pathogenic bacteria be following (d1) at least one in (d4):
(d1) peach brown rot pathogenic bacterium;
(d2) tomato gray mold pathogenic bacterium;
(d3) chain sclerotinia sclerotiorum;
(d4) Botrytis cinerea.
8. application according to claim 6, is characterized in that:
In described (c3) and/or described (c4),
Described Plant diseases be following (e1) at least one in (e4):
(e1) peach brown rot;
(e2) tomato gray mold;
(e3) Plant diseases that causes of chain sclerotinia sclerotiorum;
(e4) Plant diseases that causes of Botrytis cinerea.
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