CN105377476A - 用于粉末处理的高温流化床 - Google Patents
用于粉末处理的高温流化床 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开一种系统,所述系统包括炉膛、流化床组件和粉末床。所述流化床组件被定位在所述炉膛中并且包括具有用于接收气体的外腔入口的外腔、定位在所述外腔内部的内腔。所述内腔包括与所述外腔流体连通的内腔入口,和所述气体可通过其退出所述内腔和所述外腔的出口。所述粉末床被设置在所述内腔中。
Description
发明背景
本发明大体上涉及增材制造的领域。具体地说,本公开涉及用于增材制造过程中的粉末的预处理,如通过使用流化床。
增材制造是现有的但是正在发展的技术。在其最广泛的定义中,增材制造是来自薄层进料材料的任何分层结构或制品。增材制造可以涉及将液体材料、层材料或颗粒材料应用到工序中,然后烧结、固化、熔融和/或切割以形成层。所述过程重复多达几千次以构造所需领域的成品部件或制品。
通常需要预处理用于一些增材制造过程中的原始粉末。预处理可以包括对粉末进行涂覆、脱气和热处理。粉末颗粒可以被涂覆来防止颗粒在增材制造过程中氧化。例如,美国专利号7,141,207公开了通过使用流化床来将铜涂层施加到铝粉上。
脱气可以被用于从粉末颗粒中去除水蒸气。在制造过程中当粉末的表面暴露于环境中时,其可以很快被氧化。水蒸气可以吸收进氧化物中,这可以致使通过增材制造过程所形成的材料中的空隙。从制造材料中去除水分的方法可能致使氢气的形成,这可以导致最终材料更脆。从粉末中去除水蒸气的先前方法包括各种脱气的方法。例如,美国专利号5,976,456描述了利用将铝粉在真空中加热到非常高的温度的脱气方法。然而,在维持脱气过程中非常低的压力真空的情况下可能发生复杂性。
此外,气体的高温热处理的传统方法可能致使粉末的不希望的烧结。例如,如在美国专利号6,811,765中所讨论的,已将流化床与粉末的热处理结合使用以防止结块。然而,制造这种热处理系统复杂且昂贵。
因此,存在对用于预处理用在增材制造过程中的粉末的简单、可靠且廉价的系统和方法的需要。
发明概述
一种如能够与增材制造过程一起使用的系统包括炉膛、流化床组件和粉末床。流化床组件被定位在炉膛中并且包括具有用于接收气体的外腔入口的外腔,和定位在外腔内部的内腔。内腔包括与外腔流体连通的内腔入口,和气体可通过其退出内腔和外腔的出口。粉末床被设置在内腔中。
处理粉末的方法包括:将粉末颗粒引入内腔,将内腔定位在设置在炉膛中的外腔的内部,将气体供应至外腔以围绕内腔,使气体流入内腔中,利用气体使粉末颗粒流化,并利用炉膛热处理粉末颗粒。
附图简述
图1是并入本公开的流化床组件的增材制造过程的示意性方框图。
图2是根据本公开的流化床组件的示例性实施方案的示意性截面视图。
图3是根据本公开的流化床组件的第二实施方案的示意性截面正视图。
详细说明
图1是并入本公开的流化床组件的增材制造过程10的示意性方框图。过程10包括使用粉末供应12供应粉末的步骤A;使颗粒流过流化床组件14用于处理的步骤B;利用所处理的粉末使用增材制造系统16执行增材制造过程的步骤C;和生产如零件18的制造品的步骤D。
来自粉末供应12的粉末流过流化床组件14。流化床组件14改变粉末的力学特性以最佳化用于利用增材制造系统16来操作的粉末颗粒。例如,流化床组件14可以在极高的温度下对粉末供应12进行热处理。增材制造系统16选择性地将最佳化粉末凝固成零件18,所述零件18具有基于定义了零件18的计算机辅助绘图(CAD)文件的形状。在一个实施方案中,过程10被用于生产用于燃气涡轮发动机的部件,如用于燃气涡轮发动机或压缩机的叶片。
供应粉末通常涉及获取所需金属、合金或复合材料的一定量的粉末。粉末将具有某些力学特性,如颗粒结构和粉末大小或直径的分布。将一定量的粉末定位在流化床组件14内部的容器中以改变力学特性。更具体地说,粉末在容器内形成床,流化气体流过所述床以与粉末相互作用。流化气体被用来搅动粉末并且可以被用来处理粉末颗粒。流化床组件14可以被利用炉膛加热以对粉末颗粒进行热处理。流化气体在完成处理之后流出容器,并且在处理过的粉末从流化床组件14移除之后可将其用于增材制造过程中。所述容器形成流化床组件14的被利用炉膛加热以将金属粉末回火成合适的微结构的部分。增材制造系统16进行增材制造过程以形成零件18。
在一些实施方案中,增材制造系统16执行冷喷涂沉积过程。在这种过程中,粉末不是熔融的,使得在沉积过程之前的粉末颗粒的微结构在形成零件18之后保持不变。因此,在增材制造过程开始之前将微结构操作成所需的状态变得有利。具体地说,冷喷涂沉积过程得益于具有将充分地变形和将充分地结合的粉末颗粒。将流化床组件14放置在炉膛中以加热粉末来实现促进变形的所需的微结构。在各种实施方案中,可将如氩气的惰性气体用作流化气体。同时,流化气体可以被用于清洁粉末来促进结合。因此,在一个实施方案中,氢气流化气体可以被用于去除氧化物。在其他实施方案中,流化气体可以被用于在粉末颗粒上形成涂层。例如,可以施加氮或硼涂层以防止氧化的形成。
本公开的流化床组件14利用通过外腔与炉膛隔离的内腔以允许流化气体在进入内腔之前形成围绕内腔的缓冲区。因此,内腔不直接暴露至炉膛的高热中并且可以由比较廉价的材料制造,这减少了与生产流化床组件14相关联的制造成本。此外,本公开的流化床组件14利用如搅动源的流化气体来防止金属粉末在炉膛内部的内腔中处于高温下时烧结。在又一个实施方案中,内腔可以被成形以有助于将粉末分类,例如,从床中去除不需要大小的颗粒。
图2是根据本公开的流化床组件14的示例性实施方案的示意性截面视图。流化床组件14被设置在炉膛20内并且包括外腔22、内腔24、帽盖26、第一入口28A、第二入口28B、出口30、座板32、第一温度传感器34A、第二温度传感器34B和管子36。
炉膛20包括如常规用于流化床技术领域的任何炉膛。在各种实施方案中,炉膛20包括可以通过顶端开口装载和卸载的箱式炉或管式炉。在另一个实施方案中,炉膛20可以简单地包括缠绕在外腔22周围的加热器。在另一个实施方案中,炉膛20可以包括炉子。在一个实施方案中,炉膛20能够达到超过1100℃的内部温度来进行粉末38的热处理。
外腔22被以任何合适的方式安装在炉膛20中。在一个实施方案中,外腔由陶瓷材料制造。然而,外腔22可以由能够承受高热而不氧化的任何材料制造。帽盖26被可释放地附接到外腔22,使得可以进入外腔22内部的内腔24。在公开的实施方案中,内腔24(也称为烧结罩)悬垂于帽盖26,使得提供了在外腔22与整个内腔24的外部之间的空间。在一个实施方案中,内腔24悬垂于将内腔24连接到出口30的管子36。在一个实施方案中,内腔24由不锈钢制造,如300系列不锈钢。流化床组件14可以具有用于在不同的粉末或不同的热条件情况下使用的多个、可互换的内腔24(未示出)。每个内腔可以被重复利用并且如果在流化床组件14的操作过程中受损则可以被简单和廉价地替换。
粉末38被定位在内腔22内部并且搁置在座板32上。座板32从内腔22是可拆卸的,以便允许进入内腔22的内部并装载和卸载粉末38。在另一个实施方案中,粉末38可以被通过管子36装载到内腔24中,并且在处理之后可以通过使高速气体穿过座板32和管子36从内腔24排出。
流化气体40被通过入口28A和28B引导到内腔22的内部。流化气体40被通过穿过任何合适形式的炉膛20的管件提供到入口28A和28B。流化气体40被加压并且围绕内腔22,包括在座板32处。座板32包括允许流化气体40穿过座板32的孔口或开口。流化气体40渗透通过粉末38并且通过出口30处的管子36离开内腔22。
流化气体40执行在处理粉末38上的多种功能。主要地,流化气体40充当使粉末38的颗粒升起离开座板32的搅动源,以防止粉末在内腔24中由于炉膛20的热量烧结或结块。由于粉末38的每个颗粒的质量,颗粒向下落回到座板32上。为了有助于这个过程,内腔24包括增加内腔24的宽度或直径(如果是圆形的)的释放部分42A,以减缓管子36附近的流化气体40的速度。这减少了颗粒的动量以允许重力使它们返回到座板32上。因此,只要流化气体40穿过内腔24,粉末38的颗粒会继续从座板32朝向管子36向上并且向下回到座板32地循环。
流化气体40还形成围绕内腔24的外部的缓冲区。通过对流从炉膛20对外腔22加热,并且通过对流从外腔22对内腔24加热。因此,内腔24被暴露至与外腔22相同或几乎相同的温度中。通常,这将需要内腔24由能够承受暴露至这种热量而不毁损(例如,熔融或被氧化成受损的程度)的材料制造。例如,为了承受对镍粉或钛粉进行热处理所需的温度,例如,1100℃,内腔将还需要由超合金制造。然而,在流化床组件14中,流化气体40可以被选择为将氧气从内腔24的周围去除的惰性气体。因此,内腔24不会暴露至氧化环境。内腔24可以由结构上足够坚固的材料制造,例如,具有高熔融温度以存在于来自炉膛20的热环境中但是生产成本低廉的材料。此外,内腔24可以由预制的、库存材料(如圆柱形管子)来生产。如所提及的,内腔24可以由不锈钢制造并且流化气体40可以被选择为氩气以防止不锈钢氧化。
此外,流化气体40可以被用于处理粉末38。确切地说,流化气体40可以被选择为清洁粉末38的颗粒表面来促进增材制造过程的洗涤剂。例如,氢气可以被用于从粉末38的表面去除氧化物。流化气体40可以可替代地被选择为将薄层施加到粉末38的颗粒表面上的涂层剂。例如,氮或硼可以被用于形成围绕粉末38的颗粒的薄层以防止氧化的形成。
流化气体40通过入口28A和28B进入外腔22,并且当朝向座板32移动时被加热。到流化气体40进入内腔24的时候,所述流化气体40达到足以允许发生热处理的温度。在内腔24中,流化气体40在穿过释放部分42A并进入管子36之前将粉末38流化。管子36允许流化气体40在退出流化床组件14之前冷却。如图3中所示,如果流化床组件14被配置为使得流化气体40在外腔22与内腔24之间经过时不会达到足以用于对粉末38进行热处理的温度,可将预热器添加到流化床组件14中。
图3是根据本公开的流化床组件14的第二实施方案的示意性截面正视图。流化床组件14包括类似于那些参考图2示出和讨论的元件并且这种元件被对应地编号。然而,在图3中,内腔24的释放部分42A被替代为释放部分42B,并且入口28A和28B具有预热器44,所示预热器44被供应有来自气体源46的气体。
预热器44接收来自气体源46的气体。气体源46还可以被用于将气体供应至图2的入口28A和28B。预热器44将流化气体40加热到将与来自炉膛20的热量结合起作用的温度以允许流化气体40对粉末38进行热处理。例如,如果外腔22在来自炉膛20与内腔24的热量之间形成太多绝热屏障,那么可能需要另外的加热源。预热器44可以包括任何合适的加热器,如电阻加热器。在一个实施方案中,预热器44包括缠绕在连接气体源46与入口28A和28B的入口管线48周围的电线圈。在其他实施方案中,一个或多个预热器44可以被定位成在外腔22的内部或外部紧邻入口28A和/或28B。温度传感器34A和34B被分别用于确定气体40和粉末38的温度,以便监测热处理过程。温度传感器34A和34B还可以被用于确定对来自预热器44的热量的需要和其大小。
如参考图2所讨论的,内腔24包括释放部分42A,所述释放部分42A的大小被设定成减缓通过内腔24的流化气体40的流动以允许粉末颗粒向下落回到座板32上。释放部分42B的大小被设定成小于释放部分42A,以使得与释放部分42A相比较少地减缓流化气体40的流动。因此,较小尺寸的颗粒将维持将携带较小尺寸的颗粒进入管子36中的向上的速度。较大尺寸的颗粒更有利于增材制造过程,如冷喷涂沉积。因此,释放部分42B可以被用于有助于将粉末分类,例如,从床中去除不需要大小的颗粒。相反地,释放部分42A的大小可以被设定成允许所有大小的粉末颗粒减速并朝向座板32落下。增材制造过程通常使用具有范围从约10微米(μm)至大于约100μm的大小的金属粉末。将颗粒分类成用于在不同的增材制造过程、不同的粉末材料和其他因素的情况下使用的不同的类别是有用的。用于分类金属粉末颗粒的典型的范围是10μm到50μm、50μm到100μm和大于100μm。
虽然已经参照示例性实施方案描述了本发明,但是本领域的技术人员将理解,在不背离本发明的范围的情况下,可做出各种改变并可使用等效物来取代其元件。此外,在不背离本发明的基本范围的情况下,可以做出许多修改来使具体情况或材料适应本发明的教导。因此,旨在使得本发明不限于所公开的具体实施方案,而是本发明将包括落在所附权利要求书的范围内的所有实施方案。
Claims (28)
1.一种系统,其包括:
炉膛;
流化床组件,所述流化床组件被定位在所述炉膛中,所述流化床组件包括:
外腔,所述外腔具有用于接收气体的外腔入口;以及
内腔,所述内腔被定位在所述外腔的内部,所述内腔包括:
内腔入口,所述内腔入口与所述外腔流体连通;以及
出口,所述气体可以通过所述出口退出所述内腔和所述外腔;以及
粉末床,所述粉末床被设置在所述内腔中。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中流化气体源连接至所述外腔入口以将气体提供到所述外腔中。
3.根据权利要求2所述的系统,其还包括在所述气体源与所述外腔入口之间流体联接的预热器。
4.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中所述内腔限定流化部分和释放部分。
5.根据权利要求4所述的系统,其中所述释放部分的宽度等于所述流化部分的宽度。
6.根据权利要求4所述的系统,其中所述释放部分的宽度大于所述流化部分的宽度。
7.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中所述内腔由不锈钢组成。
8.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中所述外腔由高温合金或陶瓷材料组成。
9.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其还包括定位在所述外腔与所述内腔之间的温度传感器。
10.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其还包括定位在所述内腔中的温度传感器。
11.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中所述内腔入口包括多孔板。
12.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其还包括连接所述内腔的内部与所述出口的管子。
13.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中所述外腔包括允许所述内腔从所述外腔拆卸的可拆卸帽盖。
14.一种处理粉末的方法,所述方法包括:
将粉末颗粒引入内腔中,
将所述内腔定位在设置在炉膛中的外腔的内部;
将气体供应至所述外腔以围绕所述内腔;
使所述气体流入所述内腔中;
利用所述气体将所述粉末颗粒流化;以及
利用所述炉膛对所述粉末颗粒进行热处理。
15.如权利要求14所述的处理粉末的方法,其还包括:
利用所述气体形成围绕所述内腔的氧化屏障,其中所述气体包括惰性气体。
16.如权利要求14所述的处理粉末的方法,其还包括:
在增材制造过程中使用所述热处理的粉末颗粒。
17.如权利要求14所述的处理粉末的方法,其还包括:
使用所述内腔的释放部分对所述粉末颗粒进行分类。
18.一种流化床,其包括:
外腔,所述外腔由可拆卸帽盖部分地限定;
流体入口,所述流体入口连接至所述外腔;
内腔,所述内腔被设置在所述外腔中,所述内腔由多孔板部分地限定;以及
出口管,所述出口管连接至所述内腔并且穿过所述外腔。
19.如权利要求18所述的流化床,其中:
所述内腔由不锈钢组成;以及
所述外腔由高温合金或陶瓷材料组成。
20.如权利要求18所述的流化床,其中所述内腔限定分类部分。
21.一种方法,其包括:
将金属粉末引入多壁流化床中;
在所述多壁流化床内部对所述金属粉末进行热处理;
从所述多壁流化床移除所述金属粉末;以及
在增材制造过程中使用所述金属粉末。
22.如权利要求21所述的方法,其中所述多壁流化床包括:
内腔,所述金属粉末被设置在所述内腔中;
外腔,所述外腔围绕所述内腔;以及
流体路径,所述流体路径从所述外腔的内部延伸至所述内腔的内部并且延伸出所述多壁流化床。
23.如权利要求22所述的方法,其中所述多壁流化床还包括:
多孔入口,所述多孔入口在所述内腔上;
出口,所述出口在所述内腔上;
流体入口,所述流体入口在所述外腔上;以及
管子,所述管子将所述出口连接到所述外腔的外部。
24.如权利要求22所述的方法,其还包括:
使气体在进入所述内腔之前在所述内腔与所述外腔之间经过。
25.如权利要求24所述的方法,其还包括利用所述气体在所述金属粉末上产生涂层。
26.如权利要求24所述的方法,其还包括利用所述多壁流化床对所述金属粉末进行分类。
27.如权利要求21所述的方法,其中所述金属粉末被热处理到1100℃或高于1100℃的温度。
28.如权利要求21所述的方法,其中所述增材制造过程包括冷喷涂沉积过程。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP6466447B2 (ja) | 2019-02-06 |
EP3033191A1 (en) | 2016-06-22 |
EP3033191A4 (en) | 2017-05-24 |
JP2016534312A (ja) | 2016-11-04 |
WO2015023439A1 (en) | 2015-02-19 |
CN105377476B (zh) | 2018-05-15 |
US9555474B2 (en) | 2017-01-31 |
US20160175930A1 (en) | 2016-06-23 |
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