CN105331879A - Non-oriented silicon steel for high-power-density motor and production method - Google Patents
Non-oriented silicon steel for high-power-density motor and production method Download PDFInfo
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- CN105331879A CN105331879A CN201510652030.5A CN201510652030A CN105331879A CN 105331879 A CN105331879 A CN 105331879A CN 201510652030 A CN201510652030 A CN 201510652030A CN 105331879 A CN105331879 A CN 105331879A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/008—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Si
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/12—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
- C21D8/1216—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties the working step(s) being of interest
- C21D8/1222—Hot rolling
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/12—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
- C21D8/1216—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties the working step(s) being of interest
- C21D8/1233—Cold rolling
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/12—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
- C21D8/1244—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties the heat treatment(s) being of interest
- C21D8/1272—Final recrystallisation annealing
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
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Abstract
The invention discloses non-oriented silicon steel for a high-power-density motor. The non-oriented silicon steel comprises, by weight, smaller than or equal to 0.0030% of C, 3.25-3.45% of Si, 0.05-0.10% of Mn, smaller than or equal to 0.005% of Al, smaller than 0.05% of P, smaller than 0.0020% of S, 0.04-0.06% of Sn and smaller than or equal to 0.0030% of N. A production method includes the steps that low-Al clean steel is smelted and casted to form a blank; the cast blank is heated; hot rolling is conducted; reeling is conducted, and cooling is conducted to the room temperature; normalizing is conducted; a one-step cold rolling method is used for rolling after conventional acid pickling until the thickness of a finished product is reached; annealing is conducted on the finished product; and cooling, coating and finishing are conducted. According to the non-oriented silicon steel for the high-power-density motor, the requirement for automatic riveting of iron core high-speed stamped sheets and iron core laminated sheets and the requirement for magnetism and high-fatigue strength can be met, the magnetic induction B5000 is larger than or equal to 1.69 T, the iron loss P1.0/400 is smaller than or equal to 17.0 W/kg, the hardness Hv5 reaches 180-200, the fatigue limit strength is larger than or equal to 400 Mpa, and good fatigue resistance is achieved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of non orientating silicon steel and production method, belong to a kind of high power density motor non orientating silicon steel and production method particularly.
Background technology
At present, by using the magneticsubstance such as high grade non-oriented electrical steel sheet and high-performance permanent magnet, the motor of high-level efficiency, high-energy-density is manufactured.This motor formed primarily of the rotor of the stator and configuration permanent magnet that embed winding, imbeds permanent magnet for main flow, be called permanent magnet submerged type motor and ipm motor with internal rotor.
By using high-quality magneticsubstance to develop high power density motor, reach the high-output power of unit weight.Because output rating P(
) and magnetic loading
b g (gap density) is directly proportional, so, in order to obtain high-output power, needing to increase the magnetic induction density in air gap, being just necessary the core material using high magnetic flux density.Tradition non-oriented electrical steel mainly by taking the total amount reducing Si and Al to improve magnetic strength, but too increases iron loss simultaneously, and reduces fatigue limit of materials intensity.
Along with automobile drive electric motor and compressor of air conditioner are to miniaturization and raising the efficiency future development, the frequency of its motor used is also to the high frequency future development of 200 ~ more than 1000Hz, iron loss is low in high frequency to require motor to use core material, and being therefore necessary increases Si and Al content., the increase of Si and Al content, steel plate is obviously hardening, fragile mould during punch process, must consider the magnetic property of core material and the matching problem of punch process thus.
On the other hand, with the variable-speed operation of motor, add that its rotor centrifugal force becomes large, to have excellent fatigue property for the electrical sheet of iron core.Improve fatigue property, need to increase steel plate hardness.
Electromechanics trade, in order to increase work efficiency, wishes that stators and rotators adopts same electro-magnetic steel plate, realizes stator, rotor machining integration, completes punching simultaneously and process even lamination and become iron core on a production line.
Therefore, the requirement of high power density motor steel also improves gradually.
Through retrieval: China Patent Publication No. is the document of CN1380908A, discloses a kind of non-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet and manufacture method thereof.It contains quality %: C≤0.005%, Si:1.5 ~ 3.0%, Mn:0.05 ~ 1.5%, P≤0.05%, S≤0.02%, Al:0.1 ~ 2%, N≤0.005%, Cr:0.4 ~ 1.4%, all the other are the non-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet of iron substantially, there is excellent punching processing characteristics and fatigue property, and before and after stress annealing under 1000Hz frequency, iron loss is low, is applicable to the core material of Motor for Electric Automobile and idle call motor.But, the material magnetic strength (B on the low side that the document obtains
5000≤ 1.68T), and safe range of stress intensity is not high yet, is namely less than 360Mpa.
China Patent Publication No. is the document of CN103173678A, discloses a kind of rotor non orientating silicon steel and manufacture method thereof.Containing quality % be: C:0.001 ~ 0.004%, Si:2.5 ~ 4.0%, Al:0.5 ~ 1.5%, Mn:0.1 ~ 1.5%, P≤0.02%, S≤0.001%, N≤0.002%, B≤0.005%, all the other iron and inevitable impurity; Al deoxidation after the first Si of refining procedure, finally carries out Ca process, and the method subject matter smelts difficulty greatly, and need warm-rolling, and cost is high, and 0.5mm thickness material magnetism index (B on the low side
5000>=1.64T), quality in kind also only has 1.67T.
China Patent Publication No. is the document of CN201410545379.4, disclose " a kind of frequency-variable efficient compressor non orientating silicon steel and production method thereof ", its component and weight percent content are: C :≤0.0050%, Si:3.1 ~ 3.4%, Mn:0.03 ~ 0.1%, Als≤0.01%, P≤0.05%, S is no more than 0.0025%, Cu≤0.06%, Sn:0.04 ~ 0.06%, N≤0.0025%, all the other are Fe and inevitable impurity; And it is non-vanishing at 20 ~ 80, Als content to meet Mn/S.The magnetic property adopting once cold rolling method to carry out producing is magnetic strength B
50>=1.69T, iron loss P
1.0/400≤ 17.5W/kg, does not consider fatigue strength.
Day patent documentation of the present disclosure " the compressor non-oriented electrical steel of a kind of magnetic and punching excellent processability " (JP20040072045), it adds Sn:0.01% ~ 0.40%, Cu:0.1% ~ 1.0%, Ca:0.001% ~ 0.03%, REM (rare earth): 0.001% ~ 0.02%.The document requires controlled working hardenability value N value below 0.25, lower yield strength/tensile strength is more than 0.635.After stress relieving, W15/50 is 2.6 ~ 2.8 (W/kg), B50 is 1.71 (T), the performance index of punching excellent processability.It is higher to there is iron loss in it, does not also consider fatigue strength.
US Patent No. 20090202383 document, discloses a kind of non orientating silicon steel and manufacture method thereof.Its by adding Cu, Ni, Cr, Mo, elements such as w, carry out matrix solution strengthening and Second Phase Precipitation strengthening improves yield strength, but document magnetic is poor, and cost is higher.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open 2011-89204, disclose new-energy automobile CD-ROM drive motor high strength non-oriented electromagnetic steel sheet, be characterized in adding Nb in steel, a large amount of dislocation is introduced time cold rolling, controlling recrystallize area ratio during thermal treatment makes a large amount of dislocations remain in the tissue of steel, thus obtains excellent magnetic and mechanical property.Although its thickness is 0.35mm finished product yield strength reach 670MPa, tensile strength reaches 780MPa, and namely mechanical property meets high-strength steel requirement, but it is too low to there is recrystallize ratio, magnetic property can be caused to worsen, magnetic strength declines, especially high frequency iron loss significantly rises, its finished product iron loss P
1.0/400up to 35W/kg, magnetic strength B
5000best also only has 1.64T, and poor reaches 1.62T, and magnetic strength is too low, and iron loss is higher, is not suitable for manufacturing high power density motor.
Above-mentioned high strength silicon steel is produced by existing method, although meet the excellent requirement of fatigue property, but namely product magnetic can be caused to be deteriorated mainly makes magnetic strength reduce, but also produce pressworkability deterioration problem, as product hardness is too high, cause punching number of times obviously to reduce, fatigue property, magnetic and pressworkability can not meet the demands simultaneously.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is directed to the deficiency that prior art exists, provide a kind of and meeting magnetic strength B
5000>=1.69T, iron loss P
1.0/400≤ 17.0W/kg, under product hardness Hv5 reaches the condition of 180 ~ 200, make safe range of stress intensity>=400Mpa, and the punching of iron core high speed and core lamination stack automatic riveting can be met simultaneously, and the high power density motor non orientating silicon steel that requires of magnetic and high-fatigue strength and production method.
Realize the measure of above-mentioned purpose:
A kind of high power density motor non orientating silicon steel, its component and weight percent content are: C≤0.0030%, Si:3.25 ~ 3.45%, Mn:0.05 ~ 0.10%, Al≤0.005%, P≤0.05%, S≤0.0020%, Sn:0.04 ~ 0.06%, N≤0.0030%, and 3.3%≤(Si+Mn/2+P)≤3.5%, all the other are Fe and inevitable impurity; Mechanical property: magnetic strength B
5000>=1.69T, iron loss P
1.5/50≤ 17W/kg, safe range of stress intensity>=400MPa, hardness Hv5 is 180 ~ 200.
A production method for high power density motor non orientating silicon steel, its step:
1) smelt also continuous casting by low Al Clean Steel and become base;
2) heated by continuously cast bloom, control its soaking temperature at 1120 ~ 1160 DEG C, heating and soaking time exist: 3 ~ 5 hours;
3) hot rolling is carried out: controlling entry temperature at finishing is 960 ~ 1000 DEG C, and finishing temperature is 820 ~ 860 DEG C;
4) carry out batching and being cooled to room temperature: coil of strip, at 630 ~ 680 DEG C, is naturally cooled to room temperature by oiler temperature control;
5) carry out normalizing, control normalizing soaking temperature at 950 DEG C ~ 1000 DEG C, it is 25 ~ 30m/min that plate speed controls;
6) once cold rolling method is adopted to be rolling to finished product thickness after conventional pickling;
7) in conventional H 2 and N2 gas mixture or full H2 gas dry type atmosphere, carry out finished products, and control its annealing temperature at 930 ~ 980 DEG C, plate speed is 60 ~ 80m/min;
8) carry out routinely cooling, coating and finishing.
In each component concentration of the present invention and preparation method, process parameter control principle is described below:
The composition of non orientating silicon steel of the present invention and preparation technology are mainly around high magnetic and high-fatigue strength and suitable punching functional design.The effect of each element and master operation in the present invention:
C is below 0.003%.C is the composition harmful to magnetic, and it is more low better to wish, annealing operation can not take off C, improves product punching, therefore specifies that its content is below 0.003%, preferably below 0.002%.
Si is 3.25 ~ 3.45%.Si is the effective Addition ofelements improving resistivity, improve iron loss, and concerning the high grade non-oriented silicon of extra-low iron loss, Si content can not get required magnetic and fatigue strength less than 3.25%, therefore its lower limit is 3.25%.On the other hand, if its hardness can be very high more than 3.45% for Si content, be difficult to cold rolling processing, punching performance also can worsen, and therefore it is defined as 3.45%.
Mn is 0.05 ~ 0.1%.Mn is inevitable impurity, does not need to add.The S amount of Mn to solid solution during heating of plate blank has attenuating effect, and prevent red brittleness and improve matrix fatigue strength, Mn content must more than 0.05%; On the other hand, if its content is more than 0.1%, easily produces tiny MnS, the deterioration of magnetic can be caused, and magnetic strength declines.For avoiding generating MnS and improve fatigue strength, preventing hot-short, therefore specifying that its content range is decided to be 0.05 ~ 0.1%.
Al is below 0.005%.Traditional view thinks that Al content lower than 0.1%, otherwise can not can cause there is tiny AlN in steel, and hinder grain growth, magnetic degenerates.Through the present invention's checking, when Al is below 0.005%, there is not tiny AlN in steel, and find that Al is lower, product iron loss is lower, and magnetic strength is higher.Therefore limit Al below 0.005%, it is more low better to wish.
P is below 0.05%.P is inevitable impurity, does not need to add.P improves steel plate hardness by solution strengthening, effectively can improve fatigue strength, but concerning high grade non-oriented silicon steel, significantly can worsen the cold ductility of steel more than 0.05%, punching penalty, therefore its content fixes on less than 0.05%.
In order to ensure certain fatigue strength and take into account pressworkability, the present invention specifies: 3.3%≤(Si+Mn/2+P)≤3.5%.Because along with Si+Mn/2+P content improves, iron loss P
1.0/400reduce, fatigue strength improves, but magnetic strength B
5000also reduce, punch process is deteriorated, and cold rolling difficulty increases, and limit easily occurs and splits and brittle failure, process for processing is also deteriorated.
S is below 0.002%.S is the important component part of steel inclusion composition, and the formation of its sulfide can worsen the magnetic of steel, and therefore its content must control below 0.002%.
N is below 0.003%.N easily forms the tiny inclusion such as AlN, TiN in steel, is harmful to iron loss.Therefore, N content will cause the deterioration of iron loss more than 0.003%, its content below 0.003% as well.
In order to magnetic is improved further, also containing Sn:0.04 ~ 0.06%.
In the present invention, Sn can prevent the nitrogenize of finished surface, improves magnetic property.Sn containing quantity not sufficient 0.04%, then improves the weak effect of magnetic, product dross when easily causing finished product high-temperature to anneal during more than 0.06%, also may be large impact the length of crystal grain, also cost of alloy can be caused to increase, therefore, the content of Sn is defined as 0.04 ~ 0.06% simultaneously.
In order to improve the over-all properties of steel plate, simplify operation, reduce production cost, the present invention adopts once cold rolling method.
Steel-making: undertaken by the production method of Clean Steel.
Hot rolling: tinyization of precipitate during for preventing hot rolling, slab adopt low-temperature heat with suppress the precipitate in slab again solid solution be best, take 630 ~ 680 DEG C of high temperature coiling technology that precipitate is grown up further simultaneously.
Coiling temperature is too low, and reply effect is bad, too high, is difficult to the homogeneity ensureing temperature.
Normalizing: be improve the necessary critical process process of finished product texture.When hot-rolled sheet continuous annealing, normalizing temperature controls at 950 ~ 1000 DEG C, and plate speed is 20 ~ 30m/min.If temperature is too low, do not reach the effect improving texture, if temperature is more than 1000 DEG C, then crystal grain looks excessive, can cause cold rolling difficulty; The normalizing time is too short, can not get the effect improving magnetic, and long meeting causes production efficiency low.
Cold rolling: after Hot Rolled Plate Normalizing, namely carry out once-through method and be cold-rolled to finished product thickness.
Finished products: finished products temperature is at 930 ~ 980 DEG C, and plate speed is that 60 ~ 80m/min is comparatively suitable, if temperature is less than 930 DEG C, then crystal grain cannot fully be grown up, and magnetic property is poor, and if temperature more than 980 DEG C, crystal grain is excessive, causes fatigue strength deteriorates.
The present invention compared with prior art, can meet the punching of iron core high speed and core lamination stack automatic riveting simultaneously, and magnetic and high-fatigue strength requirement, and meets magnetic strength B
5000>=1.69T, iron loss P
1.0/400≤ 17.0W/kg, product hardness Hv5 reaches 180 ~ 200, and safe range of stress intensity>=400Mpa, namely there is excellent anti-fatigue performance, automobile drive electric motor and the compressor of air conditioner frequency to miniaturization and raising the efficiency, institute's use motor can be met also to the requirement of the high frequency future development of 200 ~ more than 1000Hz.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the graph of relation of safe range of stress intensity and product punching press number of times and (Si+Mn/2+P) content;
Fig. 2 is the metallographic structure figure of finished silicon steel plate of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the precipitated phase type analysis figure of finished silicon steel plate of the present invention;
Fig. 4 is the precipitated phase energy spectrum composition analysis figure of finished silicon steel plate of the present invention;
In Fig. 1:
-represent fatigue strength,
-represent punching number of times, be scope of the present invention between two dotted lines.
Embodiment
Below the present invention is described in detail:
Table 1 is the chemical composition value list of various embodiments of the present invention and comparative example;
The main technologic parameters list of table 2 various embodiments of the present invention and comparative example;
Table 3 is the Performance Detection situation list of various embodiments of the present invention and comparative example.
Various embodiments of the present invention are produced according to following steps:
1) smelt also continuous casting by low Al Clean Steel and become base;
2) heated by continuously cast bloom, control its soaking temperature at 1120 ~ 1160 DEG C, heating and soaking time exist: 3 ~ 5 hours;
3) hot rolling is carried out: controlling entry temperature at finishing is 960 ~ 1000 DEG C, and finishing temperature is 820 ~ 860 DEG C;
4) carry out batching and being cooled to room temperature: coil of strip, at 630 ~ 680 DEG C, is naturally cooled to room temperature by oiler temperature control;
5) carry out normalizing, control normalizing soaking temperature at 950 DEG C ~ 1000 DEG C, it is 25 ~ 30m/min that plate speed controls;
6) once cold rolling method is adopted to be rolling to finished product thickness after conventional pickling;
7) in conventional H 2 and N2 gas mixture or full H2 gas dry type atmosphere, carry out finished products, and control its annealing temperature at 930 ~ 980 DEG C, plate speed is 60 ~ 80m/min;
8) carry out routinely cooling, coating and finishing.
It should be noted that with the data in following table 1 and table 2 be not one-to-one relationship.
The chemical composition value list (wt%) of table 1 various embodiments of the present invention and comparative example
The main technologic parameters list of table 2 various embodiments of the present invention and comparative example
The Performance Detection situation of table 3 various embodiments of the present invention and comparative example
In table 3 fatigue property sample be be parallel to roll to (1.0 × 5.0 × 150mm), sample frequency be 20Hz, the La-La fatigue property tested under being the condition of 0.1 of stress ratio.Compared with comparative example, magnetic strength B of the present invention
5000>=1.69T, iron loss P
1.0/400≤ 17.0W/kg, product hardness Hv5 reaches 180 ~ 200, and safe range of stress intensity>=400Mpa, namely has excellent magnetic property and anti-fatigue performance, can meet the requirement to miniaturization and high frequency future development of automobile drive electric motor and compressor of air conditioner.
(Si+Mn/2+P) relation of content and fatigue strength as shown in Figure 1, can find out, along with (Si+Mn/2+P) content increases, fatigue strength continues to improve, but punching number of times also will decline.Therefore the present invention's regulation: 3.3%≤(Si+Mn/2+P)≤3.5%.
This embodiment is only the best and exemplifies, the restricted enforcement not to technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (2)
1. a high power density motor non orientating silicon steel, its component and weight percent content are: C≤0.0030%, Si:3.25 ~ 3.45%, Mn:0.05 ~ 0.10%, Al≤0.005%, P≤0.05%, S≤0.0020%, Sn:0.04 ~ 0.06%, N≤0.0030%, and 3.3%≤(Si+Mn/2+P)≤3.5%, all the other are Fe and inevitable impurity; Mechanical property: magnetic strength B
5000>=1.69T, iron loss P
1.5/50≤ 17W/kg, safe range of stress intensity>=400MPa, hardness Hv5 is 180 ~ 200.
2. a production method for high power density motor non orientating silicon steel, its step:
1) smelt also continuous casting by low Al Clean Steel and become base;
2) heated by continuously cast bloom, control its soaking temperature at 1120 ~ 1160 DEG C, heating and soaking time exist: 3 ~ 5 hours;
3) hot rolling is carried out: controlling entry temperature at finishing is 960 ~ 1000 DEG C, and finishing temperature is 820 ~ 860 DEG C;
4) carry out batching and being cooled to room temperature: coil of strip, at 630 ~ 680 DEG C, is naturally cooled to room temperature by oiler temperature control;
5) carry out normalizing, control normalizing soaking temperature at 950 DEG C ~ 1000 DEG C, it is 25 ~ 30m/min that plate speed controls;
6) once cold rolling method is adopted to be rolling to finished product thickness after conventional pickling;
7) in conventional H 2 and N2 gas mixture or full H2 gas dry type atmosphere, carry out finished products, and control its annealing temperature at 930 ~ 980 DEG C, plate speed is 60 ~ 80m/min;
8) carry out routinely cooling, coating and finishing.
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| CN106756475A (en) * | 2016-12-02 | 2017-05-31 | 武汉钢铁股份有限公司 | Medium-high frequency motor 0.27mm thickness non-orientation silicon steels and production method |
| CN106756475B (en) * | 2016-12-02 | 2019-04-30 | 武汉钢铁有限公司 | Medium-high frequency driving motor 0.27mm thickness non-orientation silicon steel and production method |
| CN111690870A (en) * | 2019-03-11 | 2020-09-22 | 江苏集萃冶金技术研究院有限公司 | Method for producing high-magnetic-induction thin-specification non-oriented silicon steel by cold continuous rolling |
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