CN105418086A - 一种氧化硅结合碳化硅材料 - Google Patents

一种氧化硅结合碳化硅材料 Download PDF

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CN105418086A
CN105418086A CN201510805049.9A CN201510805049A CN105418086A CN 105418086 A CN105418086 A CN 105418086A CN 201510805049 A CN201510805049 A CN 201510805049A CN 105418086 A CN105418086 A CN 105418086A
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silicon
silicon carbide
carborundum
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侯晓静
李志刚
王文武
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Sinosteel Luoyang Institute of Refractories Research Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明属于无机非金属材料技术领域,公开一种氧化硅结合碳化硅材料。公开的氧化硅结合碳化硅材料的原料组成及质量百分比为:碳化硅颗粒60~75%、碳化硅细粉18~30%、碳化硅微粉3~8%、硅粉1~3%、纳米二氧化硅0.3~1.5%;原料的质量百分比之和为100%;氧化硅结合碳化硅材料还外加有作为结合剂的液体酚醛树脂;所述的氧化硅结合碳化硅材料的原料与液体酚醛树脂混合均匀后制成泥料,成型并烘干后,在高温窑炉内进行烧成,最高烧成温度为1350~1500℃;烧成后随炉冷却至室温即可制得氧化硅结合碳化硅材料。本发明所制备的氧化硅结合碳化硅材料具有纯度高、高温性能优异、综合性能好的特点。

Description

一种氧化硅结合碳化硅材料
技术领域
本发明属于无机非金属材料技术领域,具体涉及一种氧化硅结合碳化硅材料,所制备氧化硅结合碳化硅材料可以用于窑具、有色行业铝电解槽内衬、垃圾焚烧炉内衬等高温领域。
背景技术
碳化硅质耐火材料具有导热系数高、热膨胀系数低、抗震性好、高温强度高、耐化学侵蚀性好、抗渣及锌铝铜铅等熔液侵蚀能力强和高温耐磨性能好等一系列优点,被广泛应用于冶金、化工、能源等各个高温行业中。由于SiC是以共价键为主的化合物,烧结温度在2000℃以上,因此在一般的窑炉中很难达到烧结致密。为了促进SiC的烧结,通常会加入氧化物(粘土、莫来石、二氧化硅等)或非氧化物(氮化硅、氮氧化硅、低温型β-SiC等)结合相来降低烧成温度,其中氧化硅结合碳化硅耐火材料的综合性能较为优良,成本相对较低,是目前陶瓷窑具的主流材料之一,还可用作垃圾焚烧炉内衬、铝电解槽内衬、锌冶炼炉内衬等,具有广阔的发展前景。
虽然氧化硅结合碳化硅材料的开发和应用历史久远,但目前仍存在一些问题,最主要的有:
1、二氧化硅微粉引入杂质的不利影响。氧化硅结合碳化硅材料常用的结合相原料为二氧化硅微粉。二氧化硅微粉具有粒度细小、比表面积大、反应活性高的特点,高温下通过二氧化硅微粉的烧结可以将碳化硅很好地结合起来,使材料具有较高强度。耐火材料用二氧化硅微粉是工业硅和硅铁生产过程中的副产品,质量波动较大,不利于氧化硅结合碳化硅材料的质量稳定。二氧化硅微粉除二氧化硅外,其它杂质氧化物种类较多且含量偏高,特别是碱金属和碱土金属氧化物含量,高温烧成时这些杂质氧化物进入材料的富硅玻璃相中,降低了玻璃相黏度,对氧化硅结合碳化硅材料的高温性能非常不利。
2、泥料制备过程中细粉和微粉分布不均匀。二氧化硅微粉较高的反应活性使其容易将碳化硅结合起来形成较高的强度,但其较高的表面活性使得其彼此之间容易形成团聚体,给混料均匀化造成困难,导致材料结构的不均匀和质量的不稳定。此外,材料中其它较细原料在表面力作用下也容易形成团聚。氧化硅结合碳化硅材料较理想的结构应是二氧化硅均匀地包裹在碳化硅表面,碳化硅通过二氧化硅彼此连接起来。受二氧化硅微粉中杂质的限制,综合考虑材料的性能,二氧化硅微粉加入量不能太高,因而其微观结构的均匀性相对较差。
3、残硅对氧化硅结合碳化硅材料高温性能的不利影响。为改善氧化硅结合碳化硅材料的性能,材料制备过程中通常会添加少量的单质硅粉,通过烧成过程中硅粉氧化为高活性的氧化硅将碳化硅很好地结合起来,同时氧化反应伴随的体积膨胀能堵塞气孔,提高材料的性能。但是,在材料的烧成过程中,并不能保证这些硅粉完全氧化,即残硅的存在很难避免。Si的熔点仅为1420℃,在其它杂质共同作用下,即使少量Si的存在也会造成碳化硅材料高温性能的下降。因此,避免残硅的存在是提高碳化硅制品高温性能亟待解决的关键问题。
4、临时结合剂引入杂质的不利影响。为满足氧化硅结合碳化硅材料坯体的成型、搬运等性能,成型时通常要加入少量临时结合剂,这些临时结合剂中通常含有一定的碱金属和碱土金属氧化物,不利于材料的高温性能。以耐火材料常用临时结合剂木质素磺酸钙为例,其CaO的含量在8%左右,按照2%加入量计算,将使材料中CaO含量增加0.16%,从而使碳化硅材料的高温性能明显降低。
发明内容
为解决上述技术问题,本发明的目的是提出一种氧化硅结合碳化硅材料。
本发明为完成上述目的采用如下技术方案:
一种氧化硅结合碳化硅材料,所述氧化硅结合碳化硅材料的原料组成及质量百分比为:碳化硅颗粒60~75%、碳化硅细粉18~30%、碳化硅微粉3~8%、硅粉1~3%、纳米二氧化硅0.3~1.5%;所述原料的质量百分比之和为100%;所述的氧化硅结合碳化硅材料还外加有作为结合剂的液体酚醛树脂;酚醛树脂加入量以使混合后泥料满足成型性能为要求;所述的氧化硅结合碳化硅材料的原料与液体酚醛树脂混合均匀后制成泥料,成型并烘干后,在高温窑炉内进行烧成,最高烧成温度为1350~1500℃;烧成后随炉冷却至室温即可制得氧化硅结合碳化硅材料;所述纳米二氧化硅的粒径范围为5~100nm,化学成份要求SiO2≥99.8wt%;所述碳化硅微粉的粒度要求小于5μm,化学成份要求SiC≥96.0wt%。
所述液体酚醛树脂为耐火材料常用热塑性或热固性酚醛树脂。
所述纳米二氧化硅的加入量为0.5~1%。
所述硅粉的加入量为1.5~2%。
所述碳化硅颗粒和碳化硅细粉的化学成分要求为SiC≥97.0wt%,所述碳化硅颗粒的粒度范围为3~0.088mm,碳化硅细粉的粒度范围为0.074~0.020mm。
所述硅粉的粒径要求≤0.088mm,化学成分要求Si≥97.0wt%。
一种氧化硅结合碳化硅材料的制备方法是将氧化硅结合碳化硅材料的原料充分混合均匀后加入液体酚醛树脂制备成泥料,将所制备的泥料成型并烘干后,在高温窑炉内进行烧成,最高烧成温度为1350~1500℃;烧成后随炉冷却至室温即可制得氧化硅结合碳化硅材料。
本发明中利用纳米二氧化硅的高纯度、高比表面积和高分散性来避免二氧化硅微粉引入杂质的不利影响;纳米二氧化硅原料的SiO2含量在99.8%以上,用其取代二氧化硅微粉时,可以有效减少K2O、Na2O、CaO、MgO等有害杂质的引入,从而保证材料的高温性能不受影响;纳米二氧化硅为纳米级原料,原生粒子粒径范围为5~100nm,在干粉混合过程中能够充分地包覆在颗粒和粉料的表面,有效地克服细粉和微粉的团聚问题,高温烧后在碳化硅颗粒和细粉表面形成均匀分布的二氧化硅层,使制品的均匀性和高温性能得以提高。
本发明中利用液体酚醛树脂热解碳与金属硅反应生成碳化硅来避免制品中残硅对高温性能的影响;在加热烧成过程中,氧化硅结合碳化硅材料的氧化由表面向内逐步进行,在材料内氧分压较低时酚醛树脂热解形成的无定形碳与单质硅反应生成碳化硅,随着氧分压的升高,新生成的碳化硅会被氧化生成氧化硅,将碳化硅更好地结合起来;该反应为气相参与的反应,反应温度远低于单质硅的熔点,从而极大地降低了残硅的存在。新生成的碳化硅均匀分布于材料内更有利于材料结构均匀,提高了材料的高温性能。以液体酚醛树脂替代常用的临时结合剂木质素磺酸钙,可以避免CaO等临时结合剂引入杂质的不利影响,使碳化硅材料的高温性能更加优异。
本发明提出的一种氧化硅结合碳化硅材料,采用上述技术方案,具有如下有益效果:
1、纳米二氧化硅和碳化硅微粉复合结合,替代了通常使用的工业副产品二氧化硅微粉,从而避免了二氧化硅微粉引入杂质氧化物对材料的不利影响,使所制备氧化硅结合碳化硅材料具有更加优异的高温性能。
2、纳米二氧化硅粒度细小,在干粉混合阶段能够均匀地包裹在耐火材料粉体表面,一方面减少颗粒间引力,起到抗结块剂的效果,避免了耐火粉体彼此团聚,使材料结构更加均匀;另一方面,高温烧后纳米二氧化硅彼此烧结,将碳化硅很好地结合起来,提高了材料的高温力学性能。
3、碳化硅微粉和纳米二氧化硅共同作用,填充到材料颗粒和细粉堆积的空间中,使得材料能够更加紧密堆积,解决了不添加二氧化硅微粉后颗粒级配不合理的问题;另一方面碳化硅微粉比表面积大,高温下容易氧化,氧化生成的氧化硅和纳米二氧化硅共同作用,可以增强材料的性能。
4、在材料内部氧分压较低时,酚醛树脂分解生成的无定形碳在较低温度下就开始和添加的少量硅粉反应,避免了残硅的不利影响。原位碳化硅反应为有气相参与的反应,可生成均匀分布的碳化硅晶须,随着氧分压增大,新生碳化硅不断被氧化成氧化硅,均匀分布在材料中,起到了增强作用。
5、与常见的临时结合剂相比较,本发明采用液体酚醛树脂做结合剂,具有坯体强度高、引入的杂质含量少等优点,有利于提高制品的综合性能。
具体实施方式
结合下述具体实施例对本发明加以说明:
实施例1:所述氧化硅结合碳化硅材料的原料组成及质量百分比为:碳化硅颗粒75%,碳化硅细粉18%,碳化硅微粉5.7%,硅粉1%,纳米二氧化硅0.3%。
实施例2:所述氧化硅结合碳化硅材料的原料组成及质量百分比为:碳化硅颗粒70%,碳化硅细粉22.7%,碳化硅微粉5%,硅粉1.5%,纳米二氧化硅0.8%。
实施例3:所述氧化硅结合碳化硅材料的原料组成及质量百分比为:碳化硅颗粒65%,碳化硅细粉23.6%,碳化硅微粉8%,硅粉3%,纳米二氧化硅0.4%。
实施例4:所述氧化硅结合碳化硅材料的原料组成及质量百分比为:碳化硅颗粒70%,碳化硅细粉24%,碳化硅微粉3%,硅粉1.5%,纳米二氧化硅1.5%。
实施例5:所述氧化硅结合碳化硅材料的原料组成及质量百分比为:碳化硅颗粒60%,碳化硅细粉30%,碳化硅微粉6.5%,硅粉2.5%,纳米二氧化硅1%。
将上述原料按照比例充分混合均匀后,加入液体酚醛树脂使其混匀后的泥料均有很好的成型性能,实施例1~实施例5所加液体酚醛树脂占粉料质量的百分比分别为:4.0%、4.5%、5.6%、4.6%和5.8%。将混匀后的泥料机压成型、烘干后,在高温窑炉内进行烧成,烧成后随炉冷却至室温即可制得氧化硅结合碳化硅材料。

Claims (6)

1.一种氧化硅结合碳化硅材料,其特征在于:所述氧化硅结合碳化硅材料的原料组成及质量百分比为:碳化硅颗粒60~75%、碳化硅细粉18~30%、碳化硅微粉3~8%、硅粉1~3%、纳米二氧化硅0.3~1.5%;所述原料的质量百分比之和为100%;所述的氧化硅结合碳化硅材料还外加有作为结合剂的液体酚醛树脂;所述的氧化硅结合碳化硅材料的原料与液体酚醛树脂混合均匀后制成泥料,成型并烘干后,在高温窑炉内进行烧成,最高烧成温度为1350~1500℃;烧成后随炉冷却至室温即可制得氧化硅结合碳化硅材料;所述纳米二氧化硅的粒径范围为5~100nm,化学成份要求SiO2≥99.8wt%;所述碳化硅微粉的粒度要求小于5μm,化学成份要求SiC≥96.0wt%。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种氧化硅结合碳化硅材料,其特征在于:所述液体酚醛树脂为耐火材料常用热塑性或热固性酚醛树脂。
3.如权利要求1所述的一种氧化硅结合碳化硅材料,其特征在于:所述纳米二氧化硅的加入量为0.5~1%。
4.如权利要求1所述的一种氧化硅结合碳化硅材料,其特征在于:所述硅粉的加入量为1.5~2%。
5.如权利要求1所述的一种氧化硅结合碳化硅材料,其特征在于:所述碳化硅颗粒和碳化硅细粉的化学成分要求为SiC≥97.0wt%,所述碳化硅颗粒的粒度范围为3~0.088mm,碳化硅细粉的粒度范围为0.074~0.020mm。
6.如权利要求1所述的一种氧化硅结合碳化硅材料,其特征在于:所述硅粉的粒径要求≤0.088mm,化学成分要求Si≥97.0wt%。
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