CN105319642B - 保偏(pm)双包层(dc)光纤 - Google Patents

保偏(pm)双包层(dc)光纤 Download PDF

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CN105319642B
CN105319642B CN201510530177.7A CN201510530177A CN105319642B CN 105319642 B CN105319642 B CN 105319642B CN 201510530177 A CN201510530177 A CN 201510530177A CN 105319642 B CN105319642 B CN 105319642B
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optical fiber
inner cladding
refractive index
stress
stress rods
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CN105319642A (zh
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D·J·迪乔瓦尼
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OFS Fitel LLC
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/09—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping
    • H01S3/091—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping
    • H01S3/094—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping by coherent light
    • H01S3/094003—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping by coherent light the pumped medium being a fibre
    • H01S3/094007—Cladding pumping, i.e. pump light propagating in a clad surrounding the active core
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
    • C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/012—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/01205—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments starting from tubes, rods, fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/01211—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments starting from tubes, rods, fibres or filaments by inserting one or more rods or tubes into a tube
    • C03B37/01217—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments starting from tubes, rods, fibres or filaments by inserting one or more rods or tubes into a tube for making preforms of polarisation-maintaining optical fibres
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    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G02B6/03622—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 2 layers only
    • G02B6/03627—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 2 layers only arranged - +
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    • G02B6/03622—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 2 layers only
    • G02B6/03633—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 2 layers only arranged - -
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    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B2203/00—Fibre product details, e.g. structure, shape
    • C03B2203/30—Polarisation maintaining [PM], i.e. birefringent products, e.g. with elliptical core, by use of stress rods, "PANDA" type fibres
    • C03B2203/31—Polarisation maintaining [PM], i.e. birefringent products, e.g. with elliptical core, by use of stress rods, "PANDA" type fibres by use of stress-imparting rods, e.g. by insertion
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Abstract

双包层(DC)保偏(PM)光纤包括纤芯、内包层、外包层和应力棒.纤芯具有纤芯折射率(ncore)。内包层位于纤芯的径向外部并具有小于ncore的内包层折射率(n1)。应力棒位于内包层中，并且每个应力棒具有基本上与n1匹配的应力棒折射率(n2).外包层位于内包层的径向外部.外包层具有小于n1的外包层折射率(nout)。

Description

保偏(PM)双包层(DC)光纤
技术领域
本公开一般涉及光学器件，并且更具体地涉及光纤光学器件。
背景技术
光学放大器和激光器采用如下光纤：其中信号被在纤芯中引导而泵浦光被在内包层中引导。虽然类似的波导原理适用于低功率和高功率，但是高功率应用经历了与增加的功率水平相关的一些不同问题.因此，需要持续的努力来在高功率光学系统中减轻不利影响.
发明内容
公开了保偏(PM)双包层(DC)光纤.PM-DC光纤包括纤芯、内包层、外包层和应力棒.纤芯具有纤芯折射率(ncore).内包层在径向上位于纤芯的外部并且具有小于ncore的内包层折射率(n1).应力棒位于内包层中，并且每个应力棒具有基本上与n1匹配的应力棒折射率(n2)。外包层在径向上位于内包层的外部.外包层具有小于n1的外包层折射率(nout)。
经研究以下附图和详细描述，其他系统、设备、方法、特征和优点将对于本领域技术人员是清楚的或变得清楚.意图是将所有此类附加系统、方法、特征和优点都包括在本说明书中，在本公开的范围内，并且由所附权利要求保护.
附图说明
参照以下附图可以更好地理解公开的的许多方面。附图中的部件不一定按比例绘制，而是将重点放在清楚地说明本公开的原理.此外，在附图中，类似的参考数字贯穿若干视图标示对应的部分.
图1是示出应力棒的折射率基本上小于内包层的折射率的光的轨迹的图.
图2是示出应力棒的折射率基本上大于内包层的折射率的光的轨迹的图。
图3是示出实施例中应力棒的折射率基本等于内包层的折射率的光的轨迹的图.
图4是示出耦合到泵浦合束器的双包层(DC)保偏(PM)光纤的一个实施例的图.
图5是示出耦合到泵浦合束器的PM-DC光纤的另一实施例的图。
具体实施方式
光学放大器和激光器采用双包层(DC)光纤，其中信号被在纤芯中引导而泵浦光被在内包层中引导.以往，内包层折射率(n1)小于纤芯折射率(ncore)，从而通过已知的折射机制将信号光约束到纤芯.类似地，外包层折射率(nout)小于n1，从而将泵浦光约束到内包层.
有时，这些DC光纤是保偏(PM)光纤，其结合位于内包层中并且跨过纤芯的应力棒。这些应力棒有不同于n1的应力棒折射率(n2)，n2和n1之间的失配导致在内包层和应力棒之间的边界处的光折射.
在传统的光纤中，这些应力棒有时改变和扭曲被引导的信号的特性，因为位置太靠近纤芯的应力棒可以改变信号的模场形状.然而，这类失真以前在传统的PM-DC光纤中不是问题，并且因此，对于传统的PM-DC光纤，n2和n1之间的失配以前没有成为重要的设计考虑。
随着更高功率系统的发展，内包层和应力棒之间的折射率失配变得有问题。虽然类似的波导原理适用于低功率和高功率，但是较高功率水平的应用会出现在较低功率水平中不存在的一些明显问题。例如，热累积(以及其它有关功率的效果)在高功率系统中成为关键问题。其结果是，n1和n2之间的折射率失配(这在用于低功率系统的传统PM-DC光纤的设计中很大程度上是未解决的)成为高功率光学系统中的限制因素.鉴于此，一种减轻这些高功率相关问题的方法是通过在PM-DC光纤中基本上(但不是完美)匹配n2与n1。基本上匹配n2与n1降低泵浦损耗并减少不想要的发热.
考虑到该总体概述，现在详细参考如在附图中所说明的实施例的描述.虽然几个实施例被结合这些附图描述，但是没有意图将本公开限制到在此公开的一个或多个实施方式.相反，意图是涵盖所有替代、修改和等同物。
图1是示出应力棒的折射率(n2)基本上小于内包层的折射率(n1)的光的轨迹的图。如在图1中所示，当PM光纤被接合到具有折射率匹配的内包层的非PM光纤时，接合部15导致PM光纤和非PM光纤之间的界面，使得根据Snell定律在边界处折射率的任何失配将导致光折射.
折射的两个示例示于图1，其中n2＜n1。在第一个示例中，入射泵浦光线1以θ角从侧面入射到应力棒上.由于n2＜n1，光线1将折射至更小的角度α。注意，应力棒通常是圆形的，因此，在图1中描绘的角度被垂直于界面(或边界)测量。因此，虽然光线1的方位角也将被改变，但是为了说明的目的，只考虑垂直于界面的光线1的行为就足够了。有鉴于此，当光线1到达应力棒和内包层之间的边界时，折射率的差异再次将光线1折射至原始传播角度θ.因为光线1最初被在内包层内以θ引导，因此光线1继续被限制于内包层。
在第二个示例中，入射泵浦光线2在由接合部15导致的界面处以θ角入射到应力棒上.此时，光线2在进入应力棒时将被折射至更大的角度.当光线2到达应力棒和内包层之间的上边界时，折射率失配进一步以基本上大于原始传播角度θ的角度将光线2折射远离应力棒.如果传播角度的增加超过PM-DC光纤的数值孔径(NA)，则光线2(其最初被在内包层中以θ角引导)不再被限制于内包层并逃逸，从而引起诸如灾难性加热的不期望的效果。只要进入应力棒的泵浦光可以占到总泵浦光的高达约百分之二十(20％)或甚至高达约30％，则用非常低折射率的应力棒将非PM光纤接合到PM光纤是不可取的.
相反地，用非常高折射率的应力棒(如铝掺杂的二氧化硅应力棒)将非PM光纤接合到PM光纤也是不可取的.以示例的方式，图2示出应力棒的折射率(n2)基本上大于内包层的折射率(n1)的光轨迹的两个示例.
第一示例示出以θ角从侧面入射到应力棒上的输入泵浦光线1.由于n2＞n1，光线1将折射至更大的角度。当光线1到达应力棒和内包层之间的边界时，折射率的差异再次折射光线1至原始传播角度θ.因为光线1最初在内包层内以θ被引导，因此光线1继续被限制于内包层.
相反，如在第二个示例中所示，当入射泵浦光线2在接合部15的界面处以θ角入射到应力棒上时，光线2在进入应力棒时将被折射至更小的角度。如果该角度足够小，则当光线2在应力棒和内包层之间的上边界处被反射时其会被困住.因此，被困光线2导致更低的效率，因为其不再与增益掺杂剂相互作用.因此，用非常高折射率的应力棒将非PM光纤接合到PM光纤也是不可取的.
在图1和图2的示例中，由低折射率的应力棒散射出光纤的泵浦光的量(图1)或在应力棒内被捕获和浪费的泵浦光的量(图2)可以用光线光学计算。例如，应力棒的截面积为总的PM-DC光纤截面积的约20％至30％，并且泵浦光通常均匀地填充内包层的整个被引导的NA(约0.45至约0.48).因此，由被困的泵浦光或散射的泵浦光引起的损耗可估算为截面积和内包层NA的函数.因为本领域技术人员熟悉这些计算方法，因此这些方法的进一步讨论被省略.
为了减轻图1和图2的问题，如图3所示，应力棒的折射率(n2)可以基本上与内包层的折射率(n1)匹配.两个折射率可以通过以下方式来匹配：用诸如例如B2O3-GeO2、B2O3-P2O5和/或P2O5-Al2O3的已知材料来对应力棒进行掺杂.依据Snell定律，当n2≈n1时，在界面处具有最小折射，因为折射程度与折射率之间的失配程度成在应力棒中掺杂比例比.对于完美匹配的程度，就根本不会有折射.
尽管看起来完美匹配折射率是最佳的，但是在实践中轻微的折射率失配是可取的。这是因为轻微的折射率失配提供了用于检测PM-DC光纤的偏振轴的方法.例如，某些商业熔接机通过从侧面照射PM-DC光纤并且监测当光穿过PM-DC光纤时的强度来检测应力棒的取向.PM-DC光纤被转动直到强度图案看起来对称为止.可见，如果应力棒和内包层之间存在完美折射率匹配，那么将不可能使用这类方法检测光纤的几何方位。因此，小程度的折射率对比度(例如，约0.001和约0.003之间)可能是可取的。在实践中，折射率失配的程度取决于熔接机的类型和检测算法.因此，对于一些实施例，优选有低至0.001的折射率失配，而对于其他实施例，优选有稍大于0.003的折射率失配.本领域技术人员将认识到n2基本上(但不是完美地)与n1匹配，并且期望的失配程度取决于以下二者：(a)最大化泵浦效率(例如，减少逸出泵浦光，减少被困泵浦光)；和(b)偏振的可检测性(例如，仍然允许应力棒光学可检测性的最小折射率失配)。
对于某些优选实施例，PM-DC光纤包括钎芯、内包层、外包层和应力棒.纤芯具有纤芯折射率(ncore).内包层在径向上位于纤芯的外部并具有小于ncore的内包层折射率(n1).应力棒位于内包层中，并且每个应力棒具有基本上与n1匹配的应力棒折射率(n2).外包层在径向上位于内包层的外部。外包层具有小于n1的外包层折射率(nout).对于一些实施例，应力棒呈熊猫(panda)配置.对于其它实施例，应力棒表现出蝴蝶结(bow-tie)配置.对于其它实施例，应力感应区域可以被配置为在径向上位于纤芯外部的椭圆区域.不管具体的配置，n2基本上(但不是完美地)与n1匹配.
图4是示出激光器的一个实施例的图，而图5是示出放大器的一个实施例的图.在图4和图5二者中，光学系统包括光学耦合到泵浦合束器6的PM-DC光纤10。
在图4的实施例中，激光腔在PM-DC光纤10的输入端处的高反射光栅8和在PM-DC光纤10的输出端处的部分反射输出耦合器光栅9之间被创建.泵浦光4通过泵浦二极管(未示出)被引入到多端口泵浦合束器6。泵浦合束器6从多个输入聚集泵浦光，并将聚集的泵浦光引入至PM-DC光纤10的内包层7.
在图5的实施例中，输入信号通过输入光纤17被引入。输入光纤17被接合到PM-DC光纤10，PM-DC光纤10接着被接合到输出光纤14。输出光纤14输出经放大的信号16.类似于图4中的激光器，图5中的放大器包括将泵浦光引入到PM-DC光纤10的内包层的泵浦合束器6.
在图4和5的实施例中，一些泵浦光4将在由接头15创建的界面处入射到应力棒5的垂直前缘上.如参考图1至3所解释的，入射光根据Snell定律折射.此外，由于泵浦光4通过PM-DC光纤10传播，泵浦光4穿过内包层7和应力棒5二者。通常，应力棒5具有高浓度的硼(约20M％)以提供应力棒5和二氧化硅内包层7之间的热膨胀系数的大的失配.如参照图1和2所述，这导致应力棒5和内包层7之间的显著折射率失配(也被指定为折射率对比度、折射率差、或|Δn|)，例如，|Δn|＝|(n1 2-n2 2)/(2n1 2)|≈0.008或NA≈0.15，这导致不可接受的泵浦损耗和加热。通过基本上匹配包层(n1)和应力棒(n2)的折射率，这些高功率相关的问题通过减少泵浦损耗和减少不想要的加热而被减轻.
尽管已经示出和描述了示例性实施例，但对本领域普通技术人员清楚的是可以对所述的公开进行若干变化、修改或替换。所有这些变化、修改和替换因此应被视为在本公开的范围之内。

Claims (4)

1.一种光学系统，包括：
双包层DC保偏PM光纤，其包括具有内包层折射率n1的内包层，所述PM-DC光纤还包括位于所述内包层中的应力区域，所述应力区域具有应力区域折射率n2，n1与n2之间的差在0.001和0.003之间；
输入光纤，其用于引入信号，所述输入光纤被纤芯匹配地接合到所述PM-DC光纤，所述输入光纤具有折射率匹配的内包层；以及
泵浦合束器，其用于将泵浦光在所述应力区域的垂直前缘处引入所述PM-DC光纤，所述泵浦合束器在所述应力区域的垂直前缘处被光学地接合到所述PM-DC光纤。
2.如权利要求1所述的系统，所述应力区域是呈现蝴蝶结配置的应力棒。
3.如权利要求1所述的系统，所述应力区域是呈现熊猫配置的应力棒。
4.如权利要求1所述的系统，所述应力区域是在径向上位于纤芯的外部的椭圆区域。
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