CN105279557B - Memory and thinking simulator based on human brain working mechanism - Google Patents

Abstract

A memory and thinking simulator based on human brain working mechanism features that a simulated nerve network is built up based on the anatomical structure and signal processing mechanism of brain, so simulating the simple work of brain thinking system, demonstrating the information input recognizing, memorizing, reflecting and attention controlling processes of brain, and revealing the working mechanism of brain thinking and attention. The application also discloses the research data of the applicant on the essence of thinking and consciousness and the working mechanism of the human brain.

Description

Memory and thinking simulator based on human brain working mechanism

Technical Field

The invention relates to a nerve simulation device in the field of neurobiology.

Background

Most of the current neural simulation techniques simulate some local functions of the human brain, such as sensory input, sensory signal processing, signal memory, etc., but there is no technique that can well simulate the working mechanism of the human brain thinking nervous system and the control aspect thereof, which has the functions of inputting, identifying, integrating, reflecting, memorizing (learning) and remembering various sensory information.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to disclose a neural network simulation device which works based on the working mechanism of the human brain, can simulate various functions of the human brain on information input, identification, memory and reflection, and particularly simulates an attention control mechanism of a thinking system.

The simulation device of the present invention includes a simulated neuron and a simulated synapse. Each simulated neuron includes an excitatory input, an excitatory modulation input, an inhibitory modulation input, and an output (axon output); the simulated synapses may be classified as simulated fixed synapses, simulated plastic synapses, and simulated pre-set synapses, depending on whether the synaptic transmission performance is plastic or not. Wherein the simulated fixed synapses are used to simulate synapses on information input and output channels, as well as synapses projected by cholinergic nerves to other neurons, which are generally free of synaptic transmission plasticity; the simulated plastic synapse is used for simulating synapses among amino acid energy nerves of parts such as a hippocampus and has obvious long-term plasticity (STDP plasticity); the preset synapse simulation is the synapse between neurons at the positions of telencephalic cortex and the like, which does not form a synaptic connection at the beginning (or the synapse has no synaptic transmission efficiency), and the synaptic connection is slowly formed between two neurons after the two neurons repeatedly have associated sending actions (or the synapse thereof has the transmission efficiency), and the preset synapse simulation is the long-term memory (or permanent memory and cortical memory) formed by synaptic reconstruction between telencephalic cortical interneurons. The technology of simulating neurons, various simulated synapses, and specific connections between them belongs to the prior art, and reference may be made to the device and method for simulating neural networks, the chinese patent application with application number 2014106066977, previously filed by the applicant, or to other related technologies.

The simulation device comprises a plurality of (2 or more than 2) signal input channels and simulates the input transmission of the brain to vision, hearing, touch and the like. Each signal input channel comprises a plurality (2 or more than 2) of signal input channels, and each sensory type is simulated to have a plurality of different information inputs, such as visual inputs with brightness, color and position, auditory inputs with frequency and loudness, and the like.

Each signal input path comprises: and the signal input port is used for receiving an external input signal.

And the intensity/frequency conversion module is connected with the input end of the intensity/frequency conversion module to the signal input port and is used for converting the input signal into the pulse signal, and the frequency of the output pulse signal corresponds to the intensity of the input signal (light intensity, sound intensity or voltage or current amplitude of the electric signal), wherein the pulse frequency is higher when the signal intensity is higher. The module is used for simulating various sensory neurons of a human body, can convert the intensity of various sensory information (such as the brightness, the position and the color of visual information, the sound frequency and the loudness of auditory information and the like) into action potential pulses for distribution, and the pulse frequency is changed along with the intensity of the sensory information, namely, the frequency coding of the information is formed. This is the prior art, and can refer to the existing simulation technology for visual or auditory sensory neurons, and can be realized by adopting a voltage-controlled oscillating circuit in the simplest way.

And the input end of the frequency/position conversion module is connected to the output end of the strength/frequency conversion module and is used for converting the pulse signals output by the intensity/frequency conversion module into the output of a plurality of output ends, and the output states of the different output ends correspond to the pulse frequency. The module is used for simulating relay nerve nuclei of various external information input passages in the human brain, such as the outer geniculate nucleus of a visual input passage and the inner geniculate nucleus of an auditory input passage, and the nuclei convert serial frequency-coded signals of sensory nerves into activity actions of a plurality of different neurons, namely into parallel position-coded information, and then project the parallel position-coded information to a cortex sensory region. The number of outputs, i.e. the number of bits of the parallel signal, determines the resolution of the information of the channel. In the brain, both the medial and lateral geniculate bodies have 6 levels of neural stratification and separately project the sensory cortex, so it seems that the brain employs a parallel 6-bit resolution. For analog devices, the resolution may be selected as desired. This frequency/position conversion corresponds to a serial/parallel conversion technique in the electronic field, and is also easily realized by using an electronic circuit.

The front part is the projection relation of the input part of the simulated brain to the external information, and the body adopts the mode of firstly forming frequency coding on the sensory information, entering the brain and then converting the sensory information into position coding, which is obviously determined by the activity form of the neuron, is also favorable for reducing the number of nerve projections entering the brain from the sensory organs and improves the stability of information transmission. Starting from the following, it is the signal projection relationship of the central nerve that is simulated, and the main technique of the present invention.

The frequency/position conversion module of different input channels belonging to the same input channel has its output ends connected to the input end of the cross projection module as its input signal, and makes cross projection in the cross module, and at each cross projected cross point, the input signal is connected to the excitation input end of a simulated neuron through a simulated synapse (simulated plastic synapse), and the axon output end of each simulated neuron is parallel as the output of the cross projection module. The cross projection module simulates a nerve projection network of a cortex sensory region (primary sensory cortex), establishes correspondence relation between different sensory information with time relevance (the activity of the neurons simultaneously or the activity with time relevance occurs) by cross projection of different sensory information and excitation integration (membrane integration) in the neurons at the later stage, forms memory of the same information (such as the same object, the same sound, the same character and the like) through synapse plasticity and synapse reconstruction, and generates identification of the information element through activation of the neurons when the same (or similar) sensory information appears next time. Further, the output terminals of the cross projection modules of different input channels are also cross projected again, and at each cross projection cross point, the input signals are respectively and commonly connected to the excitation input terminal of one analog neuron through one analog synapse (analog plastic synapse), and the axon output terminals of each analog neuron are also parallelly arranged as the other part of output terminals of the cross projection modules. This repeated cross-projection simulation is a joint sensory area on the cortex for cross-projecting different kinds of sensory information (visual, auditory, tactile, etc.) to establish correspondence between these different kinds of information elements, for example, an image of a person and its voice, or a text pattern and its pronunciation, so that the visual information of its image can be recognized and reflected when a certain voice belonging to auditory information is heard, and the so-called "word sense" of human language is also generated here.

Each output end of the cross projection module and the joint projection module perform mutual projection, namely the output end of the simulated neuron of the cross projection module is connected to the excitation input end of the simulated neuron of the joint projection module through a simulated synapse (simulated plastic synapse), and the axon output end of the simulated neuron of the joint projection module is connected to the excitation input end of the simulated neuron of the cross projection module through the simulated synapse (simulated plastic synapse); and the axon output end of the simulated neuron of the combined projection module is simultaneously used as the output end of the combined projection module. The combined projection module simulates human cerebral cortex, particularly combined cortex, neurons corresponding to all information elements on sensory cortex and intermediate neurons of the combined cortex are mutually projected and connected, the association relationship of the information elements is established, namely, the information memory relationship is formed, and reflection output can be generated when relevant information is input later, namely memory or thinking is generated. (for its details, see the contents of the thought nervous system in the accompanying data later in this application). In the human brain, this interpenetration of sensory and joint cortex is extensive and is constantly changing and integrating due to the activity correlation (spatial and temporal) between neurons, relying on synaptic plasticity and synaptic remodeling. If the number of the simulated neurons is large, the establishment of complete mutual projection is very huge, and the mutual projection can be simplified, and only the partitioned mutual projection is carried out between the neurons which need to simulate the mutual signals and have memory and reflection relations (such as between the frequency and the intensity of auditory information), so that although various possible information processing cannot be completely simulated, the required specific information processing can also be simulated, and the connection network can be greatly simplified.

And the output ends of the joint projection module are connected to the output module. In human brain, the output of the joint cortex is mainly projected to the motor cortex, and the motor nervous system formed by the motor cortex, the tattoo and the cerebellum integrates and processes the signal output of the joint cortex, and the output is the motion control of various muscles, and finally controls the body to complete various actions including body motion, speaking, writing and the like. (see the literature attached later in this application for the motor nervous system). The simulation device of the invention mainly simulates the thinking nervous system, and the signal integration of the motor nervous system does not belong to the main simulation range of the invention, so that each output of the combined projection module can be connected to an indicator lamp (LED lamp) through a trigger delay circuit respectively in a simple output mode to visually display various output results. The trigger delay circuit is used for converting each short action potential pulse output of the analog neuron into a display with a longer display period (0.a few seconds to 1 second) so as to be more convenient to observe, and the trigger delay circuit belongs to a simple electronic technology.

The simulation device of the invention is characterized in that each signal input channel is also provided with an excitation pulse control loop (which can be called as a 'control loop' for short), the output end of a signal intensity/pulse frequency conversion module of each signal input channel is connected with the excitation signal input end of the excitation pulse control loop through a simulation synapse (simulation fixed synapse), the excitation pulse output end of the excitation pulse control loop is connected with the excitation input end of each simulation neuron of a corresponding signal input channel and a joint projection module through a simulation synapse (simulation plastic synapse), and the axon output ends of each simulation neuron of the cross projection module and the joint projection module are connected with the feedback input end of the corresponding excitation pulse control loop in turn. Each excitation pulse control loop is formed by three analog neurons in an end-to-end connection mode to form a closed-loop neural loop, and the specific composition and work are described in the embodiment. The excitation pulse control loop simulates the work of an 'attention' directional control loop of the brain thinking nervous system, the 'attention' directional control loop forms a loop through head-to-tail projection of a 'midbrain reticular structure → a thalamic nucleus → a thalamic reticular structure → a thalamic nucleus → a mesencephalic reticular structure', the excitation pulse which is the most basic of the bottommost layer of thinking nervous activity is generated by reciprocating and emitting action potential pulses, and the activity of the cortical neuron is excited and controlled by controlling the projection and emission directions of the excitation pulses to the cortical thinking nervous system neuron, so that the effect of controlling and switching the 'attention' directional of thinking is achieved. (see the accompanying material later in this application for the contents of the thought system "attention" control mechanism).

Further, in the joint projection module, the axon outputs of different analog neurons of the same signal input path are each further connected to the excitation input of one analog neuron through an analog synapse (analog plastic synapse), which in turn is connected to the inhibitory modulation inputs of these different analog neurons through analog synapses (analog plastic synapses), respectively. The connection simulates a competitive mechanism of mutual inhibition among excitatory neurons on the combined cortex, so that when one of the excitatory neurons triggers to activate a firing action potential due to excitation integration under the combined action of an excitation signal and an excitation pulse, the inhibitory neuron inhibits other excitatory neurons of the same signal path in turn to avoid the condition that other neurons trigger simultaneously in the same excitation pulse period, so that in the firing period of one excitation pulse, one and only one excitatory neuron is triggered to fire, and in the next excitation pulse firing period, one and only one excitatory neuron is triggered to fire, therefore, the intermediate neurons forming the combined cortex generate single (sometimes possibly single group) neuron sequentially ordered chain activation activities under the control of the excitation pulse of an 'attention' control loop, i.e. mental activities that produce a single idea (serial).

The simulator of the present invention can be used for simulating the main work of the human brain thinking nervous system part, can demonstrate the processes of the thinking system to the input recognition, the memory, the reflection (namely thinking) and the attention control of the information, and more accurately and more intuitively clarify the thinking and attention work mechanism of the brain. The simulation device of the invention is completely formed by directly connecting the simulation neurons and the simulation synapses without the control of any intelligent system which depends on an artificial computer program, namely, without the need of depending on the artificial program to generate artificial intelligence, particularly, the simulation neurons in the neural network work, the simulation neurons are excited and time sequence controlled by the excitation pulse emitted by the excitation pulse control loop, and the excitation pulse is generated by the simulation neurons of the control loop by emitting action signals to and fro in an end-to-end way without arranging a clock circuit to generate a clock signal, thus the invention can more accurately simulate the brain work formed by natural evolution.

The applicant also wishes to disclose the nature of our brain's "thinking" and "consciousness" and the study of the working mechanism of our brain in a manner of patent publication, for reference by other researchers, to jointly explore the working mechanism of our brain and study techniques for treating brain diseases.

In theory, the technical scheme of the invention can also be used for constructing an artificial intelligence system based on a human brain working mechanism, but if the current simulation technology of neurons and synapses is adopted, the construction of an intelligent neural network with practical significance seems to be too large and inefficient, and the technology of device (substrate) unit and system integration is required to be broken through, so that the method can have practical value. Moreover, the applicant felt that: the goal of developing artificial intelligence should be to serve the needs of human social activities, and the direction should be to develop specialized techniques for specific functions, such as higher speed calculations, more accurate detection, more automated control techniques, etc., which appear to be more efficient using existing computer technology. The artificial intelligence of the neural simulation network based on the human brain working mechanism is just like a baby at the beginning of building, and needs a process of inputting and learning various information (perception, knowledge and events) for the artificial intelligence, although the information input and memory based on the electronic technology can be faster, the process is still very long, and the artificial intelligence based on the neural simulation network only builds a 'clever human brain' simulation device at the expense of huge technical engineering and long time, and the applicant feels that the artificial intelligence is not meaningful. In addition, regarding the "consciousness" of the human brain, the research data attached to the later of the present application shows the nature of the "consciousness" and its neural projection link, but the applicant in the present application does not disclose detailed techniques for generating the "consciousness" and integrating the intermediate information into the original information structure in real time when generating the "consciousness" based on various considerations, and also suggests that it is preferable not to make any attempt in this respect.

Drawings

Fig. 1 is a block schematic diagram of the overall circuit architecture of the present invention. Fig. 2 is a schematic circuit diagram of a signal input channel. Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of an internal circuit configuration of the cross projection module. FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the input-output connections of a simulated neuron within the joint projection module. Fig. 5 is a schematic circuit diagram of an excitation pulse control loop.

Fig. 6 is a general configuration diagram of biological information processing. Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of a system for processing in-vivo and in-vitro information. Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram of a system for processing information about internal and external senses of a human brain. FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of an interneuron connection structure of a thought channel. FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of the first neuron projection approach of thought → awareness. FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of a second mode of neuron projection for thought → awareness. Fig. 12 is a schematic diagram of a signal projection structure of a human brain visual pathway. Fig. 13 is a schematic diagram of a signal projection structure of the auditory pathway of the human brain. Fig. 14 is a schematic diagram of the operating principle of the oscillation loop of the thinking system. FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram of neuron projection for an oscillatory loop of the thought system. Fig. 16 is a schematic diagram of a signal projection structure of an oscillation loop of the thinking system. Fig. 17 is a schematic signal projection of the "hippocampal" medial information processing loop. FIG. 18 is a schematic signal projection diagram of a motor nervous system control loop. Fig. 19 is a schematic signal projection diagram of the splanchnic nervous system. Fig. 20 is a signal projection diagram of the emotive system. Figure 21 is a signal projection diagram of the cholinergic nerves of the septal and basal forebrain. Fig. 22 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the brain. FIG. 23 is a schematic representation of the various neural projections received by one amino acid neurons in the thalamic plate nucleus. FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram of a simplified neural circuit projection.

Detailed Description

The following is a description of the principles and implementations of the present invention.

The mental nervous system of the human brain has functions of inputting, recognizing and integrating various kinds of sensory information such as vision, hearing, touch, smell and the like, and each kind of sensory information has functions of inputting, recognizing and integrating various kinds of information elements of the sensory information, for example, visual sensory information such as color, brightness, geometric shape, motion change and the like, and auditory sensory information such as sound frequency, loudness, timbre, motion change and the like. As a simulation, the working process of the input processing of the signals can be simulated and explained without fully simulating the information and only selectively simulating the input processing of some information. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall circuit configuration of the present invention (FIG. 1 depicts two information input channels) which are constructed and connected in the manner described in the "summary of the invention" section of the application, and will not be repeated here.

Fig. 2 is a schematic circuit diagram of a signal input channel. To simplify the drawing and the description of the operation, fig. 2 shows the circuit structure of two signal input paths of only one signal input channel, which can simulate the color and brightness in the visual sense, or the frequency and loudness in the auditory information, etc., while other more sensory information can be expanded according to the same operation principle.

Of the two signal input paths of fig. 2, each signal input path includes signal input ports, i.e., signal input 1 and signal input 2, for receiving an external input signal. The external input signals simulate the sense and input of external information by sense organs such as human vision, auditory sense, touch sense and the like, a microphone, a photosensitive device, a color sensor, a piezoelectric sensor and the like can be adopted to simulate the sense and input of the external information, the sense and input of the external information are the prior art, the invention aims to simulate the memory processing of central nerves to the information, so that voltage signals with settable voltage values can be directly input, and the sense information with different intensities can be simulated by changing the voltage values, for example, the voltage steps can be set to be 0, 1, 2 and 4 volts, and the voltage steps are determined according to the output bit number of a following pulse frequency/position conversion module. Each signal input port is connected to the input of a signal "strength/frequency conversion module" which converts the input signal into a pulse signal, and the pulse frequency is higher and lower corresponding to the strength (i.e. voltage amplitude) of the input signal. The output ends of the intensity/frequency conversion modules are connected to the input ends of the frequency/position conversion modules, each frequency/position conversion module is provided with a plurality of output ends, and the output states of the output ends correspond to the high and low of the pulse frequency, namely, the output ends are converted into parallel signals to be output. The number of outputs of each conversion module, i.e. the number of bits of the parallel signal, determines the resolution of the information of the channel. In the brain, both the medial and lateral geniculate bodies had 6 levels of neural stratification and projected separately on the sensory cortex, which seems to suggest that the brain employs a parallel 6-bit resolution. Each conversion module of fig. 2 shows only two output terminals, each having two output states "with" or "without" (1 or 0), and the two output terminals have 4 states in total, i.e. 00, 01, 10, 11, which represent 4 different voltage amplitude variations of the input signal, e.g. 0, 1, 2, 4 volts. The intensity/frequency conversion module and the frequency/position conversion module belong to the prior art, can refer to the prior simulation technology of visual or auditory sensory neurons, and can be realized by adopting a voltage-controlled oscillation circuit and a serial/parallel conversion circuit in the simplest way.

The frequency/position conversion modules of different input paths of the same input channel, the outputs of their respective outputs, i.e., IN1 and IN2, are connected to the cross projection module as their input signals, and cross-projected IN the cross projection module. The internal circuit structure of the cross projection module is shown in fig. 3. At each cross projection intersection point, the input signals are respectively connected to the excitation input end of a simulation neuron M through a simulation plastic synapse SY, and the axon output ends of the simulation neurons are parallelly connected to be used as OUT output of the cross projection module. Furthermore, the output ends of the cross projection modules of different input channels are also subjected to cross projection again, at each cross projection cross point, the input signals are also connected to the excitation input end of one analog neuron through one analog plastic synapse, and the axon output ends of the analog neurons are also connected in parallel to be used as the other part of output ends of the cross projection modules. The excitation input end of each neuron of the cross projection module simultaneously receives the excitation pulse signal from the excitation pulse control loop and the feedback signal from the joint projection module. (see description below).

Each output end of the cross projection module and the joint projection module perform mutual projection, namely, an axon output end of a simulated neuron of the cross projection module is connected to an excitation input end of the simulated neuron of the joint projection module through a simulated synapse, and an axon output end of the simulated neuron of the joint projection module is connected to an excitation input end of the simulated neuron of the cross projection module through the simulated synapse; and the axon output end of the simulated neuron of the combined projection module is also used as the output end of the combined projection module. FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the input-output connections of a simulated neuron within the joint projection module. The simulated synapses in the joint projection module all adopt plastic simulated synapses.

And the output ends of the joint projection module are connected to the output module. For simplification, the output module adopts four LED light-emitting tubes D1-D4 to respectively match with a trigger delay circuit to display the output state. (see the description of the summary of the invention section above).

The simulation device of the invention is characterized in that each signal input channel is provided with an excitation pulse control loop (for short, a control loop), the output end of a strength/pulse frequency conversion module of different signal input channels of each signal input channel is provided with branches which are connected to the excitation signal input end of the excitation pulse control loop through a simulation fixed synapse GY, the excitation pulse output ends of the excitation pulse control loop are connected to the excitation input ends of the simulation neurons of a cross projection module and a joint projection module of the corresponding signal input channel through a simulation plastic synapse SY, and the axon output ends of the simulation neurons of the cross projection module and the joint projection module are connected to the feedback input end of the corresponding excitation pulse control loop through the simulation plastic synapse SY.

The circuit structure of an excitation pulse control loop is shown in fig. 5. The excitation pulse control loop of each signal input channel is formed by connecting three analog neurons end to end, wherein an axon output end of each analog neuron is connected with an excitation input end of a preceding analog neuron through an analog fixed synapse, namely, the connection mode is M1 → M2 → M3 → M1, an axon output end of a first analog neuron M1 is connected with an excitation input end of a second analog neuron M2 through an analog fixed synapse GY, an axon output end of a second analog neuron M2 is connected with an excitation input end of a third analog neuron M3 through an analog fixed synapse GY, and an axon output end of the third analog neuron M3 is connected with an excitation output end of a first analog neuron M1 through an analog fixed synapse GY, so that a closed-loop neural loop is formed by connecting the analog neurons back and forth; the excitation input end of the first analog neuron M1 is simultaneously used as the excitation signal input end of the control loop and is connected with the output end from the intensity/frequency conversion module; the axon output end of the second simulated neuron M2 is simultaneously used as the excitation pulse output end of the control loop and is connected to the cross projection module and the joint projection module; the excitation input end of the third analog neuron M3 is simultaneously used as the feedback input end of the control loop and is connected with the branches of the output ends of the cross projection module and the joint projection module; in addition, the axon output of the first simulated neuron M1 of any one excitation pulse control loop, which is also used as an inhibitory signal output, is connected to the inhibitory modulation input of the first simulated neuron of the other excitation pulse control loop through an analog fixed synapse. The mutually-inhibited structure enables the first analog neurons of all excitation pulse control loops to immediately inhibit other first analog neurons as long as any one of the first analog neurons triggers to output action potential pulses, so that no other first analog neurons trigger to output action potential pulses simultaneously in the period of outputting the action potential pulses, and the inhibition is not released until the period of outputting the action potential pulses is over. The excitation pulse control loop is used for exciting and controlling the work of the analog neurons of the cross projection module and the joint projection module to enable the work between the cross projection module and the joint projection module to have a time sequence relation, so that the analog plastic synapses connected between the cross projection module and the joint projection module can generate time-correlated synaptic plasticity (STDP plasticity including synaptic transmission enhancement LTP and synaptic transmission inhibition LTD) to realize the time sequence memory relation on the input signals. And different input signals of a plurality of signal input channels can be processed separately and sequentially, and confusion of synapse plasticity caused by simultaneous reception of various signals is avoided. The excitation pulse control loop mimics the work of the brain's thinking nervous system's "attention" pointing control loop, which functions to excite and control the neural activity of the sensory and associative cortex. In the brain, since multiple senses are involved, each sense simultaneously processes multiple sense signals, the "attention" pointing control loop is composed of a large number of nerve loops side by side, the number of the first neurons M1 is small, the number of M2 and M3 is large, each M1 performs diffusion projection to a plurality of M2 in the upward direction, and a plurality of M3 performs polymerization projection to one M1 in the downward direction (see the content of the "attention" control mechanism part of the brain in the study data attached later). For simplicity, FIG. 5 depicts the structure of only one control loop consisting of three simulated neurons.

The above simulated neurons, simulated fixed synapses, simulated plastic synapses, and their connections, and the settings of voltage values, pulse widths, and pulse periods of the respective pulse signals, may refer to the techniques disclosed in the applicant's previously filed chinese patent application No. 2014106066977, or to other related techniques. It should be noted that: in the central nervous system of the brain, fixed synapses and plastic synapses are formed by different neurons in nature, wherein synapses formed by axonal outputs of amino acid-energetic neurons are mostly plastic, synapses formed by axonal outputs of cholinergic neurons are substantially not plastic but have strong excitatory transmission efficiency, and synapses formed by axonal outputs of monoaminergic neurons have mainly modulating effects including enhancing modulation and inhibiting modulation. However, in the simulation technology of the neural network, in order to design and construct the network conveniently, the simulated neurons are designed to be uniform, and different simulated synapses are designed to realize different synaptic transmission efficiencies.

The operation of the present invention is explained below with simple signal processing. IN the two signal input paths of each signal input channel, (as shown IN fig. 2), two voltage values 1V and 2V are selected as input signals at the input ends of the signal input 1 and the signal input 2, (a square wave or a pulse signal close to the square wave, the pulse period is about 400 to 1000 milliseconds, the width is about 200 to 500 milliseconds, refer to the related technology of analog neurons and analog synapses), and after the two voltage signals are processed by an intensity/frequency conversion module and a frequency/position conversion module, two different output signals, namely 01 and 10, are respectively obtained on two output lines of the input ends IN1 and IN2 of the frequency/position conversion module projected to a cross projection module. IN1 and IN2 are cross-connected IN a cross-projection module, (see fig. 3), where 4 different input states are obtained: 01-01, 01-10, 10-01, 10-10, set the input sensitivity of the excitation input end of 4 analog neurons in fig. 3, make it get three input signal pulses in the signal integration cycle (two excitation signal input pulses and one excitation pulse from the control loop, and analog synapse does not produce plasticity), then produce and trigger and output the action potential pulse at its axon output end, then, cross 4 different input states of projection module, just make 4 analog neurons produce and trigger the output separately, and display through D1-D4 four luminotrons of the output module. Defining D1-D4 as four kinds of information, such as A, B, C, D, respectively, the signal correspondence relationship as shown in the following table is obtained.

Signal input 1	IN1 input State	Signal input 2	IN2 input State	Output module display state	Corresponding information definition
						1V	01	1V	01	D1	A
1V	01	2V	10	D2	B
						2V	10	1V	01	D3	C
2V	10	2V	10	D4	D

That is, in the same signal input channel, the invention defines and identifies a message jointly through the input signals of two signal input channels, when the input ends of the two signal input channels input corresponding signals, the corresponding luminous tubes of the output module can emit light to display, which simulates the identification of the same external sense signal (such as vision) by the brain, and defines a message jointly through two different sense signals (such as shape and color) input by sense organs. Moreover, since the cross-projection module and the joint-projection module are interconnected by using the analog plasticity synapses, so that the signal inputs and outputs thereof have time-dependent plasticity (STDP plasticity), for example, after the signal inputs are performed at the input ends in a certain sequence, such as B, C, A, D, for example, the number of times depends on the parameters of establishing the plasticity of the transmission performance by the analog plasticity synapses (refer to the content of the previously applied patent application No. 2014106066977), a memory of the sequence relationship is established, and when no further input is performed after the input of B, C again, the output module automatically outputs A, D after displaying B, C. This simulates and demonstrates the brain's recognition of inputs to the information string, memory and recall.

Similarly, another four information definitions, such as A, B, C and D, can be established on the other signal input channel through the four signal state inputs of the two signal input paths, and the simulation of input recognition, memory and recall of the information can also be carried out. However, if signals are input simultaneously to two signal input channels, since different signal input channels have different excitation pulse control loops and different control loops are mutually inhibited, the whole analog device can only receive and react to an input signal of a certain signal input channel at any time, and as to which channel is processed, it is determined which channel is currently being processed. This mimics the work of a single idea of human brain thinking, which can only "pay attention to" and "think" about a piece of information at any one time. (referred to herein as the thinking nervous system, the motor nervous system is capable of processing multiple information simultaneously). However, if two channels input two kinds of information (for example, a first channel inputs information a and a second channel inputs information c) next to each other (within the effective time of the analog plastic synapse generating synapse transmission plasticity), and the input is repeated for a plurality of times (the times are set according to the parameters of the analog plastic synapse), the reflection relationship between the two channels is established through the analog plastic synapse, that is, when the information a is input, the display is output and displayed by the analog plastic synapse, and the two channels have the order relationship, only the a can be input to reflect the output of the third, and when the third is input, the a cannot be output. The brain can simulate the correspondence between different information, (for example, when a familiar sound is heard, the corresponding things can be imagined), or the classical conditioned reflex phenomenon can be simulated.

The operation of the neural simulation device is explained by the simplest two-bit signal, and more complex signal processing functions can be simulated along with the increase of the number of bits of the signal input channels, the signal input channels of each input channel and the output ends of each signal input channel, and the working mechanism of the brain can be demonstrated by the simulation. (see accompanying data below).

The accompanying data: research data on the nature of "thinking" and "consciousness" and the working mechanism of human brain. The following sections are the applicant's research, analysis and description of the nature of thinking, awareness, attention and their mechanisms of operation at the neuronal level. These matters may not be directly related to the technical solution of the present invention, but are helpful for understanding the working principle and design basis of the present invention.

In the neural activity of the brain, the most fundamental action is the firing of action potentials of neurons. The activity of a certain neuron or a group of neurons forms excitatory stimulation to another neuron through synaptic transmission, when the accumulation of the excitatory stimulation exceeds a certain threshold value, namely the integration of the membrane potential of the neuron exceeds the trigger threshold value of the action potential, the neuron activates burst action potential and forms stimulation to the next neuron through an axon, which is the basic action of brain activity, and therefore the brain realizes various information processing functions. The problems are that: how does the brain achieve various brain functions through the basic activity of such neurons? Such as memory, thinking, attention, consciousness? That is, how are the active actions of neurons used to describe the mechanisms of operation of various brain functions?

The origin and evolution of brain are determined. To analyze the working mechanism of the brain, we first need to understand the source of mental activities of the brain, and understand how the brain appears and evolves with the evolution of organisms.

The transmitter is used as a simple principle for generating the evolution of the organisms. Despite the complexity and mystery of the brain, we seem to assume that if we admit that humans and animals have evolved in the natural environment of the earth, without the process of this evolution being governed by unnatural forces (spirit): the nature has no design by a designer, and all objects of the nature are formed by changing substances in the natural environment and slowly accumulating the changes in a long time. And the principles responsible for these variations and accumulations should be simple and natural. Nature follows this "simple principle" and takes a simple principle to form various complex and smart objects over a long period of time.

Such as snowflakes, although elegant and ingenious, it is known that moisture is only inadvertently formed naturally in the cold and hot changes of the natural environment. For example, natural wind and light, however spectacular and delicate, we know that only rocks and soil are formed by long-term weathering dissolution of nature. Such as a flower, that is only formed by the growth of a variety of plant cells through division, regardless of how beautiful. Similarly, regardless of the complexity of the structure and function of the human brain, the human brain should simply be connected by nerve cells according to some simple principle and slowly accumulate over a long period of evolution, evolving and forming the structure and function of the current state of the art.

The function driving component is viewed from the biological evolution process, the formation and evolution of a brain (human brain or animal brain) are correspondingly changed along with the evolution process of an organism, and the function driving component is an organization set of neurons for processing various external information and internal information of an organism and controlling various activities of the animals.

When life evolves from clusters of molecules to unicellular organisms, such as bacteria, there is no reflex system required, but only division replication following the procedure followed by DNA immobilization.

When life is advanced to an organism having a simple structure, it has the most basic function of swallowing and absorbing, and also has the function of moving (for eating and evading eating) necessary for living of the organism. In this case, it is necessary to effectively control these digestive and ambulatory activities, and then to develop some kind of intermediate cell to connect two organ tissues with different functions, so that the stimulation of one organ tissue can induce the stress response of the other organ tissue to achieve the swallowing or locomotion action. The intermediate cells that connect different organ tissues are nerve cells. The living being in this case relies on simple and direct reflex arcs and reflex action to achieve control of the response to the stimulus input, which is the most primitive and simple nervous system.

As living organisms evolve into various living systems including digestive systems, circulatory systems, respiratory systems, endocrine systems, etc., the living organisms also evolve corresponding nervous tissues to sense and reflect the work of the systems, receive various information during the work of the systems, namely the internal information of the living organisms, and control the work of the systems through memory structures (recorded in genes and heritable) formed by long-term evolution. These neural reflecting tissues are gathered together and are mutually influenced and modulated to coordinate and control the work of various systems, so that a processing system of information in the body is formed, and the neural reflecting tissues are mostly positioned at the lower parts of the spinal cord and the brain and are formed parts of the brain in an early stage.

As the living body needs to perceive and respond to various external information (images, sounds, mechanical stimuli, smells, etc.), the living body develops a perception system for each external information such as vision, hearing, touch, etc., smell, etc., develops corresponding neural tissues to receive, identify, memorize and reflect the external information, and the neural tissues processing the external information are respectively gathered together to form reflecting areas corresponding to various senses, including visual areas (optical zones), auditory areas (auditory areas), somatic sensing areas (sensory areas), etc. Meanwhile, due to the complexity of external environment and information, the living beings need more complex activities to adapt to the environment from swimming to crawling to flying to running to various more complex and precise body actions, and also evolve corresponding nerve tissues to coordinate and control the muscle actions of the body, and the nerve tissues for coordinating and controlling the muscle actions are gathered together to form a motor nervous system comprising a cerebellum and the like, and how to react and control the gathering of the nerve tissues for the body movement according to various external information constitutes each motor subarea on the cortex. The various sensory systems and motor nervous systems together constitute an external information processing system for a living body, and receive various external information and control the motor action of the living body in response to a long-term habituated memory structure.

The internal information processing system and the external information processing system of the body obviously need to be connected and have mutual influence with each other. For example, when the external information processing system of the machine is in more strenuous exercise, the internal information processing system is required to provide more oxygen and nutrition; when the internal information processing system senses starvation, the external information processing system is required to perform actions of foraging. In general terms, therefore, the brain is actually a collection of two systems, an internal information processing system and an external information processing system, of a living body, and there is an intermodulation channel for influencing and modulating the two systems. Thus, a general configuration diagram of the biological information processing shown in fig. 6 is constructed.

With the abundance and complexity of various information, a living body needs to receive the input of various internal and external information at the same time, and the response to the information cannot be simply reflected, but the various information must be integrated and a response for balancing the various information must be made according to the adaptive habit (i.e., memory) formed for a long time. For example, the odor information of the food allows the living being to go to, and the visual danger information near the food allows the living being to escape, so that the living being needs to compare and integrate the signal intensity of going to and escaping, and finally only one action, going to or escaping, can be output. Therefore, the living body develops a joint processing part for comparing, switching, and integrating various input information and intermediate information, and the joint processing part for external information forms a so-called thinking system. Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of a system for processing in-vivo and in-vitro information. (for simplicity, FIG. 7 shows only two information processing channels, internal and external).

As a result of the evolution of the organism, the collection of various neural tissues reflecting the information constitutes the brain as shown in ⒊. Due to the complexity and even contradiction of various internal and external information, the brain develops a large number of interneurons to connect neural tissues of various sensory inputs, and various information is compared, switched, coordinated and integrated through the interneurons, so that the part forms brain tissues such as brain stem network, thalamus, hippocampus, hypothalamus, striatum, cerebellum, upper and lower thalamus and the like. Then, as various information is further complicated, part of the nuclei further extend and swell, forming cerebral cortex including telencephalon. As shown in fig. 8. (for simplicity, only a portion of the information channels are shown in FIG. 8).

With the sophistication of animals' social lives and living environments, animals have evolved languages for communicating information for better survival and life. Here, the speech is broad and includes a language of sound, a body language, and a language of various biological information such as smell. For humans, rich languages and corresponding words are also produced relatively specifically. For the input, output and processing of these languages and text information, the brain also realizes the input, output and processing by developing a series of sets of interneurons. The method comprises the following steps: and an auditory language center (auditory speech center) positioned in the back of the superior temporal gyrus and used for identifying language information in the sound information received by the auditory area. The motor language center (speaking center) located in the lower back of the forehead controls the muscles in the mouth and throat to speak. The visual language center (reading center) located on the corner of the top and bottom leaflets identifies the text information in the visual information received by the visual zone. The exercise character center (writing center) located at the back of the forehead, realizes writing of characters by controlling the muscles of fingers.

Because the language information and the character information are so rich, the information quantity formed by the language information and the character information is huge and complex, the work of listening to the speech, speaking, reading and writing the input and output of each central nerve center and information recombination is also formed on the cortex, a large number of intermediate neurons are used for connecting the central nerves, the language and the character information input or output by the neurons of the central nerves are connected, memorized, recombined, reacted and output, and the like, and a string of segmented information chain is formed. For example, the language input by the auditory center or the character input by the reading center is stored and memorized in the cortical interneurons, and the association relationship between the language and the character is established, and when the language is heard or the character is seen next time, the cortical interneurons which are stored and memorized can be activated, so that the meaning (word sense) of the input language and the character can be identified. On the other hand, when the middle neurons of the brain combined cortex are active (i.e., thinking), the neurons projected to the speaking center or the writing center can be fed back, and the information string of the brain thinking can be output through the activation output of the neurons, so as to form speaking or writing.

As the working principle is ⒋, the brain works by adopting neurons to sense, memorize and reflect various input and output information and by adopting intermediate neurons to carry out integrated processing on various input and output information and intermediate information so as to carry out coordinated control on various outputs of the body. With the development of the relationship between the body and the environment and the trend of the complex and fine structure of the body, the brain has correspondingly evolved in complexity and fineness, and the information processing link of the brain is complicated due to the generation of intermodulation among various parts. With the complication and refinement of various sensory information and motor actions, especially the phonetized sensory input and motor output, and the integrated processing of the information, namely thinking and memory, the number of neurons in the cerebral cortex, especially telencephalon, is increased correspondingly and rapidly, and the volume expansion becomes the largest part of the human brain.

Describing the brain evolution process these prior knowledge aims to express this: from the point of view of biological evolution, the individual nuclei of the human brain, which are formed when entering mammals, reptiles and even fish, and their information processing mechanisms (similar to that shown in FIG. 8), have been substantially unchanged. The sites in the human brain that exist at an early stage, such as the brainstem network, remain central and dominant in the brain's systemic work, while some sites that develop at a later stage, such as the cortex, especially the telencephalon cortex, are bulky, but only the small nuclei of the former, which are enlarged due to the increase of information leading to the increase of neurons, remain subordinate in the human brain's systemic work. (just as we cannot think that the legs replace the brain in the human body evolution process to become the core and the leading part of the human body physiological activities because of the large and big thighs). Therefore, although the neural activities of the higher brain functions such as recognition of information and cognition, thinking and memory, motor output, etc. mostly occur in the cortex, especially in the telencephalon, the control of these neural activities, i.e., the core of the control mechanism of the whole brain system operation, is not in the cortex, not in the telencephalon, but in the brainstem and diencephalon, which are present at the earliest stages of biological evolution, including the brainstem network, thalamus, upper and lower thalamus, etc. (the control mechanism of the brain is the focus and will be described in detail in the third section, namely "⒊ control mechanism of mental activity of the brain").

The nature of the capsule wall-carrying thinking and awareness. To analyze thinking and consciousness, knowledge of cognition and memory is also required, which are two basic and necessary prerequisites for thinking. Cognition is the process that the brain perceives and recognizes various stimuli, the cognitive information is stored through memory, and then the brain reacts and reintegrates the cognitive information and the memorized intermediate information to form thinking.

The capsule traffic serves as the nature and mechanism of operation of the memory. The applicant describes the nature and formation of memory, and the difference and transformation between short-term memory and long-term memory in the specification of the chinese patent application "simulation apparatus and method of neural network" of application No. 2014106066977 filed on 30/10/2014. In the brain neuron network, the nature of memory is the "unique reflex" of the neuron. When a neural network receives a stimulus for the input of a certain information (minimum essential information element), i.e. an afferent stimulus for an action potential activated by one or a group of neurons, the neural network is connected in such a way that it has, and only has, the other or another group of neurons fully excited and integrated, activating a burst action potential and outputting a new information element, which is the essential neuron activity for memory. In the brain, recognition and memory of external information exist in the cerebral cortex, while memory of various intermediate information occurs in the intermediate channel of information transmission (such as hippocampus) first, and long-term memory is formed in the cerebral cortex after multiple stimulations. Specific work may be found in previous applications and will not be described in detail herein.

The work mechanism of the capsule wall-mover component. Cognition is also the basis and premise of thinking, or the previous process of thinking. Traditionally, cognition and thinking are sometimes mixed together, but in practice cognition and thinking are two different processes and are realized by adopting different working modes. The cognitive activities are performed in parallel on the various sensory neurons and the primary sensory cortex, while the thinking, in particular the cortical interneurons, transmit, react and reintegrate the cognitive output information and the thinking itself generated intermediate information, and output control information or new intermediate information, working in serial.

There are many relevant documents disclosing neural links and operations for cognition, particularly for cognitive processes related to vision, hearing and touch, and only a brief description of the parallel operation of cognition is given here. The cognition is a process that the brain perceives and recognizes external cognitive objects, and as the cognitive objects have complex and diverse information, in order to realize the recognition of the cognitive objects, a plurality of pieces of information of the cognitive objects need to be perceived at the same time to define one cognitive object together, so the perception and the recognition of the cognitive process adopt a parallel working mode of the information, and then the cognitive objects are defined and recognized through many-to-one projection. For example, for the visual recognition of an object, since the image of the object includes various information such as size, shape, color, brightness, etc., one or more of the information should be perceived according to the need of recognition, and each information has different values, and the value may need to be perceived, and finally, the object is defined and recognized according to the perceived information. The specific process is probably as follows: the brain senses the shape and size of an image, color information and brightness information through several sensory neurons of eyes, and outputs values for transmitting several kinds of information through the speed and the time sequence of action potential release, namely frequency coding and time coding. Second, visual output information is projected onto the lateral geniculate body and the primary visual cortex. The projection is performed by a plurality of information paths, but the projection relationship is one-to-many on each information path. The primary visual cortex has a very strict and orderly arranged array structure, and can activate neurons in different numbers and different positions in the array structure according to the release speed and the time sequence of the neuron action potentials input by each visual channel, namely, the frequency coding and the time coding of each visual input information are converted into the space coding of a group of neuron activities in different numbers and different positions in space. And thirdly, projecting the primary visual cortex to the combined visual cortex. This projection is a many-to-one relationship in spatial location, resulting in a highly generalized spatial encoding. That is, the coactivation of firing action potentials of multiple (or multiple) neurons in the primary visual cortex, cooperatively stimulate one (or a group) of neurons in the combined visual cortex, and the one (or a group) of neurons is activated and fired through the membrane integration of excitation. Therefore, a plurality of (a plurality of groups of) neurons corresponding to various information and different values are mapped and limited together, and one (or one group of) neurons uniquely correspond to the original cognitive object, so that the cognitive object is identified. And fourthly, if the visual signal relates to characters, the neurons on the joint visual cortex are further projected to a visual language center (a reading center, and the reading center also belongs to the joint visual cortex) to recognize the characters. Sending activities of the combined cortical neurons become information output after cognition, and thinking and various reflex reaction activities are carried out through activities of the interneurons, particularly the combined cortical interneurons.

The cognitive processes with respect to auditory, tactile and other sensations are similar to those with respect to visual perception. Auditory information enters the brainstem from cochlear hair cells through auditory nerves, is relayed in the geniculate inside the thalamus, is projected to the primary auditory cortex, and is projected to the combined auditory cortex from the primary auditory cortex, so that the recognition of sound is realized. If the auditory information relates to language, the joint auditory cortex is also projected towards the auditory language center (auditory speech center) to recognize the language. However, from the viewpoint of brain function, the associative visual cortex should have a nerve projection path directly to the motor cortex, while the associative auditory cortex does not have such a projection, so the brain can control the motor action of the body directly according to visual information without attention and thinking, but the auditory sense cannot. In addition, the sensory cortices, including vision and hearing, appear to have a common projected area, allowing cross-correlation of the sensory information of the same cognitive subject. For example, the character recognition information of a person is associated with a name and a voice, and the name and the character can be recalled when the voice is heard. And the cross-projected area of the reading center and the auditory center is the so-called semantic cortex area.

The nature of the capsule wall-carrying ⒊ thought. The activity of the cortical, especially the cortical interneurons, is the basic form of thought neuronal activity if under various modulation conditions, controlled, ordered, sequential, step-by-step (or group-by-group) activation, i.e. chain activation, (activation, i.e. burst action potentials) is formed. Specifically, as shown in fig. 9, an axon of a neuron, such as neuron a, may establish synaptic connection with dendrites or soma of tens of thousands of other neurons, and a dendrite of another neuron, such as neuron b, may also establish synaptic connection with axons of tens of thousands of other neurons, these synaptic structures are previously established by various information stimuli, (including direct information memory and other indirect connections), such that when a neuron a is activated to generate an action potential, excitation is applied by synaptic transmission to neuron b, neuron b is also activated to burst an action potential, i.e., neuron a → neuron b, upon coordinated excitatory excitation of other neurons (i.e., spatial integration of the excitation, including the modulating action of the modulating neuron and the coordinated excitation of the synchronization pulse, described in detail below). Similarly, the activation of neuron b, whose action potential firing, will form excitatory stimulation to other neurons such as neuron c, neuron d, etc., so that the following neuron c, neuron d are also activated in turn, forming the chain activation of neuron a → b → c → d → … …, etc. Since each neuron or each group of neurons corresponds to a certain most basic information, i.e., information element, such as information element a corresponding to neuron a, information element B corresponding to neuron B, information element C corresponding to neuron C, etc., the information elements corresponding to the activation chain of neurons a → B → C → D → … … form a series of sequentially output information chains a → B → C → D → … …, which generate controlled, ordered, sequentially stepped chain activation actions by neurons in a neural network, which are the most basic forms of neural activity, i.e., the nature of thinking at the neuron level. The neuron described herein may be one or a group of neurons, which are the basic neural units corresponding to and defining an information element. The activation is one or more continuous bursts of action potential of neurons, and the activation and the release of many neurons may be continuous due to synapse facilitation.

The manner in which the capsule wall ⒋ thinks of working. The thinking mode is the mode of how the neurons are activated in a chain mode through the transmission of excitation signals to realize information processing. Since synaptic connections between neurons are massive and complex in structure, the reasons for activation of neuron a and activation of neuron b are manifold, which may be as follows.

The capsule wall ⒋ may have synaptic connections established for information retention. That is, the information a → B is inputted many times before, and a direct synaptic connection with a sufficiently strong transmission efficiency is created between neuron a and neuron B, (the transmission efficiency of synapse is generally determined by the number of synapses formed between each other and the transmission efficiency of each synapse), so that when neuron a is activated and stimulates neuron B, neuron B is triggered to generate an action potential due to sufficient excitation integration, and a reflex chain of neuron a → B → is generated, which is a thinking output and is a memory process of the original memorized information, and the more detailed work can be referred to the description of chinese patent application No. 2014106066977.

The capsule wall ⒋ mediates the modulating effects of the modulating neurons. Other neural activities from the emotional system, the motor nervous system, etc., which produce modulating neuronal effects on neurons b and c, including enhancement of the enhancing modulation, or attenuation of the inhibitory modulation, such that when neuron a is activated, it is possible that neuron b is activated due to synaptic integration, producing a reflex chain of neuron a → b → and it is also possible that neuron c is activated due to synaptic integration, producing a reflex chain of neuron a → c. (the specific operation will be described later). Therefore, the direction and the result of thinking are also influenced by the physical state and the emotion, and when the same person thinks in the face of the same information or event, different ideas appear due to the difference of the physical state and the emotion.

The wall-splits ⒋ ⒊ result from the coordinated excitation of the synchronous excitation pulses. Particularly from the thinking system "attention" control loop. Activation of neuron a, sends stimulation through the axon to a large number of posterior neurons, but apparently these posterior neurons are not all activated, and only when the synchronous impulse sending of the thought "attention" control loop is directed to the area where neuron b is located, does neuron b become activated by the integration of the co-stimulation of the synchronous impulses, producing the reflex chain of neuron a → b. Whereas if the synchronization pulse of the "attention" control loop is a region that issues to other neurons, it is likely that another neuron, such as neuron f, is activated, resulting in a reflex chain of neurons a → f. It should be noted that in the same mood and physiological state, the brain's mental activities are controlled by the synchronous excitation pulses of the "attention" control loop, and it is the synchronous pulses that enable the activities of neurons to form ordered "step-by-step" chained activation in the same path without confusion, and the synchronous pulses play a timing control role similar to the clock signal in the central processing unit in the field of electronic technology. The "attention" working mechanism is the key point of brain work, and will be described in detail in the third section later, i.e., "the control mechanism of thinking activity of the third and the brain".

The wall-divided ⒋ ⒋ combines the effects of various excitatory excitations. Since synaptic connections between neurons are bulky and structurally complex, conditions and pathways for the generation of chain activation of neurons may not require direct fixed reflex connections to be established with each other, but rather trigger activation due to the co-integration of other indirectly connected interneurons. For example, there is no direct and fixed reflection relationship between the neuron e and the neuron f, (i.e. there is no information memory relationship), so although a general synaptic connection with weak transmission efficiency is established between the neuron e and the neuron f, (the related neurons are stimulated by indirect information, a general synaptic connection with wide range is established between the neurons, and if the number of synapses established between each other is small and the transmission performance of each synapse is low, the transmission efficiency of the synapse is weak), the weak synaptic connection can transmit weak excitation, the activation of the neuron e is not enough to cause the neuron f to be activated, but if the neurons a, b, c, d are activated before the neuron e is activated, (i.e. the neuron of the related information is activated), the neuron f is stimulated many times, these stimuli bring about membrane excitations and membrane integrations of the neuron f several times, (which is also one of the causes of working memory due to membrane integrations and synaptic short-term plasticity of synaptic transmission), and at the same time there is a modulating action of the modulating neuron, so that when the neuron e activates firing, accompanied by the excitation of the synchronous pulses of the "attention" control pathway, the weak excitatory stimuli delivered by the neuron e to the neuron f is already sufficient to make the excitatory value of the neuron f after synaptic integration exceed the threshold of the action potential, triggering the action potential, generating the reflex chain of the neuron e → f → a. In this case, the excitatory stimulation of the neuron e plays the last critical role, (the last straw). The chain activation caused by the mode is the main form of brain thinking and the reason for the brain to be capable of freely thinking, and the chain activation is generated by integrating the whole information structure without establishing direct memory relationship between the previous and the next information, so that the chain activation does not recall the information, but can generate the output of a new information chain which is not existed before, and generates the free thinking. Of course, the concept of "free" is relative, meaning that a new information chain can be generated which was not present before, but the generation is still limited by other various indirect information. In the face of information input, the direction of progression of chain activation, i.e., the thought of thinking, is influenced by the connection structure of the relevant neurons and the common effects of multiple modulation paths and "attention" control paths. The connection structure of the related neurons is the memory structure of the original related information, including knowledge, events, experience and the like, which is a biological basis for forming intelligence, and different people can form different ideas when thinking in the face of the same information or event due to different knowledge, experience and experience obtained by original learning. The strength of the "attention" control path and the modulation paths may also vary among people, which is the main reason for the different "characters".

The plated ⒋ ⒌ neurons were spontaneously discharged. Neurons of the cerebral cortex have a wide synaptic connection with each other, and therefore, there is a possibility that neurons other than the activation chain of the thought channel may partially generate membrane integration and trigger action potential due to continuous various excitatory stimuli at a certain time, thereby generating so-called spontaneous discharge. However, the applicant speculates that the spontaneous discharge is sporadic and cannot form cooperative integration with other excitation excitations including synchronous pulses, and generally cannot excite the next neuron again and form chain activation, so that thought activity is not formed, and only isolated spontaneous discharge is formed. However, this spontaneous discharge is also of biological interest: the occasional spontaneous discharge of the neuron can keep the cell body and synapse of the neuron in certain physiological activities and maintain the physiological activities. And because the excitation stimulus of the related neurons with the synaptic connections is received, and the spontaneous discharge of the excitation stimulus stimulates the related neurons, the synaptic connections with the neurons can be refreshed, the effectiveness of the synaptic connections is improved, and the memory structure built by relying on the synaptic connections is enhanced. This mechanism should be the presence of other systems of the brain such as the motor nervous system. Moreover, this mechanism appears to work while sleeping, so sometimes we find that information or skills that go through repeated learning or practice, even if they do not go to learning or contact later, become clearer or more proficient after some days.

The conscious nature of the wall-passing ⒌. Consciousness is one of the most mysterious functions of the brain. According to the link and the flow of the brain in information processing, the analysis of the applicant considers that: the essence of consciousness is the brain's self-perception of mental activity. When the brain is thinking, that is, the brain is in thinking activity in conjunction with the cortical interneuron network, the neurons of the thought channel are activated, and their axons form excitatory transmission to other neurons in front to continue to stimulate the thought activity, and simultaneously form feedback projections to the neurons of the cortical combined sensory region, so that the activity of the neurons of the thought channel is sensed by the cortical sensory region, and the brain senses and realizes the thought and existence of the 'me'. This feedback projection of combined cortical neuronal activity to sensory cortical neurons enables the sensory cortex to produce real-time self-perception of combined cortical mental activity, which is the essence of consciousness. In normal persons, and in normal waking states, this projected sensory cortex appears to be primarily the auditory associative sensory area, especially the language center, so our daily "consciousness" is mostly in language. (for the congenital deaf-mute, the congenital deaf-mute can not form sound perception, but the neural network has plasticity and compensatory ability, so the congenital deaf-mute can be performed by visual sign language, and the sign language also belongs to language). Of course, the auditory sensory area and the visual sensory area are artificially defined and actually realized by the central nervous interneuron.

The biological significance of the projection of the thinking process to the sensory cortex and the self-perception is to project the intermediate information generated by the thinking process to the sensory area, input the intermediate information as new information and recombine the new information with the original information, (including the memory of the newly generated intermediate information, which is firstly expressed as working memory and then converted into long-term memory and long-term memory in some cases), so as to update and perfect the information structure. It is because of this re-projection that the thought process can be perceived by the sensory cortex of the brain, making us "aware" and "aware" of the content and process of thought, which makes us create this wonderful "awareness". Without this path of re-projection perception, the brain simply reflects and responds to the input information without "knowing" and "awareness", and does not self-perfect the structure of the information, but rather is a neuroreflex mechanism belonging to a junior creature, or more like an automated machine. Obviously, this is also the essential difference between the current artificial intelligence and the human brain: the current artificial intelligence only has the capabilities of sensing, identifying, processing, responding and outputting external input information, but lacks the capabilities of self-sensing in the information processing process and integrating intermediate information generated in the information processing process into an original information structure in real time, namely lacks the capabilities of self-awareness and self-perfection. Clearly, without an understanding and appreciation of the nature of the "consciousness" of the human brain, there is nothing at all to talk about designing artificial intelligence that is truly "conscious". The applicant designs an artificial intelligence system with a completely new working principle according to the essence and working principle of the human brain 'thinking' and 'consciousness' and the 'attention' control mechanism about thinking which will be described later, and solves the 'self-improvement' technology of integrating the intermediate information into the original information structure in real time in a smart way, and the artificial intelligence system with the completely new working principle is disclosed in the patent application of the 'artificial intelligence system with self consciousness' which is proposed later.

The applicant also believes that: the brain has modulation pathways from hypothalamus or brainstem, namely modulation pathways of sleep and consciousness, so that when normal people are in a waking state and the interneurons of the joint cortex perform thinking activities, the neurons of the activation chain mainly project to the joint auditory cortex, and the projections to the visual and other sensory cortex are inhibited, so that the brain realizes self perception and consciousness of thinking mainly by auditory perception. This is mainly because the visual cortex also presents a direct projection to the motor cortex for unconscious daily activities, whereas the auditory one does not, which might cause confusion in the "visual-motor" response if visual information of mental activities is also projected to the visual cortex. Only in the non-awake state (sleep dreams, or certain psychoses such as schizophrenia) the inhibition of the visual cortex is abnormally removed and the information produced by the mental activities is projected towards the visual cortex, producing a perceptible visual illusion to the brain as it sees. (dreaming and schizophrenia, described further below).

The manner in which the cross-wall ⒍ awareness is developed. The mode of consciousness generation, namely the feedback projection of the interneurons combining cortical thinking pathways to the cortical sensory region in the thinking process, can be two modes:

the first way that the capsule ⒍ can act is to directly perform chain activation of the interneurons of the thought pathway, such as the activation chain of neuron a1 → b1 → c1 → the activity of which is not affected by the cortex sensory region, but in this process, the neurons a1, b1, c1 simultaneously project lateral branches to the cortex sensory region, so that the corresponding neurons such as neurons a2, b2, c2 sense the thought process, i.e. self-perception of a2 → b2 → c2 → thereby generating self "consciousness". In this way, thought is directly produced by the interneurons associated with the cortex, and the sensory cortex only passively senses and recognizes this thought activity. The neuron projection pattern is shown in fig. 10.

The second way that the capsule ⒍ may function is that the chain activation of thought activity is performed by back-and-forth intersections between combined cortical neurons and sensory cortical neurons, the projection of which is shown in fig. 11. The process comprises the following steps: first, each activation of a neuron of the thought pathway, such as the activation of neuron a1, simultaneously makes a projection excitation to the next neuron b1 and the corresponding neuron a2 of the sensory cortex; secondly, the sensory cortical neuron a2 is triggered and activated to sense the information; activation of the sensory cortical neuron a2, and in turn projection excitation to the combined cortical neurons (including neuron a 2); fourthly, the neuron b1 combined with the cortex receives the excitation of a1 and a2 at the same time, and activation is triggered; fifthly, activating the neuron b1, and simultaneously performing projection excitation on the next neuron c1 and the corresponding neuron b2 of the sensory cortex; sixthly, activating and sensing the information by sensory cortical neurons b 2; activation of sensory cortical neurons b2, in turn projection excitations to cortical-associated neurons (including neuron c 1); and, neuron c1 receives simultaneous stimulation from b1 and b2, triggering activation … …; finally, the combined cortical thinking pathway also produces the activation chain of neurons a1 → b1 → c1 → while the neurons of the sensory cortex also produce the self-perception of a2 → b2 → c2 → to become conscious, but this process is done in a round-trip projection of a1 → a2 → b1 → b2 → c1 → c2 → c. In this manner, sensory neurons sense each step of mental activity in real time and participate in and define the next activation of mental activity.

The capsule ⒍ capsule is lacking in detailed and reliable anatomical data, and applicant cannot directly determine in which manner awareness perception is being performed, but applicant analyzes and speculates this through a particular, linguistic, thinking. In human beings, thinking is usually done in a language, and only in a few special cases is there a non-language thinking. Human linguistic thinking is generally done in a first native language, but can also be done in a foreign language including a second native language, which applicants believe is why consciousness is projected to the joint sensory cortex, and this provides a way for us to analyze how thinking is projected to consciousness: if the projection of thinking to consciousness is the first way, namely thinking activity is independently performed by the middle neurons of the joint cortex, and the joint sensory cortex (the sensory recognition of language also belongs to the joint sensory region of the sensory cortex) only passively senses the activity, the thinking activity can normally and smoothly perform and generate thinking results no matter the thinking is performed in the mother language or the foreign language, but the thinking can not be reliably sensed and realized sometimes; on the contrary, if the projection of thinking to consciousness is the second way, that is, thinking is going back and forth between neurons of the combined cortex and sensory cortex, when thinking in an inexperienced foreign language, the thinking activity is inevitably unsmooth, and the progress to the unknown foreign language words is hindered, failing to produce a thinking result. In the latter case, the brain is often incoherent and obstructed in thinking in an inexperienced foreign language, so the applicant speculates that the thinking of the brain, at least linguistic, is a chain activation between neurons in the central nervous system of the associative cortical thinking pathway and neurons in the sensory cortex. Of course, this operation is also affected by the modulation of the synchronization pulse and other modulated information. (see "Perfect action ⒋ ⒊ from synchronization pulses". The 3 rd later section, "control mechanisms for brain thought activity").

Capsule ⒍ ⒊ if thought and consciousness are to be achieved by projecting back and forth between neurons of the thought pathway and sensory cortex, as thought activity requires coordinated excitation of synchronized pulses of the "attention" control loop, then in a linguistic thought activity, each step of neuronal activity requires more synchronized pulses to coordinate excitation, neuron activation of the thought pathway takes at least one time, and neuron activation of the sensory cortex takes at least one time, (at least because neurons sometimes require more than one synchronized pulse excitation to produce an activation burst). It is known that a synchronous pulse of brain activity can be detected, i.e. brain waves. Therefore, in the linguistically thought activities, even in the most stressful and fastest thinking, the speed of thinking, that is, the number of words of thought activities that can be realized within a certain time, is not more than half of the brain wave rhythm at the fastest speed. This can be verified by design experiments.

Capsule wall ⒍ ⒋ applicants believe that the way in which thought and awareness occurs in such back-and-forth intersecting projections is of biological interest and justification. Each step of the thinking process projects the information to the sensory cortex in real time, so that the brain can sense and integrate the information in time, the sensing of the sensory cortex is projected back to the thinking pathway again, the thinking activity is influenced and limited again, and the thinking is promoted to be more accurately carried out in the related information. Furthermore, from the anatomical point of view of the brain, the cerebral cortex has a huge number of densely arranged neurons, (especially pyramidal cells and granular cells), whereas the number of neurons of any direct neural projection link in the brain (number of transposes) is not large, mostly only 2 to 5 neurons, but our mental activities are able to input, output and integrate serial information chains of incredible length, such as memorizing or reciting articles of thousands of characters! It is clear that the brain remembers and outputs this string of articles of enormous number of bytes by the way it performs the back and forth projection of events between the sensory cortex, which is a huge number of neurons, and the combined cortex. Where the sensory cortex remembers the individual words of language and text, while the associative cortex remembers the associative relationship between them. When reading and memorizing a piece of article, the words are memorized in a front-back time sequence connection relationship by changing the connection structure of the middle neurons of the combined cortex (including the cortex of the hippocampal structure); when the article is recalled, under the control of the synchronous excitation pulse, the interneurons with time sequence connection relation are sequentially activated in a stepping mode and project to and fro with the reading center of the sensory cortex in real time, so that the sensory cortex senses the words one by one to generate a string of language perception, and the article is recalled. (this recall of an original memorized article is also a form of mental activity, see "Perch ⒋ for synaptic connections built for information memory").

Capsule wall ⒍ ⒌ during this linguisticized thought described above, neurons in the cortical language-sensory region activate and project into the cortical language-related motor regions, including the speech and writing centers. However, the two centers are normally closed and output, (inhibited by the modulation neuron or/and without the cooperative excitation of the synchronous pulse), and the two motor centers are opened only when speaking or writing is needed, (inhibited by the modulation neuron or/and effectively released and excited by the synchronous pulse), so that the information of the linguistic thinking activity can be simultaneously output in motion, namely speaking or writing.

If analyzed in the same manner as the capsule wall split ⒍, the results are: the speaking center or writing center only passively receives the information projection of thinking activity and outputs the information downward to the motor nerve without participating in the thinking process. Therefore, the normal operation of thinking activity can not be influenced even if the pronunciation is incorrect and the words can not be written, and even the situation that the brain thinks is different from the spoken words sometimes occurs.

Capsule ⒍ ⒍ of course, the above analysis is of thought by the thinking system as "conscious", while for other systems, such as the locomotor system, the locomotor activity of the locomotor system can be controlled by the output of the thinking system, or can be performed directly without the need for "attention" or "awareness" of the thinking system, which is macroscopically manifested in that the body reacts directly to external information stimuli and is then noticed and perceived by the thinking system, since the cortical motor zone can receive both the output projection of the joint cortex and the projection of the cortical sensory zone.

The relationship between thought, awareness, and attention of the capsule wall ⒎. Thinking is the ordered sequential chain activation of interneurons in the joint cortex, while consciousness is the self-perception of the sensory cortex to thought activity, and therefore, consciousness is generated by relying on thinking. According to the working mechanism of brain "attention" (see the third part later), attention is a control mode that the control loop of the thinking system receives various sensory stimuli and integrates a plurality of information processing channels for coordination control through comparison, competition and mutual inhibition. The direction of ' attention ' determines which part of neurons of the brain's thinking system receive the sensory input and perform the mental activities at a certain moment, and the mental activities of these neurons are fed back and projected to the sensory area, and are perceived by the sensory area neurons, so as to generate ' consciousness '. Therefore, "attention" is a control means, "thinking" is a reflex action, and "consciousness" is a perception process. "Note" controls "thinking," which creates "awareness".

In general, the three are interdependent, and the part that the brain "pays attention to" is the content of thinking activity and is "conscious" by the brain. Especially when thinking is done in a language-based form, thinking activity feedback is projected to the sensory area (which should be the auditory language center) where language recognition is performed, so we are strongly aware of the linguistic thinking process and the existence of "consciousness". However, in some other non-verbal thinking activities, such as the thinking process of the operational work mentioned above, since the actions can be controlled by the thinking system with "attention" and "consciousness", can be directly performed without the thinking system with "attention" and "consciousness", and can even be performed depending on the procedural memory of the motion system, the association and the distinction among "attention", "thinking" and "consciousness" can be easily made unclear.

⒊ control mechanism of brain thinking activity. The signal processing and control mechanisms of the brain are the most important elements of the brain. Previously, we can understand the composition and structure of the brain through anatomy, understand the approximate projection relationship of each neural link of the brain, even understand the structure and working principle of single neuron and synapse, but still can not understand the essence and work of memory, thinking and consciousness of the brain, the main reason is that the whole working mechanism of the whole brain (at least the thinking system thereof), especially the signal processing and controlling mechanism thereof, lacks a systematic understanding, which leads to the limitation that our understanding of the brain is just like blindness. Once the transmission and control mechanism of the signal is clarified, many problems related to the brain, even the nature and cause of some mental diseases, can be easily solved.

⒊ may serve several issues regarding thinking. The most fundamental neuronal action of thought activity, namely the chain activation of neurons, was previously analyzed as the basic form of brain thought, as well as the nature of thought. The neurons are sequentially activated in order to form chain activation, and the sequential output of information elements corresponding to the chain activated neurons forms an information chain, which is thought.

However, if thinking is developed with only chain activation of neurons, there are at least several problems:

⒊ how the machine might start and maintain as a function of driving thinking activity. Where is the most fundamental power source of the neural activity of the thought system? Even without external stimulus input, the nerves of the thought system can still be active, which apparently requires some sort of stimulus signal to sustain.

⒊ the implementation of the method involves carrying out the activation of one neuron, if not coordinated otherwise, which may not result in the activation of the next neuron alone, or may result in the simultaneous activation of multiple posterior neurons, not in an ordered chain, but rather in a radially extensive range of neuronal activation, which is clearly not in line with our thinking.

⒊ input of various external information stimuli (various senses such as vision, hearing and the like) of a user ⒊ brain at the same time can cause activation of related neurons of the brain, if some control mechanism is not provided, the external stimuli can simultaneously cause multiple chain-type activations to form multiple thinking to be performed simultaneously, and obviously, the characteristics that the thinking is performed only by a single 'thought' at the same time are not met. (it is referred to herein as the "conscious" thinking, and does not include the body's involuntary reflex response to external stimuli, which is another reflex system, followed by another analysis).

⒊ rather than ⒋ if thinking is only about chain activation of interneurons, then the thinking speed should be substantially the same, because in the process of "input-trigger action potential-output", the action speed of neurons is substantially the same, even considering the time of excitatory membrane integration, and not very different. In practice, however, the mental speed and the information output speed of the brain are variable and even "conscious" and freely controllable. For example, when thinking in a language or reciting a word by reading it silently, the speed can be slow, down to less than 1 word per second, or fast, appearing to be as fast as 10 words per second. Obviously, this is not determined by the activity of the part of neurons that are chain-activated and that are associated with the cortex, but requires another signal to control.

⒊ processing ⒌ if thinking is only done through chain activation of interneurons, then thinking, once started, can only be done in related neurons (i.e. related information) with relevance, and can not turn thinking to other contents. In practice, however, the brain may be turning to other things during thinking. Such as: the thinking process can be associated or switched to other contents, and the idea can be switched between different information contents (of course, only a single idea is still in progress at the same time). For example, when other senses (such as vision, hearing, and touch) are input during thinking, the brain may immediately switch to "pay attention" and process the inputs, or ignore the senses and continue to perform the original thinking. Obviously, this also requires a control mechanism to determine and switch this.

⒊ the pulse width of the action potential of the rather than ⒍ neuron is only a few milliseconds, the excitation integration time is only a few tens of milliseconds, the time course of thinking activity and movement activity is mostly in the order of seconds, and the activity period with longer time course can be formed, obviously, the information activity in the order of seconds is difficult to be formed directly by relying on the action potential in the order of milliseconds.

3.1.7. The above problems are the motivation and control mechanisms of thinking. During thinking, namely, during the activity of neuron chain activation, the brain is necessarily excited and controlled by a certain control mechanism, so that only a certain neuron or a certain group of specific neurons can be activated at a certain moment, the neural activity is orderly performed in a stepping mode, and the thinking activity is orderly performed in a certain channel in a single thought. Moreover, the control mechanism also controls the thinking that the control mechanism can perform proper attention, judgment and switching among various different ideas and different external sensory inputs, namely forming the 'attention' control mechanism.

The applicant has analysed that this control mechanism of the brain thought system is constituted by a "network-thalamus" thought oscillation loop for the generation of synchronization pulses, together with several modulation pathways. (synchronization pulse is a term used to refer to the conventional habit of delivering action potential pulse to cortex from thalamus, but it is not used for synchronous control, but instead, it delivers action potential pulse back and forth between "reticular structure-thalamus" to form oscillation rhythm, and delivers pulse to cortex through thalamus to stimulate cortical interneurons to perform chain activation in turn, so it seems that it is more appropriate to refer to as excitation pulse, but it is also referred to as synchronization pulse or synchronous excitation pulse due to the habit). The oscillating loop and the modulation paths have different functions and together form a thought control mechanism, and the control mechanism also can be the control mechanism of motion and other processing systems. This will be described below.

⒊ traverse the "attention" control path, synchronizing the operating mechanisms of the pulse oscillation loop. It is known that the thalamus constantly sends action potentials to the cortex, (which is also responsible for the generation of brain waves), which, according to current understanding, appears to be the work in controlling cortical neurons, and that the sending of thalamic synchronization pulses appears to be linked to the reticular structure. Then, how are their specific operational processes and control mechanisms? The applicant has analyzed this and described it in detail.

⒊ As well as the brain and brain stem networks form an oscillating circuit that cyclically transmits action potentials. The medial aspect of the brainstem network, and more specifically the medial aspect of the midbrain network, projects action potentials into the thalamic plate nucleus, which do not contain specific information but have a certain specificity. Currently, neuroanatomy does not allow more detailed partitioning of the mesencephalon network, but the applicant believes that it has at least a packet structure with each group of neurons corresponding to and connected to some sort of information input, (such as visual, auditory, tactile, etc. inputs, and various downward projection paths from neurons that unite cortical thinking activities). Each group of neurons of the mesencephalic reticular structure projects upward toward a specific partition in the thalamus plate kernel, and a neuron in a certain group of the mesencephalic reticular structure projects upward and controls a group of neurons in a corresponding partition in the thalamus plate kernel. The neurons projected from the mesencephalon reticular structure to the thalamus plate kernel belong to cholinergic neurons, and have high synaptic transmission response speed and strong evoked excitation effect, so that when a certain group of neurons of the mesencephalon reticular structure are activated and released, the group of neurons of the projected thalamus plate kernel are excited and activated to release action potentials, but synaptic plasticity should not be generated, so that no memory effect exists, and the projection relationship is fixed.

⒊ neuronal axons which traverse the thalamic nucleus, project simultaneously into the cortex and thalamic reticular nuclei; the cortex is also downlinked to both the plate core and the mesh core. (the projection of the plate core into the cortex and the projection of the cortex onto the plate core are described below). The projection of the plate core to the reticular core and the projection of the cortex to the reticular core have a corresponding projection position relationship, so that the pulse delivery of the plate core and the cortex can carry out excitation integration and jointly stimulate the activation of reticular nuclear neurons.

⒊ the neurons which pass through ⒊ thalamic reticular nuclei project downward into the mesencephalic reticular structure. This projection carries no specific information, primarily providing feedback excitation to neurons of the mesencephalon network to maintain the continuous oscillation loop. But may have the specificity of group localization, i.e. a certain group of neurons projected by the plate core to the reticular nucleus belong to the same information pathway as a group of neurons projected by the reticular nucleus to the mesencephalon reticular structure.

⒊ through ⒋ so that when the brain is operating, the process of back and forth pulsing between the mesencephalon network and the thalamus is: activating a certain neuron or a group of neurons of the mesencephalon reticular structure, and issuing the neurons to the thalamic plate kernel to activate the group of neurons projected by the neurons; neurons of the plate core issue to the mesh core, activating the projected neurons; (the board kernel simultaneously issues a synchronization pulse to the cortex); the neurons of the reticular nucleus issue to corresponding neurons of the mesencephalon reticular structure, and the neurons of the mesencephalon reticular structure are activated again. Then, a closed loop of the "midbrain network ← → thalamus" which gives action potential pulses in a round-trip cycle is formed between the midbrain network and the thalamus in accordance with the projection relationship of the "midbrain network → thalamus plateaus kernel → thalamus network → midbrain network", as shown in fig. 12. This loop is an oscillating loop that is delivered back and forth according to its operating form, and is a control loop that is controlled in coordination according to its function, so the applicant called the "thinking system synchronous pulse oscillating loop", abbreviated as "thinking oscillating loop", or the "thinking system control loop", abbreviated as "thinking control loop". The action potential pulse generated by the oscillation loop and issued back and forth is the most fundamental excitation signal of the bottom layer of the neural activity of the thinking system, is the endogenous source of the neural activity of the thinking system, and can start and maintain the progress of the thinking activity.

⒊ the thalamic nucleus carried ⒌ projects into the reticular nucleus and upward into the cortex, i.e., the cortex projects "non-specific afferents". This projection is divergent, i.e. few to many projections, but actually has a positional correspondence, each sub-area of the thalamic nucleus, a corresponding large sub-area of the upward projection onto the cortex, (visual, auditory, tactile, etc., and joint cortical areas where thinking takes place, etc.); a group of neurons in a certain partition of the inner core of the board are projected upwards to a certain part of neurons in the corresponding large area of the cortex; a neuron in the core of the plate, projects upward toward a group of neurons in that part of the cortex. When activated by ascending of the mesencephalic reticular structure, specific neurons in the thalamic board core perform pulse emission to neurons projected by cortex to form synchronous excitation signals of cortical neural activity, so that the cortical neuron activity is orderly activated one by one in sequence to generate recognition or response to sensory information of the sensory cortex, or form stepping chain activation or thinking in the mesogenic neurons of the combined cortex (the synchronous pulse plays a role in timing control similar to a clock signal in a central processor in the field of electronic technology). Meanwhile, through pulse transmission from different neurons in the inner core of the plate to different neurons in different positions of the cortex, thinking activity is controlled to be switched among different neurons of the cortex, and directional transfer of 'attention' in the same type of information channels in thinking activity is formed. (see section 2 for a description of the essence of thinking and consciousness).

At the same time, the cortex also forms a downward projection to the plate core and simultaneously projects to the mesh core, which is convergent, i.e. more or less convergent projections, as opposed to the upward projection, but in the same position. The downward projection of cortex to the plate nucleus and the reticular nucleus is released, so that excitation is formed on neurons of the plate nucleus and the reticular nucleus, although the excitation is not the main factor determining the activation of the neurons, the excitation integration speed is influenced, and the release rhythm of the whole loop is influenced. When the cortex generates thinking activity, the cortex feeds back and sends to the plate core and the reticular core, and the activation and sending of the plate core and the reticular core neurons are accelerated through excitation and integration, so that the oscillation rhythm of the oscillation loop is improved.

Neurons projecting back and forth between the thalamic plate nucleus and the cortex belong to amino acid neurons, the single neuron action potential pulse is not enough to be emitted to directly excite and activate the projected cortical neurons to trigger action potentials, and only synergistic excitatory excitation can be generated, and cortical neurons need synergistic excitation of other excitatory stimuli, (namely, excitatory stimulation of other neurons activated before the thought chain activation pathway, and excitatory stimulation of other modulation neurons), so that the action potentials can be triggered through spatial integration and temporal integration. However, since the amino acid-competent neurons can produce synaptic plasticity in their firing events, their projection relationships (i.e., the connective structures) can be modified by neuronal activity, neurons between the thalamic nucleus and cortex may not only act as synchronized impulses, but may also be involved in the memory and integration of information.

⒊ capsule ⒍ projection and emission of the thalamic plate kernel to the cortex, and of the cortex to the plate kernel, although there is also impulse emission to and from the back, it does not constitute an oscillation loop in nature, but rather only the outward extension of the thinking oscillation loop of "mesencephalic mesh ← → thalamus" on the plate kernel nodes. If the projection relation between the thalamic network ← → thalamus is cut off, the oscillation loop of "mesencephalic network ← → thalamus" can still maintain oscillation, and conversely, if the projection relation between "mesencephalic network ← → thalamus" is cut off, the thalamic and cortical structures cannot be formed into reciprocal distribution. Wherein, the pulse of the plate kernel to the cortex forms a synchronous excitation signal of the thinking activity of the cortical neuron, and the feedback of the cortex to the plate kernel and the reticular kernel also forms feedback to the work of the thinking oscillation loop and possibly influences the oscillation rhythm thereof.

⒊ the neurons of the mesencephalon meshwork in the capsule ⒎, which determine the oscillating rhythm of the thought oscillatory loop and also control which group of neurons of the mesencephalon meshwork pulse into the thalamic nucleus. Absent more detailed anatomical data, applicant is currently unable to determine whether neurons projecting superiorly into the thalamus plateaus nucleus and neurons receiving descending projections of the reticulum nucleus in the mesencephalon reticular structure are the same group of neurons or the two groups? Applicants prefer to have two sets of neurons in front and back. However, whether it is the same group of neurons or two groups of neurons, the part of neurons of the mesencephalon reticular structure needs to receive excitation and modulation signals from several aspects simultaneously, including: the excitation of downward projection of the reticular cores is used for maintaining the continuous oscillation of the integrated oscillation loop; modulation from other modulating nerve nuclei and from other control loops for modulating the speed of excitement integration of neurons, thereby modulating the oscillation rhythm of the whole oscillation loop; excitation signals from each input information channel and the cortical downlink projection channel are used for controlling a certain group of neurons of a certain information channel to be activated firstly and then distributed to the thalamic board kernel according to the excitation degree (possibly timing sequence) of each information channel; and fourthly, carrying out inhibitory modulation on neurons from different information channels of the midbrain mesh structure, wherein when a certain group of neurons of the midbrain mesh structure are firstly activated to send pulses to the inner core of the thalamus plate, the neurons of other information channels of the midbrain mesh structure are simultaneously inhibited from being activated and sent no longer in the pulse period. The result of the integration, comparison and synergy of the excitation signal and the modulation signal in the aspects leads the thinking oscillation loop to have only one group of neurons in a certain information channel to synchronously pulse to the thalamus plate kernel at the same time, so that at the same time, the thalamus plate kernel only has one group of neurons to be activated and synchronously pulse to a certain part of neurons in a certain partition of the cortex to stimulate the thalamus plate kernel to generate thinking activity and simultaneously feed back and project to the sensory cortex to realize self perception of thinking and generate consciousness. Therefore, the brain forms a single 'attention' direction of the thinking system by sending synchronous pulses to a certain part of neurons of the cortex at the same time through the hierarchical control of the 'middle brain reticular structure-thalamus-cortex', so as to stimulate the thinking activity of the part of neurons. This is also the mechanism by which the thinking system's "attention" is directed.

⒊ ⒊ input transfer channel of information. To analyze how the brain controls and switches the "attention" direction of various information, it is necessary to know the transmission path of various information input channels. The brain processes information including the perception of external sensory information and information internal to the body, and the main concern with thinking and "attention" is external information processing. The perception processing of the external information comprises two aspects: firstly, various external sensory information including vision, hearing, smell and the like come from various sensory organs, and different senses have different input transmission channels; the second is the intermediate information generated by the brain in the thinking process, the descending projection generated by the middle neuron from the cortex in the thinking activity, and the cortex in different areas has respective descending projection channels. For input transmission channels of various senses, a lot of researches are carried out before, and only by taking the more complex visual and auditory input channels as examples, the association relationship between the visual and auditory input channels and the thinking and the attention is analyzed.

⒊ ⒊ the input transmission channel of the server visual information. According to current anatomical studies, the output of the various visual sensory neurons of the retina, the optic nerve, divides into two major transmission pathways after the optic chiasm. (refer to the schematic diagram of the human brain visual channel signal projection structure of fig. 13).

The first visual transmission channel has a plurality of neurons to form a larger visual bundle, visual information containing specific contents is transmitted and is projected to a primary visual cortex through transfer of a thalamus lateral geniculate body, the specific afferent projection belongs to the cortex, the visual information is converted into a space position code by time coding and frequency coding, the primary recognition of various visual information (shape, size, position, color, brightness and the like) is completed, (the 'working mechanism of capsule wall passing cognition' is referred to above), and the visual information is projected to a combined visual cortex in a many-to-one mode, so that the recognition of visual objects is completed. Then, the direct visual information (specific objects, images, pictures and the like) is directly projected to the combined cortex to carry out memory, thinking and reaction activities, while the visual information related to characters is projected to the cortex of a reading center to complete the recognition of the characters, and then projected to the combined cortex to carry out language information memory and thinking activities. The combined visual cortex can also project directly to the motor cortex. The motor cortex and cerebellum (also like striatum) form a motor system, which is not a thought system, can be controlled by the output of the thought system, can reflect and control muscle movement directly according to visual information without the control of the thought system, and can carry out combined learning memory and reaction processing (the memory is also called programmed memory) to finish most of actions unconsciously carried out in daily life.

The second visual transmission pathway after the visual intersection is less neuronal but actually more important, and this transmission pathway actually includes at least three aspects: the method includes projecting to a hypothalamus. The projection transmits only bright and dark information among visual information, and forms a reflex circuit by supraoptic nuclei, tubercular nuclei, papillary nuclei, and the like of the hypothalamus, and performs modulated projection to a wide area of the thalamus and cortex, and downward to the brainstem and spinal cord, and the like, (belonging to histaminergic neurons), to form a day and night rhythm and control sleep and arousal. And projecting to the anterior region of the coping and then to the brain reticular structure. This projection does not contain specific visual information, i.e. non-specific projection, but only conveys the presence or absence and intensity of visual information (which should be conveyed by the firing frequency of action potentials), so the applicant refers to this neural projection as a "reporting" projection. This "reporter" signal is projected on the ascending visual pathway of the mesencephalon network and "competes" with other "reporter" signals projected on different senses (auditory, olfactory, etc.) of the network, if the ascending visual pathway projected to the thalamus by the network can be activated, it will attract the "attention" of the network, at this time, the network will synchronously stimulate and pulse to relevant neurons of the visual cortex through the thalamus, these neurons can be activated by excitation integration and pulse to the combined cortex, so the visual information of the visual cortex can be also obtained the "attention" and processing of the thinking system. The anterior region of the cap also has neurons projecting downward toward the eye for feedback accommodation of the crystalline lens, and the light intensity entering the eye is adjusted by pupillary reflex. And thirdly, projecting upward bulges. The superior colliculus and the primary visual cortex have the interconnection modulation of neurons, and the superior colliculus and the neurons are downward projected to the oculomotor nerve of the eye to carry out the control of the eye movement. Therefore, the applicant speculates that the function of the superior hill is to control which part of the visual information the particular "point of attention" is placed on, i.e. which position in the visual field, when the visual information is "attentive", whereas the superior hill controls the eye movement, which is the position on the retina where the focal point of the lens of the eye is projected.

Obviously, the second and third aspects are related to the thought of "attention", wherein the second aspect of projecting towards the anterior region of the cap is to cause the mesh structure to "pay attention" to the visual information, and the third aspect of projecting upward dune is to which position of the visual field the "point of attention" is projected. It is worth mentioning that: the projection of the superior colliculus to the oculomotor nerve directly controls the ocular motility of the eye without passing through the cortical motor region and the cerebellum. When dreaming, the thinking system generates neuron activity, but the output of motor nervous systems such as motor cortex, cerebellum and the like is inhibited, no body action is generated, only the eye movement nerve can be controlled by the motor system and can be directly controlled by the reticular structure and the superior mound, so the eye movement action can be generated along with the activity (dream environment) of the thinking system, and the reason of the eye movement action is also generated when dreaming. (dreaming is described further below).

⒊ ⒊ capsule-carrying auditory information input channels similar to this, as shown in FIG. 14: a first auditory transmission pathway (lateral thalamic conduction pathway) is relayed from the cochlea through the medial geniculate body to project toward the primary auditory cortex for the transmission of auditory information containing specific content; the second auditory transmission pathway (extrathalamic pathway) branches from the superior olivary nucleus and projects towards the brainstem network, which does not contain specific auditory content, but only transmits the presence or absence and intensity of auditory sensation, and also belongs to the "reporting" projection. This "report" signal "competes with other incoming" report "signals in the mesh structure, and if the auditory signal is strong enough to draw the mesh structure's" attention "to the auditory information, the mesh structure will pulse through the thalamus to the relevant neurons of the auditory cortex, which can be activated by excitatory integration and pulse to the associated cortex, and thus the auditory information of the auditory cortex can be" attended "and processed by the thinking system. In addition, the two auditory transmission pathways are interconnected in the hypothalamus, which is also interconnected with neurons in the primary auditory cortex, so the applicant speculates that the hypothalamus functions to control the placement of the main "point of attention" of the auditory sense on which part of the auditory sense, i.e. at which location and in which frequency band, when the auditory sense is "noticed". The input channels for other information (touch, smell, body sense, etc.) are similar to the visual and auditory channels and will not be described here.

⒊ ⒊ ⒊ there is currently no research relevant to the projection of intermediate information generated by the brain in thinking in conjunction with cortical interneuronal activity. Applicants have studied and analyzed that there are two aspects of this intermediate information in addition to projections to other intermediate neurons to continue mental activities: on one hand, the feedback projection is carried out on the joint sensory area of the cortex, so that intermediate information generated in the thinking activity is sensed again (in some cases, the intermediate information is also memorized and integrated), and the self-sensing of the brain to the thinking activity, namely the 'consciousness' is formed (see the content of the 'thinking and consciousness essence' part in the 2 nd part); on the other hand, a downward projection (amino acid-nervous) is a more or less convergent projection, i.e. the action of a plurality of interneurons on the cortex jointly excites a downward neuron, and should be group-specific, i.e. different groups of the cortex have their own projection paths, (this group is not limited to anatomically defined cortical partitions, but rather is plastically formed by the long-term activity of neurons, so called a group is more appropriate). As a result of the collective projection, such a projection signal does not contain specific information of the neuron activity, but only conveys whether the neurons of the corresponding group are active, and the activity level (conveyed by how fast the action potential firing frequency is). After the relay, the individual projection paths of the cortical descent enter the brainstem mesh structure, become "reporting" projections, and "compete" with other reporting signals to draw the mesh structure "attention" to the cortical neuron activity of the group. The significance of this downward projection of the cortex of the thinking system into the network is that, while the cortex of the group is engaged in thinking activity, this "attention" can maintain the mesencephalon network and thalamus to continue the synchronized pulsing of the cortex of the group to maintain the continuation of the thinking activity of the group, i.e., to maintain the "attention" to the current thinking.

⒊ ⒋ "note" control, maintenance, and switching. According to the research and analysis of the applicant, the control and switching of the "attention" direction in thinking activity is not previously thought to be generated in the telencephalon cortex at the top of information processing to control other parts of the brain, but generated and switched on the mesencephalon reticular structure to control the neuronal activity of other areas such as the thalamus and cortex. The switching pointed to by the thinking system "attention" is done on two levels: the brain network structure is responsible for switching the attention to which information channel, namely the attention to which information; the thalamus is responsible for directing "attention" to which specific location in the information channel, i.e. to which part of the information of this kind; the cortex, and especially telencephalic combined cortex, is only specifically processed under the control of "attention".

⒊ ⒋ control of the sense of "attention" with a transducer mesh structure. As described above, the neuronal activities of various information channels, including external input information channels (visual, auditory, olfactory, etc. channels) and cortical thinking channels, are collectively projected to the mesencephalon network structure by the neural output integrated by aggregation (many pairs and few pairs), and these projection channels only transmit the presence or absence and intensity of information stimulation (intensity is transmitted by the action potential delivery frequency), but do not contain specific information content, and belong to the "report" projection. The mesencephalon reticular structure is provided with a plurality of parallel ascending excitation paths which project to the thalamus, the 'report' type projections from various information channels are correspondingly received, the parallel ascending excitation paths mutually project and are mutually inhibited, and the phenomenon similar to 'competition' occurs: when a certain group of neurons are excited and activated at a certain moment and go upwards to the thalamus for pulse distribution, the output of the neurons inhibits the neurons of other channels, so that the neurons of other channels can not activate the output again in the same pulse period, and a unique 'attention' direction on the mesocerebral reticular structure layer is formed.

As to which group of neurons can be activated and emit a synchronization pulse upstream in a pulse cycle, it depends on the joint integration of several signals: the method comprises the steps of projecting a non-specific 'report' type signal from each information input channel, (the signal is main, and the strength of the signal plays a decisive role); the synchronous pulse delivery from the thalamic reticular nuclei downlrojection, (the oscillation for maintaining the oscillation loop continues, thus forming each pulse cycle); modulation of other neural activity from the brainstem and hypothalamus, (used to modulate the oscillatory rhythm of the entire oscillatory loop); fourth, inhibitory modulation from other neurons of the net structure (for "competition"); these signals are excited and integrated together, so that in a pulse period of the oscillation loop, excitation and integration of a certain group of neurons always trigger action potentials to be activated, namely the 'report' competition is successfully responded to and attracts 'attention', and then the activation output of the neurons immediately inhibits the neurons of other channels so that the neurons can not activate and output any more. Thereafter, the integration and competition process described above is again performed during the pulse cycle of the next pulse delivered downstream of the thalamic reticular nucleus. The method is repeated in cycles, so that in each pulse period, the 'report' of the Chinese brain network structure only has one information channel is successfully competed to draw 'attention', excitation pulse is issued to the board kernel, synchronous pulses required by information processing are projected to the information channel, and the control of 'attention' of thinking activity to 'which type' of information is realized.

⒊ ⒋ bisect the thalamus controls the direction of "attention". In humans, the main function of the thalamus is relaying, including information relaying and synchronization pulse relaying. The specific relay nucleus group is responsible for information relay, mainly comprises an outer nucleus group, an abdominal nucleus group and a geniculate nucleus group, and is used for relaying and primarily processing information input with various senses (vision, auditory sense and the like); there are also the ventral anterior nucleus and the ventral lateral nucleus, which are used to convey intermediate information of the locomotor system. The projection of these specific relay nuclei into the cortex is "specific afferents", while what is responsible for the relaying of the synchronization pulses is the so-called "non-specific nuclei", and in fact the delivery of the synchronization pulses is of a specific projection relationship and therefore specific, except for the specificity of the delivery of the synchronization pulses and not the information content. The relay nuclear group of the synchronous pulse receives the synchronous pulse issued by the upward projection of the reticular structure, (cholinergic nerve projection), the output of the relay nuclear group sends out lateral branches to project to the reticular core on one hand, and then projects downwards to return to the brain stem reticular structure to form a closed-loop oscillation loop; on the other hand, the output of the relay nuclei is also projected to a plurality of areas such as cerebral cortex and basal ganglia, limbic system and cerebellum, (so-called non-specific afferent), synchronous excitation pulse is issued, and neurons for exciting and coordinately controlling the areas are subjected to thought and movement information processing and the like.

According to the analysis of the existing anatomical data, in the thalamus, the relay nuclei related to the synchronous pulse control mainly include the anterior thalamic nucleus group, a part of the medial nucleus group and the intralamellar nucleus group. Wherein, the anterior nucleus group and the inner nucleus group receive the synchronous pulse distribution of the brain stem-foot bridge covered reticular nucleus and the outer dorsal nucleus, the output of the synchronous pulse is projected to part of cerebral cortex and the cortex of the limbic system (especially the hippocampus and amygdala), and the synchronous pulse is mainly used for controlling the memory and the integration of the intermediate information of the thinking system and the emotional system; the plate kernel receives the synchronous pulse of the mesencephalon reticular structure, the output of the plate kernel is projected to a wide area of the terminal brain basal nucleus, the striatum and the terminal brain cortex, and the plate kernel is used for cooperatively controlling the information processing of the thinking system, namely the thinking activity, and the movement processing of the motor cortex of the part which can be controlled by the thinking system. Wherein the thalamic plate kernel is mainly involved in the attention control pathway of the thinking system: when a neuron of an information uplink projection channel of a brain reticular structure is activated and synchronous pulses are issued to the neuron at the position corresponding to the plate kernel, the part of the neuron of the plate kernel is activated by the issuance of the uplink synchronous pulses, and the axon output of the neuron is in an uplink manner in a divergent projection manner to issue the synchronous pulses to the neuron corresponding to the cortex, so that the part of the neuron which is projected and issued can obtain the cooperative excitation of the synchronous pulses to form excitation integration and perform chain activation, namely thinking activity. (intercourse of the intraplaque nucleus to the cortex is described in ⒊ and section ⒌). The thalamus reticular nucleus receives lateral branch projection of the inner core of the board and feedback projection of cortical thinking channel interneuron, and then descends to the mesencephalon reticular structure for feedback projection.

Therefore, the mesencephalon reticular structure, the thalamic board kernel and the thalamic reticular kernel form an attention control loop of the thinking system, receive signals projected in a report mode of each information channel, and synchronously send excitation pulses to neurons of part of the information channel of the thinking system so as to control attention pointing. The specific neuron projections are shown in fig. 15, and the signal projections of the respective channels are shown in fig. 16. Wherein the bottom-up projection of "midbrain network → thalamus → cortex" is a one-to-many diffusion projection, so that the activity of a large number of neurons on the cortex can be controlled by the small number of neuronal activities of the midbrain network; the top-down projection of "cortex → thalamus → mesencephalon network" is a many-to-one convergent projection, so the status of the massive neuronal activity on the cortex can ultimately be "reported" back to the mesencephalon network. In this control loop, the ascending emittance of the mesencephalon network determines which set of neurons of the thalamic nucleus are able to activate the output, and the activation output of this set of neurons of the thalamic nucleus determines which part of the cortex are able to process information. The brain network structure is responsible for switching the attention to which information channel, namely the attention to which information; the thalamus is responsible for directing "attention" to which part of the neurons in the information channel, i.e., "attention" to which part of the information; the brain associates with the cortex to take charge of specific information processing (thinking and memory), and senses itself through the sensory cortex, i.e., to generate self "consciousness". For example, the mesencephalon network control directs "attention" to visual information, the thalamus control "pays attention" to which object in the visual picture, and the joint cortex is responsible for recognizing this object and at the same time "appreciating" the presence of this object by perceiving the activity of the joint cortex through the sensory cortex.

⒊ ⒋ ⒊ maintenance of "attention". When a thinking process is in progress, the cortical neuron activity of the thinking channel is in an excited state, and the activation actions of the neurons, in addition to continuing to shoot forward for chain activation, also generate two downward projection signals simultaneously through convergent projection: the first downlink signal is fed back and distributed to the thalamic board kernel, the board kernel continuously distributes the next synchronous pulse to the channel through excitation and integration so as to maintain the neuron of the channel to be continuously activated in a chain manner, and the first downlink signal also simultaneously sends lateral branches to be projected to the thalamic reticular nucleus so as to promote the oscillation loop to be continuously carried out (especially during high-rhythm oscillation); the second downlink signal is a "reporting" projection to the mesencephalon network, which maintains the continued "attention" of the mesencephalon network to the channel by competition. The two downlink projection signals jointly maintain the attention direction of the thinking control loop to the channel, which is the working mechanism of attention maintenance of thinking activity.

⒊ ⒋ ⒋ to "note" the switch. The "attention" is directed to the occurrence of a handover, presumably in the following cases.

Content of a thought activity changes. In the thinking process, the information content of the original thinking is associated or converted into information of other aspects, namely the neuron activity of the original thinking path is reflected to neurons of other aspects due to integration to cause excitation and activation of the part of neurons, and the activation of the part of neurons generates two paths of downlink projection signals according to the same mechanism, on one hand, the downlink projection signals are fed back and projected to the thalamus board kernel, so that the board kernel continuously emits the next synchronous pulse to the part of neurons, and the part of neurons can be maintained to continue to move; on the other hand, the 'report' projection is carried out on the mesencephalon reticular structure, and if the part of neurons do not belong to the same thought channel as the original thought channel, the 'attention' of the mesencephalon reticular structure to the new channel is attracted. Thus, the thinking is focused on and the thinking is switched among different ideas.

And competition of external input information. In thinking, if there is an input of external information, (see what, hear what, feel what, etc.), the input channel will "report" to the mesencephalon network through non-specific transmission, and see the signal strength if it can get "noticed". If the input information is strong, (such as seeing an accident, hearing a harsh sound, being irritated, etc.), this will be reflected in the action potential emission frequency of its "report" signal, so that it can make the excitation integration of the information channel neuron faster and trigger activation, and emit synchronous pulse to the thalamus upgoing, and at the same time suppress the previous "attention" channel, i.e. "compete" successfully and obtain the "attention" of the mesencephalon network structure to the information input. Thus far, the thought "attention" is directed to switching to the processing of the external input information.

And influence of other modulation paths. In the thinking process, the influence of modulation signals of other modulation channels, such as the state of the motor nervous system, the emotional influence of the emotional system, the sudden change of the internal organs and the endocrine system, the action of alcohol, drugs and other chemical substances, and the like, can influence the neuron activity of each information channel, thereby influencing the 'attention' control of the mesencephalon reticular structure on various information channels and causing the switching of 'attention' direction.

And fourthly, the neurons of the 'attention' control path are abnormal in operation. In particular, the effect of mutual inhibition between the upward projection paths of the respective information of the mesencephalon reticular structure is abnormal. In this case, if a certain information path successfully draws "attention" and effective suppression of other information paths cannot be maintained during information processing, unexpected activation of other information paths may be caused to draw "attention", and abnormal switching of "attention" may occur.

⒊ ⒋ ⒌ overview, the thought control loop controls, maintains, and switches the "attention" direction of the thought system. The brain network is responsible for directing the "attention" of information processing to "which kind of" information: the synchronization pulse sent back and forth up and down between the "midbrain mesh ← → thalamus" is compared and integrated with the input signal strength (action potential sending frequency) of various external information and intermediate information, so that the partition and grouping positions of the ascending excitation pulse of the mesh sent to the thalamus plate kernel are changed to select and turn to the "which kind" of information channel, (for example, to point to the vision, the hearing, the touch, etc., or to point to the intermediate information channel in which the cortex is thinking). While the thalamus is responsible for directing the "attention" of the information processing to "which part" in the same type of information channel: when a group of neurons in a certain partition of the thalamus are excited by the pulse emitted upwards from the reticular structure, the neurons are activated and emit synchronous excitation pulses to the part of neurons projected on the cortex, and the part of neurons on the cortex is enabled to perform chain activation, namely thinking activity, through excitement integration, so that the attention of the thinking activity is controlled to the information corresponding to the part of neurons, (for example, the attention of a person in visual information, the attention of a sound in a plurality of sounds, and the attention of the content of the aspect in the thinking activity). While the cortex is responsible for specific information processing: the interneurons corresponding to the information elements on the combined cortex are activated sequentially one by one or in groups step by step under the stimulation of sending synchronous pulses of the thalamus to form chain activation, so that the functions of identifying, thinking, reacting and memorizing information by the brain are realized (for example, who the person is, what the sound says, what the problem is, and the like); and simultaneously project to the sensory cortex, through which the combined cortical activity is perceived, forming a self-perception of mental activity, i.e., "awareness" (e.g., recognizing the presence of that person, recognizing that sound, recognizing what thinking "i" is doing, etc.).

⒊ ⒋ ⒍ think about the plasticity of control loops. The applicant analyzed: in various neural projections of the thinking control loop, on the level of the network structure, the projection relationship comprises the 'reporter' projection of each sensory input channel to the midbrain network structure, the ascending projection of the midbrain network structure to the thalamus plateaus kernel, and the descending feedback projection of the thalamus network structure to the midbrain network structure, which belongs to a fixed structure and is formed by the growth from the fetal period based on genes. The projection relationship between thalamic level and cortical level, including ascending projection from the plate nucleus to the cortex, descending feedback projection from the cortex to the thalamic plate nucleus and reticular nucleus, (all amino acid neurons), is plastic, is a broad projection in infancy, is widely established with synaptic connections, then along with learning and updating of information in the growing process, synapses between neurons with signal relevance (namely, with relevance in neural activity) are preserved or strengthened, synapses between neurons without signal relevance are weakened or weakened, and then projection structures (position codes) with signal relevance in projection are gradually formed in spatial positions, and the projection structures established by the plastic are continuously updated in the adult learning process.

The projection relationship of the excitation pulse between the thalamus and the cortex, which has a spatial relationship (position coding) and a temporal relationship (time coding), and the projection relationship (position coding) established by the dependence on plasticity between the neurons of the cortex (mainly amino acid neurons) jointly form a memory relationship for information. Just because the projection and the distribution of the excitation pulse from the thalamus to the cortex have a time sequence relationship, the same or a group of neurons corresponding to a specific information element on the cortex can be repeatedly activated for a plurality of times in sequence in the process of memorizing or thinking without confusion, and the brain can realize more information memorizing and thinking by fewer neurons and synapses. For example, the same word or phrase appears several times after reading or reciting a lesson, and the brain does not need to repeatedly form or use a plurality of neural memory structures on the cortex, but only activates the same neural memory structure on the cortex for several times after each other by the excitation pulse which controls the ascending transmission of the thalamus in time sequence.

⒊ ⒋ ⒎ "attention" sustainability in balance with "attention" shear force. The applicant analyzed: the subtle differences in the ability of the thought control loop of the thought system to maintain and switch attention will manifest themselves as personality differences among different people, and the two extreme cases of differences are the nature of attention deficit and autism.

When normal, the attention maintaining and attention switching ability of the control loop should be in a balanced state, the brain can perform normal attention maintaining to complete stable and coherent thinking, and can perform normal attention switching to process new information when new information is encountered in the thinking process. The number and efficiency of neurons and their synapses (including neurotransmitters and modulators) in each channel of the "attention" control loop may vary slightly from person to person, resulting in some variation in the "attention" maintenance and switching abilities of different persons, and thus, in different cognitive preferences and different characters. For example, people who have strong ability to keep "attention" can concentrate and work on some things; people who pay attention to the strong switching ability are good at looking before and after, and comprehensively consider various things.

But if the difference exceeds a certain level, it may cause abnormal thinking activity. For example, in the case that mutual inhibition between the information uplink projection paths of the midbrain mesh structure is insufficient, which results in insufficient "attention" maintaining capability, if effective inhibition on other information paths cannot be maintained during information processing when a certain information path successfully draws attention ", the other information paths may draw attention at will, and at this time, the midbrain mesh structure cannot continuously maintain" attention "on a certain information path, but performs abnormal frequent switching in different information channels, which shows that" attention "is difficult to concentrate and lasts for a short time, and the brain cannot concentrate on a certain thing, namely" attention deficit "(ADD). If the inhibition is too strong, the switching ability of 'attention' is relatively insufficient, so that once a certain thinking activity is entered, the inhibition on other information channels is too strong, the 'attention' direction cannot be switched normally, and the symptom of 'autism' is finally presented. (As to the nature of autism, it is described in detail in the patent application filed by the applicant for the treatment of autism).

⒋ ⒎ ⒏ switching speed of attention and brain electricity "N400" potential. For normal thinking activity, thinking can proceed at a faster rate because of chain activation between related neurons in the joint cortex, relying on the activation of synchronized pulses delivered by the thalamus to the cortex, and with enhanced modulation (in excitatory or tonic thinking), the speed of chain activation of thinking can reach more than a dozen steps per second, i.e., each step takes less than a hundred milliseconds. However, for the switching of the "attention" direction, whether the switching is performed between different unrelated sensory information from the outside, or between different unrelated thinking contents from the thinking process, or between different internal and external information, a certain information needs to get new "attention", the neurons of the information channel are required to be activated and released first, then the information is projected to the mesencephalon reticular structure for "reporting", then the mesencephalon reticular structure is excited and integrated and competes with the previous "attention" channel, the ascending nerves of the channel of the mesencephalon reticular structure are projected and released to the thalamus plate kernel after the competition succeeds, and the plate kernel is synchronously pulsed and released to the neurons related to the information on the cortex, so that the perception or thinking related to the information can be generated, and the "attention" is attracted ". Therefore, the speed of the "attention" switch is relatively slow, with a time consumption estimated to be in the order of several hundred milliseconds.

The applicant believes that: the brain "notices" the change and delay of the neural activity of the control loop caused by the switching of the pointing direction between different information without relevance, and is the generation reason of the event evoked potential "N400" in the electroencephalogram research: when a sentence is read without meaning and words without relevance are at the end of the sentence, or when two completely irrelevant pictures are presented, the brain switches attention between two different pieces of information which cannot be imagined, namely without relevance, so that delay and change of synchronous pulse distribution of a thinking control loop are triggered, and an electroencephalogram evoked potential N400 phenomenon is generated. Since the "attention" direction of the thinking system occurs in the input perception, recognition and intermediate processing links of information, regardless of the motion output, the "N400" of the Wernicke aphasia, i.e., sensory aphasia patient, is not generated, while the "N400" of the Broca aphasia, i.e., motor aphasia patient, can be generated.

⒊ ⒌ think about the rhythmic changes of the oscillatory loop and the effects on the brain's work.

⒊ ⒌ use the variation of the delivery rhythm of the transducer oscillation loop. The oscillation loop forms a sustainable synchronous pulse through the cyclic release of the 'midbrain reticular structure → thalamic nucleus → mesencephalic reticular structure', and the release rhythm of the oscillation loop, or the release frequency of the synchronous pulse, is affected and modulated by a plurality of signals, so as to form the passive change and active adjustment of the release rhythm of the oscillation loop. These modulated signals include: the method includes performing downlink projection from cortical neurons. When the thalamus plate kernel sends synchronous pulses to the cortex, if the neuron of the cortex carries out thinking activity, the cortex can feed back and send the pulses to the thalamus plate kernel and the reticular nucleus, and the sending rhythm of the loop is accelerated. And the interactive modulation of neuronal activity from other brain nuclei. For example, modulation from a "mood" processing system (another information processing system in the brain) when the mood is excited will accelerate the firing rhythm of the loop through the effect on the oscillating loop neuron activity. And thirdly, interactive modulation of a "lower loop control loop" from the brain stem network structure (positive middle region) ← → hypothalamus. The ' lower loop control loop ' is responsible for controlling and regulating the endocrine of the human body and the work of internal organs, the working state of the ' lower loop control loop ' forms the physical condition of the human body, and the working state of the ' lower loop control loop can modulate the thinking control loop, so that the change of the physical condition can also form the influence on the oscillation rhythm of the thinking path. Fourthly, influence of nerve conditioning and drugs. For example, alcohol, drugs, etc. can affect the transmission and integration of excitation by the neurons of the loop, thereby affecting the oscillating rhythm of the loop.

⒊ ⒌ depend on the relationship between the oscillatory rhythm of the oscillatory loop and the state of brain operation. The oscillating rhythm of the thought oscillatory loop, i.e. the rhythm in which the thalamus sends synchronized pulses to the cortex, determines the working state of the brain's thought system.

The cortical neuron is excited, integrated and activated quickly when the synchronous pulse release rhythm is more than 14 Hz, nerve activity is active, and the brain is in a state of tension excitement or quick thinking. In some cortices, amino acid neurons can also produce memory effects if they are also co-acted with modulation signals from other modulation pathways. Especially in the hippocampus cortex, the high-rhythm synchronous pulse excitation can make amino acid energy neuron burst the action potential of V1.2 subtype with high threshold value, so that the neuron can generate long-term synaptic plasticity to form long-term memory. See the description of the specification of the applicant's 2014106066977 patent application for a mechanism of burst of action potentials of different subtypes of neurons. The work of the hippocampus does not appear to be directly controlled by the synchronized pulsing of the oscillatory loops of the thought system, but both appear to be related because they are modulated by the same modulating neurons.

And when the synchronous pulse delivery rhythm is 8-13 Hz, the brain is in a state of waking, calming or eye closing due to the medium membrane integration and activity speed of the neurons, no specific 'attention' point exists, no nervous thinking activity is performed, thinking can be generated, but the thinking is calm and slow, and much contents of the thinking process are not memorized.

When the rhythm of synchronous pulse delivery is 4-7 Hz, although excitation and integration of partial neurons of cortex can be excited and integrated and activated by excitation of synchronous pulses, the excitation and integration are slow, the neurons are inactive, and a continuous activation chain cannot be formed, so that although the brain still has consciousness, the brain still has slow response to various stimuli and fuzzy thinking, and the content of the thinking process is basically not memorized. This is the case when the brain is just before sleep, or is very drowsy, or has a poor physical condition.

Fourthly, when the synchronous pulse sending rhythm is 0.5-3 Hz, although the thalamus still sends synchronous pulses to the cortex, the pulse sending rhythm is low, the interval period between the pulses is too long (hundreds of milliseconds to thousands of milliseconds), so that the cortical neurons can only generate membrane excitation, but the excited membrane integration can not reach the trigger threshold of action potential all the time, so the cortical neurons can not be continuously activated and transmitted, and the brain loses attention and thinking activities at this time, and does not have consciousness. This occurs in a state of deep brain sleep (i.e., slow wave sleep), or coma, or anesthesia.

Fifthly, the synchronous pulse-sending rhythm is 0, namely the action potential sending of the thinking oscillation loop of the brain is completely stopped, and the nerve activities of the midbrain, the thalamus and the cortex are stopped (in this case, the excitation pulse oscillation loops of other nervous systems formed by the common brainstem reticular structure and the upper thalamus, the lower thalamus, the hypothalamus and the like also stop working), so that the brain does not respond to the stimulation, loses high-level functions and belongs to brain death defined in the medical science at present. It should be noted that although the electroencephalogram is an equipotential line, i.e. no brain wave is received, it is only thought that the oscillation loop stops synchronous pulse emission, if the brain death is mainly caused by cerebral ischemia and hypoxia, and the death time is not long, in this case, most neurons of the brain still do not lose cell activity, so the organism still does not completely lose biological activity, and if the normal blood and oxygen supply to the brain can be recovered, and at the same time, the proper electrical pulse stimulation is applied to the neurons of the key link of the oscillation loop, it is still possible to re-excite the action potential emission of the neurons, recover the round trip emission of the oscillation loop, and re-activate the work of the brain.

It should be noted that the rhythm of synchronous pulse sent from thalamus to cortex, although determining the speed of cortical thinking activity, is not equal to the step speed of thinking neuron chain activation, because action potential triggering of neuron may require simultaneous excitation of several synchronous pulses to complete excitation integration (integration of time summation), and once triggering of neuron, because of synapse facilitation, it is easy to generate continuous multiple action potential issues, so they are not in one-to-one correspondence.

⒊ ⒍ influence of various modulation pathways on thinking. Thinking is the activity of cortical neurons, which is defined by the connection structure of the relevant neurons, (i.e. the structure of information memory, including knowledge, events, experience, etc., which forms the basis of memory), and by the real-time control of the synchronous excitation pulses of the thinking system 'attention' control loop, forming a stepwise chain activation of a single pathway, and this activity is modulated by other modulation pathways. The modulation produced by these modulation pathways, unlike the synchronized pulses, is controlled in real time, but is slow and sustained, affecting membrane integration and action potential issuance by affecting the release, uptake and activity of ion channels of transmitters from neurons of the chain-link activation pathways, thereby affecting mental activity.

⒊ ⒍ function as an influence of the emotional system on thinking. The brain emotion system receives a plurality of input information, including external sensory information such as vision, smell, hearing, touch and the like, also including intermediate information of a thinking system, and also including non-external sensory information from the inside of the body, generates various senses, outputs various modulation signals through various monoaminergic nerve nuclei, acts on the thinking system, and influences thinking (thinking). When the interneuron of thinking system carries out chain activation, even if the interneuron receives the same excitation signal from the front and the same synchronous pulse signal from the thalamus, the modulation effect of the posterior neuron is different, so that the conditions of membrane integration and action potential triggering are different, different posterior neurons are triggered, and the chain activation is carried out towards different directions (for example: a → b → c or a → b → d), thereby generating different ideas. Therefore, the brain produces different thinking results in the same situation and with different moods. (the emotional system widely affects the motor nervous system, endocrine nervous system, and visceral nervous system, as will be described later, in addition to the thinking.

⒊ ⒍ contribute to the modulation of sleep and wakefulness. The modulating signals that control the brain to sleep and wake are mainly from the histamine neuronuclear mass of the hypothalamus. The vision from retina to transmit light information is transmitted to the supraoptic nucleus projected to the hypothalamus to form a reflection loop with the tubercle nucleus, the papillary nucleus and the like, to generate a signal of day and night rhythm change, and then to modulate with the signal of the network structure oscillation rhythm, and output a modulation signal for controlling sleep and wakefulness. This modulated signal is broadly projected up the thalamus, cerebellum, limbic system and cortex (including sensory cortex, combined cortex, motor cortex, etc.) and down the brainstem and spinal cord to modulate neuronal activity for sleep and arousal control. Its action is mostly inhibitory modulation to reduce the activity level of neurons. For example, the input of various sensory information from the outside and the body is suppressed by projecting a pathway to the sensory cortex, the mental activity is suppressed by projecting a pathway to the thalamus and cortex, various motor outputs are suppressed by projecting a pathway to the cerebellum and spinal cord, the visceral and endocrine activities of the body are regulated by projecting a pathway to the hypothalamus and brainstem, and the like. When these modulation pathways are normally brought together or taken off, the brain can normally switch between sleep and awake states, and when the modulation pathways are not coordinated, it can lead to abnormal and interesting manifestations of the brain, such as dreaming, sleepwalking, insomnia. (the mechanism of occurrence of these phenomena will be described separately later).

⒊ ⒍ ⒊ influence of the biochemical environment of the brain on thinking. The presence and concentration of various biochemical substances within the brain constitute the biochemical environment of the brain. These biochemical substances include two broad classes: one class of biochemical substances is secreted by the body itself and is used to control and regulate the operation of various organs and systems of the body, i.e., the endocrine system, (and indeed, various neurotransmitters and neuromodulators). Another class of biochemical substances is not produced by the body itself, but the body senses the presence and amount of these biochemical substances and processes them by the action of the nucleus pulposus of the hypothalamus-carrying nerve to control and regulate the operation of the various organs and systems of the body. Such as oxygen in the blood, carbon dioxide, blood sugar, alcohol, various drugs and drugs, etc. If the reaction processes of the two biochemical substances are combined, the two biochemical substances can also be collectively called a biochemical reaction system of the brain.

The modulation and influence of the biochemical environment of the brain on thinking mainly go through two major ways: firstly, the influence on the activity of the network structure neurons influences the back-and-forth oscillation rhythm of the thinking oscillation loop, thereby influencing the neuron activity state of the thinking system. (see "⒊ ⒌ detailed discussion of the relationship between the oscillatory rhythm of the thought capsule and the brain's operating conditions"). Secondly, the neuron activity affecting the thinking system is directly modulated by projecting various modulating neurons to the thalamus and cortex (including hippocampal cortex and actually cerebellar cortex of the motor system) through various monoaminergic neuron nuclei on the hypothalamus, the midbrain and the diencephalon. The influence of biochemical environment of brain on thinking is not isolated action of single path but comprehensive action of multiple paths due to diversity and complexity of biochemical substances, which not only influences the working state of thinking oscillation loop, but also modulates related regions by modulating neurons to generate synergistic action.

⒊ ⒍ ⒋ influence of the visceral nervous system on thinking. The visceral nervous system of the brain senses the working state of each viscera through visceral sensory nerves, performs reflex processing through some nerve nuclei of the brainstem, the hypothalamus and the like, and controls and regulates the working of the viscera through sympathetic nerves and parasympathetic nerves. The operation of the visceral nervous system affects mental activity in two ways: one is also in the link of the brainstem network structure, which influences the thinking oscillation loop of the thinking system, thereby influencing the thinking activity of the thinking system. Secondly, the biochemical environment of the brain is influenced, and the thinking of the thinking system is influenced by the biochemical environment. (see ⒊ ⒍ ⒊ above).

⒊ ⒎ think of the "hippocampal" medial information processing loop of the system. The "mesencephalon reticular structure-thalamus platensis kernel and reticular nucleus-cortex" are the most extensive control loops related to the thalamus, and perform the control of the "attention" direction and working state of the thinking system. There is another very important control loop in the thalamus, namely a synchronous pulse control loop of "brainstem network-anterior thalamic nucleus and medial dorsal nucleuses-thalamic nucleus-brainstem network", and constitutes a "hippocampal" intermediate information processing loop of the thinking system together with the cingulate gyrus of cortex and hippocampal-related structures. This processing loop, which is relatively independent but can be said to belong to a branch of the thought control loop, serves a refining and complementary role, and is not directly involved in the recognition and cognition of various external sensory information, but only in the intermediate processing and integration of intermediate information of the thought system following the joint sensory cortex, in particular in the short-term memory (both short-term and long-term memory) of the intermediate information.

⒊ ⒎ the nerve projection structure with this loop is shown in figure 17. Wherein, the brain stem reticular structure (which seems to be the nucleus of the midbrain tegmental capsule) projects to the anterior thalamic nucleus (and the inner dorsal nucleuses) (cholinergic neuron), the anterior thalamic nucleus projects to the thalamic reticular nucleus, and the reticular nucleus feeds back and projects downwards to the brain stem reticular structure, so as to form a circulating oscillation loop of the brain stem reticular structure-the anterior thalamic nucleus-the thalamic reticular nucleus-the brain stem reticular nucleus, and form the back and forth distribution of the excitation pulse. This oscillatory loop carries out synchronous excitation pulse emission (amino acid energy nerves) in the anterior thalamic nucleus (and medial dorsal nucleus) to the cortical cingulate gyrus, which projects downward to the anterior thalamic nucleus and the thalamic reticular nucleus, and the emission and control mechanism of the synchronous excitation pulse is similar to the 'attention' control loop formed by the mesencephalic reticular structure-the thalamic lamina nucleus, etc. In the aspect of information transmission processing, other cortical areas of the brain have extensive bidirectional projections particularly combining cortex and cingulate gyrus, and the cingulate gyrus and the inner olfactory region of the hippocampus structure have bidirectional projections, so that the bidirectional information transmission processing is realized. Inside the hippocampus, the information input into the hippocampus is integrated through a loop of 'inner olfactory region-dentate gyrus-CA 3-CA 1-inferior cortex-inner olfactory region', and is projected to the inner olfactory region again and then output to the cingulate gyrus, so that the intermediate integration processing of the information of the cortex is realized, and the intermediate integration processing is actually the connection relation between neurons in time sequence. The inferior support of the hippocampus has a downward projection directly into the brainstem network and an indirect downward projection through the hypothalamic papillary nuclei, which act like a "reporter" projection. When the "attention" control loop of the thinking system switches "attention" to the "hippocampal medial information processing channel", i.e. neural activity of the thinking system is concentrated in the medial information integration process related to the hippocampal structure, this processing channel of the hippocampus is used for detailed "attention" control of the thinking process and integration process of the medial information, i.e. declarative information.

⒊ ⒎ capsule is particularly important, the information processing of hippocampal structures is also controlled by the nerve projections of the medial septal and oblique zonal nuclei of the septal zone, which belong to cholinergic nerves, and the excitatory transmission of which has the characteristics of rapidity and intensity, and can make the controlled neurons form strong membrane excitation and burst the high threshold action potential of V1.2 subtype, thereby generating synaptic plasticity (STDP plasticity) of the neurons, and forming memory effect. (see below for details on "⒋ ⒍ different neurotransmitter neurons in different roles in brain information processing"). Therefore, under the control of "attention", neurons in the hippocampal structure can directly generate synaptic plasticity to form memory, so-called hippocampal memory, when performing an integration process of intermediate information. Note that this is different from the neuronal work of the thought system on the combined cortex: in the information processing channel of the combined cortex, the information transmission integration of the intermediate neurons does not directly receive the direct projection of cholinergic nerves of the mesencephalon reticular structure, but is controlled by synchronous excitation pulses emitted by the inner core of the thalamus plate, the inner core of the thalamus plate projects amino acid neurons to the cortex, and the excitation transmission of the neurons is not fast and strong enough like the neurons of the information processing channel, and in most cases, the high threshold action potential of the V1.2 subtype is difficult to trigger, but only the low threshold action potential of the V1.6 subtype is triggered, and the action potential is only transmitted to axons in a single direction to form thinking activity, but cannot be transmitted to cell bodies and dendrites in a reverse direction, so that synaptic plasticity cannot be generated. The memory effect of these neurons needs to depend on the structural change of synapses between neuron connections, the generation of synapse reconstruction and even the generation of new synapses, etc. to change the connection structure of neurons, which requires longer time and more information stimulation, but once it is formed, the stability is higher, so the memory formed by the thinking system on the joint cortex can be called long-term memory or permanent memory. The memory formed by the hippocampal structure depends on long-term plasticity of synapses and can be quickly formed, but the stability is low, and the effective period is short, so that the memory is called long-term memory or short-term memory.

⒊ ⒎ ⒊ the process by which the brain develops declarative memory is: when new declarative information is input into the cerebral combined cortex, under the control of the 'attention' direction, the information is firstly projected to the hippocampus through the cingulate gyrus and the entorhinal region, and under the synchronous pulse excitation of the cholinergic nerve of the amino acid energy nerve on the hippocampus structure emitted by the medial septal nucleus and the cholinergic nerve of the oblique angle zone, a connection channel for information processing is formed by depending on STDP synaptic plasticity, namely short-term memory is generated; if such information is input or recalled multiple times, the amino acid neurons in the combined cortex are repeatedly excited and stimulated to produce structural changes in synaptic connections, i.e., synaptic remodeling, which includes the death of synapses and the generation of new synapses, forming a direct pathway for information processing, i.e., long-term memory. Once cortical neurons form a direct channel, information transmission no longer passes through the indirect connecting channels of the hippocampal structure, and the indirect connecting channels on the hippocampal structure are weakened due to no information transmission and finally fail, and relevant neurons are released to establish new short-term memory. Therefore, the hippocampal structure plays a key and indispensable role as a transitional bridge in the formation and transformation of short-term memory into long-term memory, which is ultimately preserved in the cerebral cortex. This transition from hippocampal short-term memory to cortical long-term memory requires a process that is related to the relevance of the information, the time and frequency of the information stimulus. When the cholinergic nucleus in the septal region is insufficient in the releasing function, the formation of hippocampus structures and the capacity of maintaining memory are affected, so that amnesia is caused, and when the hippocampus is extirpated, for example, a famous amnesia patient H.M., the brain cannot form new long-term memory, and the previous memory is subjected to time-stratified retrograde amnesia. (for a more detailed description of how neurons trigger action potentials of the V1.6 subtype and the V1.2 subtype in different situations and generate different states of thinking and memory, respectively, and regarding hippocampal memory and cortical memory, reference may be made to the relevant information attached to the description of the "simulation apparatus and method of neural network" of the Chinese patent application No. 2014106066977 filed by the applicant).

It should be noted that septal nuclei, scalene zone nuclei, and also Meynert basal nuclei also perform cholinergic nerve projections on the sensory and motor cortices, so that the cerebral cortex can directly remember external sensory information and motor outputs, regardless of the hippocampal structure. How to influence the work of the thinking system, including the mechanism and process of inducing brain aging and senile dementia, when these cholinergic nerves work abnormally is described in detail in other patent applications of the applicant on the drugs for treating brain aging and senile dementia.

⒊ ⒎ ⒋ the hippocampal structures also work in parallel with modulation of the projections of nerves from the amygdala, the emotional system, and noradrenergic neurons, 5-HT neurons, from the locus ceruleus, the dorsal raphe nucleus of the midbrain. This is the same as the "⒊ ⒍ multiple modulation path effects on thinking" described above.

⒋ other control systems of the brain. In addition to the thinking system, the brain has several other nervous systems, especially the motor nervous system. Strictly speaking, the motor nervous system is a nervous system formed earlier by animals and used for controlling the actions of the animals according to environmental information so as to realize activities such as foraging, avoiding risks, communicating and the like, and the thinking system is an information combination processing system which is evolved on the basis of the motor nervous system and used for carrying out integrated processing on various external information, particularly intermediate information so as to coordinate and control motion output. In human beings, the intermediate information processing system has been evolved to be extremely complex and detailed due to the appearance of languages, which is more important.

⒋ function as the motor nervous system. The motor cortex, cerebellum, striatum, spinal cord and the like form a motor nervous system of the brain, and are used for controlling the motor action of the body according to input information and learning and memorizing the process. The motor cortex reflects or reacts according to input information, outputs motion information of space position codes, outputs control signals of time codes and frequency codes under the cooperative integration of cerebellum, and controls muscles to finish various specific motions by projecting the control signals to spinal cords in a descending manner through a cone system.

⒋ the output of the active motor nervous system is through the spinal cord to control the muscle action to complete various body actions. And its input information includes three sources: the motor cortex controls the muscle to perform motor action by direct reflection and reaction according to the sensory information projected by the sensory cortex, including unconditional reflection, conditioned reflection and combined reaction through learning and memory, and the control is independent of a thinking system, so that the control does not need attention and consciousness. Most actions we can perform unconsciously in daily life belong to this. The second is the output projection of the interneuron from the combined cortical thinking system, which is the output result of the brain thinking activity. Under the state of 'awareness' and 'attention', what we actively 'want' to do is the situation according to the needs or results of thinking. And thirdly, sensory information from sensory neurons of muscle spindles is input in the ascending direction of the spinal cord, and various kinds of sensory information of the muscle movement are fed back and transmitted so as to feed back and control the coordination of the movement. The first two inputs are the same in nature, and relate to the input information outside the body, the latter relates to the feedback information of muscle movement, and the motor nervous system works as a process for integrating, linking and coordinating the input information: the "conscious" actions can form a programmed action combination consisting of a plurality of actions having a chronological relationship after being used (i.e., learned) for a plurality of times, and form memory, so-called "programmed memory". In this case, the combination of procedural actions does not require thinking about the "attention" and control of the system, and once a stimulus or command is received, the actions are unconsciously and highly coordinated to complete, so that the actions with "consciousness" are converted into actions without "consciousness". The various habitual movements of our daily lives, including various skills such as walking, eating, swimming, skating, cycling, etc., including the specific muscular movements that accomplish speaking and writing, are all learned, memorized, and ultimately converted into unconscious skills through this mechanism. (see description below).

⒋ reflects through the grooves for motion information through the tattoo, a currently popular theoretical belief proposed by Parent (1996): two nerve loops, namely a direct loop and an indirect loop, exist between cortex, a corpus striatum and a thalamus, the nerve projection of the direct loop is 'cortex-corpus pallidum inside part/substantia nigra reticular part-thalamus platensis core-cortex', the nerve projection of the indirect loop is 'cortex-corpus striatum-globus outside part/substantia nigra reticular part-hypothalamus-globus inside part-thalamus ventral precore-cortex', the two loops jointly act on the same motor nerve output to coordinate and control the same action. When the substantia nigra Dopamine (DA) nerve is used to coordinate both circuits, normal motor action is produced, and when DA is absent, only the indirect circuit functions, decreasing the excitability of the cortical motor nerve, which involves the initiation and execution of motor action, thus causing akinesia or bradykinesia, Parkinson's Disease (PD).

The applicant has conducted research and analysis, without wishing to be bound by this theory, and believes that: the two neural circuits existing between cortex, corpus striatum and thalamus represent two different motor controls, namely "conscious movement" and "unconscious movement". Wherein: the direct loop represents a control loop of ' conscious action ', a motion information processing main channel of the loop is composed of amino acid energy nerves, a projection loop is ' cortex-corpus striatum-globus pallidum (mainly inner part) ' -thalamus plateus kernel-cortex ', and the substantia nigra dopamine nerves do not seem to have a modulation effect on the loop. The direct circuit passes through the thalamus plateaus kernel, which is controlled by the "attention" directional control loop of the thinking system, and the synchronous excitation pulses are emitted by the mesencephalon network structure, which involves the input, competition and reaction of various conscious sensory information of the auditory, visual and thinking processes (see the content of the control mechanism of the ⒊ brain thinking activity), and involves the "attention", i.e., "conscious" neural activity, including the perception, thinking, speaking, writing, and such "conscious" motor actions. The indirect loop represents a control loop of 'unconscious action', and a main channel of the loop is also formed by amino acid energy nerves and comprises 'cortex-corpus striatum-globus pallidum (mainly, lateral parts) -anterior nucleus ventralis-cortex'. The nigral dopamine nerve modulates this loop by projection to the ventral anterior nuclei and the striatum (lateral pallidosphere nucleus) (inhibitory modulation). The hypothalamus and the covered reticular structure form an oscillating loop which is sent back and forth, and then synchronous excitation pulse sending is carried out on the globus pallidus through the hypothalamus to excite and coordinate and control the nerve activity of the globus pallidus. This indirect loop does not pass through the thalamic nucleus, and therefore does not need to be controlled by the thought system "attention" pointing to the control loop, and involves motion that does not need "attention", i.e. is not "conscious", i.e. various habitual movements in daily life including skills.

The main channel of information processing of the indirect loop is also composed of amino acid-energetic nerves, but according to anatomical data, the neurons that make up the tattoo have many local cholinergic nerves, and the indirect loop passes through the anterior thalamic nucleus, which also receives direct projections of the septal and oblique zonal cholinergic nerves. The stimulation pulse emitted by the cholinergic nerve is transmitted rapidly and excitatory, so that the amino acid nerve directly projected by the cholinergic nerve can trigger the high threshold action potential of V1.2 subtype, and the stimulation pulse is transmitted to the axon in the forward direction and the dendrite in the reverse direction and generates synaptic plasticity, so that the indirect loop can generate the memory effect on the action information, namely, the programmed memory.

The direct loop and the indirect loop are also projected in a cross way on the globus pallidus, so that the 'conscious action' and 'unconscious action' controlled by the direct loop and the indirect loop are coordinated and fused here, and a mechanism for starting, learning and memorizing the movement is formed: the first motion is initiated and performed by a direct loop, i.e. by a thinking system, in which case the motion is "conscious" and for some complex motions, the "conscious" motion may be rough and not coordinated enough. Secondly, after repeated or practice times, the 'conscious action' can be completed in a more coordinated way by performing adaptive reflection with feedback information from sensory neurons of muscle spindles (the process is particularly completed by the cooperation of the cerebellum). And thirdly, in the processes of repetition and learning, the nerve activity of the motor action can form a memory relation to the action, namely procedural memory, in the striatum and globus pallidus dependent synaptic plasticity. Fourth, once the programmed memory is formed, the operation can be completed through an indirect loop, and the "conscious action" can be converted into the "unconscious action" without participation and attention of a direct loop belonging to a thinking system. Fifthly, if the action is repeated or practiced continuously, neurons related to the action generate structural changes of synaptic connection relationship among the neurons due to continuous excitation and activation on the motor cortex, the structural changes of synaptic structures and strength, the death and the generation of new synapses, the cortical memory of the motor action, namely the long-term memory (or the permanent memory) of the programmed action, and the motor action can be completed directly by the motor cortex. Sixthly, once the cortical memory is formed, the motor action does not pass through an indirect channel of the corpus striatum any more, and related neurons of the channel can release short-term memory for establishing other new actions. Therefore, the tattoo (including globus pallidus) plays a key and indispensable role as a transitional bridge in the formation of short-term memory and transformation into long-term memory of action memory (i.e., procedural memory). If the vein is damaged, the brain cannot form new action memory, and the former action memory also has time-stratified retrograde memory loss. The mechanism of formation of memory (procedural memory) of this motor action is almost the same as that of the formation of short-term memory and long-term memory of declarative memory. (see the contents of the "hippocampal" medial information processing loop "part of the' ⒊ ⒎ thinking system, above).

Therefore, the motor nervous system learning and memorizing the motor action is essentially a process of performing feedback coordination on uncoordinated conscious action and forming coordinated unconscious action in the network through synaptic plasticity memory. This learning process occurs in a variety of tricky movements from toddlers to adults: in the infant period, because the original coupling structure (namely, exercise memory) of the motor nervous system is few, the infant needs more time and exercise to realize each learning of an action; with the development, the motor nervous system memorizes and accumulates more and more motor actions, and when new actions are learned, the accumulated actions can be called and integrated, so that the learning and the forming of the new actions are easier and easier, and even some new actions can be learned unconsciously sometimes until people can finish various actions in daily life unconsciously and smoothly. However, if one encounters learning some actions that need to be accomplished by complex muscle coordination, such as learning swimming, cycling, etc., a significantly longer learning and memory process is still required.

⒋ use a synchronous pulse control loop of the motor ⒊ nervous system. The synchronous pulse control loop acting on the motor nervous system is not mentioned in the previous brain nerve research, but the analysis of the applicant considers that the motor nervous system needs synchronous pulses to excite and coordinate the activity of control neurons, and the synchronous pulse control loop exists independently of the thinking system. Both have similar structures and mechanisms of operation and are interdigitated in that "conscious" actions of the output of the thought system need to be projected to the motor system for execution, while some of the output actions of the motor system are also projected to the thought system to be "attended to" by it.

The control loop of the thinking system is formed by "mesencephalon reticular structure ← → thalamus" to make oscillation loop to and fro, which is extended outward by the thalamus plate kernel to make synchronous pulse to and fro to excite and control the activity of cerebral cortex neuron, and the control loop mainly relates to the control of the nerve activity of the thinking nervous system, especially the control of 'attention' direction to thinking, and also relates to the control of the 'conscious action' part of the motor nervous system through the direct loop of the corpus striatum (see ⒋ above for analysis). In addition, the applicant analyzed that since the motor nervous system also includes the indirect motor cortex-striated body loop and the cerebellum, the synchronous pulse control is divided into two parts, but the two parts are connected with each other.

In the "involuntary movement" part of the motor cortex through the indirect loop of the tattoo, the synchronized pulse control loop comprises: the technical scheme includes that a bottom layer loop (cholinergic nerve) is formed by back and forth projection of a quilt cover net structure ← → a bottom thalamus, and a specific projection link is as follows: the "tegmental reticular structure → subthalamic nucleus → subthalamic reticular nucleus → tegmental reticular structure", the bottom loop is issued back and forth to form an oscillation loop to generate the synchronous excitation pulse of the "involuntary action" control loop. The middle loop is formed by back and forth projection of 'subthalamic nucleus ← → the tattoo and the globus pallidus', and comprises that the subthalamic nucleus (the effect of which is similar to that of the intraductal nucleus of the thalamus) extends outwards to perform diffusion projection on the tattoo and the globus pallidus and sends out synchronous excitation pulses, (amino acid can be used for nerves) so as to excite and control the neuron activity of the globus pallidus of the tattoo; the tattoos and globus pallidus are then projected back into the basal thalamic reticular nucleus (which appears to be the red nucleus or the foot nucleus, which acts like the thalamic reticular nucleus) in a convergent manner, and then projected down into the tegmental reticular structure, maintaining and modulating the oscillation of the underlying loops. And thirdly, forming an upper loop by the ' tattoo → globus pallidus → anterior nucleus of thalamus abdomen and ventral nucleus → tattoo, integrating the information of the movement action (including the information of the movement action from the ' conscious action ' loop) at the tattoo and globus pallidus, and forming long-term memory of the movement action, namely, long-term programmed memory, (tattoo memory) at the tattoo. And fourthly, in the bottom loop, the covered net structure receives input of various signals, including various information from sensory cortex, spinal cord and cerebellum, and descending modulation signals from motor cortex and subthalamic net nucleus, and the input signals modulate the activity of cholinergic nerves of the covered net structure so as to initiate and maintain the generation and the distribution of synchronous excitation pulses of a motor nervous system. And fifthly, in the upper loop, the tattoo, the anterior thalamus ventral nucleus, the lateral ventral nucleus and the motor cortex are projected to and fro to form a surface loop, so that the movement information is reflected and controlled. It should be noted that, since the motor nervous system adopts a similar way to the simultaneous activities of multiple links working in parallel, the synchronous excitation pulses are generated and delivered in multiple ways, which is different from the "attention" control mechanism that thinks about the single "idea" of the nervous system.

The synchronous pulse control loop of the motor nervous system in the cerebellum part is probably analyzed as follows due to the lack of more detailed and accurate anatomical data: an oscillation loop consisting of a covered mesh structure and a kernel of the lower olive ← → the kernel of the lower olive performs reciprocating emission, (cholinergic nerve) and generates a synchronous excitation pulse of the loop; the inferior olivary nucleus is subjected to diffusion projection to Purkinje cells of cerebellar cortex through creeping fibers, (amino acid energy nerves) and sends out synchronous excitation pulses to excite and control the activity of cerebellar cortex neurons; the cerebellar cortex descends to the inferior olivary nucleus for polymerization projection, and then descends to the covered net structure for feedback and modulation. And the lichen fibers from the nucleus pulposus of the pons are the paths for transmitting and integrating the motion information, including learning and memory, through the cross connection of the granular cells and the Purkinje cells. (refer to the schematic signal projection structure of the motor nervous system control loop of fig. 18).

The two parts of the motion system are controlled by synchronous pulses, although different projection channels exist, the two parts are unified (at least closely related) on the origin of synchronous pulse transmission, namely a covered mesh structure, so that the pulse transmission of the two parts has a coordination relationship to realize that the signals output by the motion of the motor cortex and the motion of the cerebellum are kept in coordination. (or, motor cortex sync pulse control and cerebellar sync pulse control, essentially just two delivery directions of the same sync pulse control loop of the motor system.

The motor nervous system synchronous pulse control loop projects the issued synchronous pulse to the motor cortex and cerebellum, and the applicant analyzes that the action is as follows: the first step is to form an intrinsic excitation signal of the nervous activity of the motor nervous system, thereby exciting and controlling the nervous activity of the motor nervous system. The space coding action signals output by the motion cortex are projected to the neurons closely arranged in the cerebellum and are converted into time coding and frequency coding output signals under the synergistic effect of synchronous pulses so as to control muscles to perform accurate motion actions. And thirdly, the action output of the motor cortex and the cerebellum is coordinated and controlled through a working mechanism similar to the attention formation and switching of a thinking system, so that the contradiction and conflict of the action output are avoided. And fourthly, controlling the pulse sending rhythm output by the motor cortex and the cerebellar neuron through the sending rhythm of the synchronous pulse, thereby controlling the speed of the movement action of the body. (similar to thinking systems that control the rate of stepping of mental activities by synchronizing the pulse delivery rhythms).

⒋ the motor cortex is the output area of motor nervous system with a power ⒋, and outputs motor signals through the descending output fibers of the cone system to control the body to do various movements, but the procedures and details of how each motor action is specifically completed are coordinated by cerebellum. The information processed by the motor cortex is still space position coded, that is, various motion information is transmitted and reflected according to the neuron activity of different positions of the space structure, the output of the motor cortex is simultaneously projected and input to the cerebellum, the cerebellum converts the space coded information into motion potential pulses with different emitting time and emitting frequency under the synergistic action of synchronous pulses, parallel signals similar to the electronic technology are converted into serial signals, the conversion process is just opposite to the serial-parallel conversion process of sensory input such as visual input projected from the lateral geniculate body to the visual cortex, the serial-parallel conversion process is used as the output signal of the cerebellum, the output signal is re-projected to the cortex (or spinal cord) and is cooperatively integrated with the output signal of the cortex, and finally integrated into the output signal of each motor nerve, and the time (time coding) and the emitting frequency (frequency coding) of the motion potential pulses are transmitted to the controlled muscles, the time and the strength of contraction or relaxation of the muscle in the movement are controlled, and the coordination and the accurate control of the movement are realized. Therefore, the motor system composed of the motor cortex and the striatum is mainly responsible for the 'what' action, which is a programmed action combination composed of a plurality of actions, including the action combination related to the output of the thinking system and the learning memory (i.e. programmed memory) of the actions, and the finished actions of the body movement can be sensed and controlled by the thinking system. While the cerebellum is responsible for "how to do" and to perform various movements by precise control of the muscles, (possibly including partially direct body reflexes and reaction movements), the detailed movements of these muscle movements performed by the cerebellum are generally not perceived and controlled by the thinking system. Applicants speculate that the evolution of animals to humans results in a dramatic increase in cerebellar volume and neuron number as the cerebellum stores a large amount of precise information that governs the coordinated movement of hand and finger muscles and records a large amount of movement details of the actions (including speaking and writing) that achieve speech output.

⒋ is controlled by the motor nervous system ⒌ by the modulated signals of some of the nuclei in the hypothalamus and brainstem as well. Including dopaminergic neurotransmission from the substantia nigra, noradrenergic neurotransmission from the locus ceruleus, 5-HT energetic neurotransmission from the median reticular compartment, etc., which act to control the functioning of the motor nervous system to match and adapt to the functioning of the thought system and the visceral endocrine system.

As to the modulating effect of the substantia nigra DA nerves on the striatal pathways of motor action, and how to influence the initiation and progression of motor action when insufficient DA action is caused by damage to the substantia nigra, the applicant will disclose in another patent application relating to the treatment of parkinson's disease.

⒋ pass through the splanchnic nervous system. The visceral work state is sensed by the visceral sensory nerve, and is reflected by some nerve nuclei of the brainstem, hypothalamus and the like, and the work of regulating the viscera is controlled by the sympathetic nerve and the parasympathetic nerve. According to the existing anatomical data, the main nerve nuclei of the visceral nervous system are in the hypothalamus, including the lateral and posterior hypothalamus regions that control sympathetic responses, and stimulation of this region can cause reactions such as increased heartbeat, increased blood pressure, increased respiration, etc.; the anterior and medial hypothalamic regions, which control parasympathetic responses, stimulate this region to cause a slowing of the heart rate, peripheral vasodilatation, etc. See below ⒋ ⒋ for the content of the selected component.

⒋ ⒊ biochemical reaction system. The system includes the immune and endocrine systems, and also includes the cross-members that project into the visceral nervous system, modulating visceral activity. The system projects information to the upper and lower thalamus zones by sensing the content and change of various endocrine substances (such as various hormones) and non-endocrine biochemical substances (such as various organic and inorganic substances, various ions and the like) in a body, controls the secretion and work of the immune and endocrine systems through the reflection treatment of the nerve nuclei, and simultaneously partially projects to the visceral nervous system to modulate the visceral nervous system, thereby regulating various physiological activities and functions of the body. Therefore, the system is closely related to the health condition of the human body. According to the current anatomical data, the main nerve nuclear group of the biochemical reaction system is in the upper thalamus (such as pineal) and hypothalamic part area (supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, etc.), and the receptor of the information input may be partially distributed in the brain, directly sensing the information of the part of the substance capable of passing through the blood brain barrier, and partially distributed around the internal organ, so as to sense the substance information in the body fluid outside the blood brain barrier, and the information should also accompany the ascending transmission of the visceral nerve. Existing studies have revealed multiple reflex axes of immunity and endocrine, but the specific course of their neuroreflex cannot be described in more detail due to the lack of more detailed anatomical data.

The visceral nervous system and biochemical reaction system process internal information of the body, the information amount is not much, and the whole change in internal organs and immune endocrine is not large in the process of evolution from lower mammals to human beings, so the number of neurons constituting the two systems is not much and is always stable, a plurality of nerve nuclei and cortex are not formed by aggregation of a large number of neurons like a thinking nervous system and a motor nervous system, and the input, memory, reflection and output of the internal information are still realized mainly by the upper and lower thalamus. Since the neural projection links of the two are not clear, and there is also cross projection and intermodulation of the two, the two are combined, as explained below under "⒋ ⒋ with the construction of an internal information control loop".

⒋ ⒋ outer information processing loop and inner information processing loop. The applicant has summarized various information processing of the brain into two major loops, namely an "external information control loop" and an "internal information control loop", according to the control mechanism of the organism on external information and internal information. The former includes a thinking system and a motor nervous system, senses and integrates various external information (vision, hearing, smell, touch and the like), and outputs control signals to control the movement of the body (including special movements such as speaking and writing); the latter includes visceral nervous system and biochemical reaction system (including immune-endocrine system), and can sense and integrate various internal information (visceral working state, endocrine material and non-endocrine biochemical material), and can output control signal to control visceral and immune-endocrine system. The former activity is perceived and conscious because it can be perceived by the thinking system, while the latter is mostly unconscious and unconscious because it cannot be perceived by the thinking system; the former is mainly concentrated on the relatively upper part of the brain in physical location, and may be called "upper loop" for short, and the latter is mainly concentrated on the relatively lower part of the brain, and may be called "lower loop" for short. Within the same loop, excitation influence and modulation between systems are relatively direct and obvious, and inter-modulation exists between the inner loop and the outer loop. Where the operation of the upper loop has been described above and the lower loop is described below.

⒋ ⒋ controls the composition of the loop (lower loop) with internal information. Mainly comprises a visceral nervous system, a biochemical reaction system (including an immune-endocrine system) and a control loop between the visceral nervous system and the biochemical reaction system. Because the information quantity of various internal information of the organism is less and the information changes slowly, the quantity of neurons of various links of perception input, recognition, memory, reaction and output control of the information is less, and most of the information does not form independent nerve nuclei but gathers in the same nuclei.

Wherein the signal projection of the splanchnic nervous system is shown in figure 19. On the one hand, a simple reflex arc of a part of the viscera has been formed at the spinal cord site, feedback controlling the visceral activity, and on the other hand, visceral sensory fibers are concentrated in the vagus nerve, ascending through the spinal cord into the brainstem and project mainly to the solitary nucleus. The solitary bunch nucleus is a main relay nucleus group of visceral sensory information, one output path of the solitary bunch nucleus is projected to a dorsal vagus nerve nucleus to form a low-level reflection loop of a visceral nervous system on the brain stem level, and visceral motor nerves are sent from the dorsal vagus nerve nucleus to control the work of visceral organs; the other path of the light beam is directly projected to the hypothalamus pre-visual nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, dorsal and medial nucleus and other areas to transmit visceral sensation information; and the other path of the cholinergic nerve is projected to the lateral area of the brain stem reticular structure, particularly comprises a medial brachial nucleus and a lateral brachial nucleus, and the lateral brachial nucleus and the medial brachial nucleus emit cholinergic nerves to the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic output is coordinated to control visceral work through the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve, the motor nerves of the viscera. The applicant speculates that the visceral nervous system also has a synchronous impulse control loop, which is mainly composed of "brainstem network outer region ← → hypothalamus", wherein the pathway of the solitary bundle nucleus directly projected towards the hypothalamus conveys specific information content of visceral sensation, while the projection towards the brainstem network outer region is a "reporter" type projection containing no specific information; the cholinergic nerve projected from the area outside the brain stem network (including especially the medial and lateral brachial paranuclei) to the hypothalamus is a synchronous excitation pulse of the control loop; meanwhile, the hypothalamus also projects downwards to the outer side area of the brain stem reticular structure; thus, an oscillation loop which is sent back and forth, namely, a "lower loop oscillation loop", of the "brainstem mesh outer region ← → hypothalamus" is formed.

Therefore, in the brain, the splanchnic nervous system, which controls visceral activity, comprises two major loops: the lower reflex loop on the brain stem level, which is composed of visceral (sensory) nerve → solitary nucleus → vagus dorsal nucleus → visceral (motor) nerve, senses and reflects the activity of each visceral organ by a simple direct reflex loop; the other is a combined reflex loop formed by the outer region ← → hypothalamus of the brain stem reticular structure, which receives sensory afferents of various internal organs, receives modulation input of other nervous systems (a thinking nervous system, a motor nervous system, an emotional nervous system and an endocrine nervous system) of the brain, and stimulates and modulates the activity of the lower reflex loop of the brain stem after combined processing, so as to perform balance control on the work of the internal organs, such as adjusting the breathing frequency and amplitude, adjusting the heartbeat rate, adjusting the blood pressure and the like. Due to lack of information, the applicant cannot deduce the oscillation rhythm of this oscillation loop, but the estimation is low (probably lower than 3 to 4 hz) as judged from the rhythm of the heart beat and the rhythm of the thinking oscillation loop, and whether this control loop works as well as the control loop of the thinking system. The splanchnic nervous system also receives modulated neural projections from some of the modulated nuclear masses of the brainstem, such as noradrenergic neural projections from the locus ceruleus, 5-HT neural projections from the dorsal raphe nucleus and the central superior nucleus.

The information processing core of the biochemical reaction system is in the areas of the upper and lower thalamus parts and is assumed to have a control loop consisting of a "brainstem network (which may be the lateral or median region) -the upper thalamus (and the area of the lower thalamus part)". Since the anatomical data on the biochemical reaction system (including the endocrine system) is very small, it cannot be described in more detail. Applicants speculate that one of the possible mechanisms of operation is: the reaction system firstly maintains the relative stability of the content of various biochemical substances in the organism, when the content of certain biochemical substances in the organism (in body fluid) changes due to external factors, the change information is sensed by a related sensor, a reflection reaction is generated through a reflection link established originally to control the secretion level of organs or tissues with secretion function, and the external change is resisted through feedback regulation to maintain the previous stable state as much as possible, namely, a process of resisting the change is started; however, if the change cannot be resisted by the body and continues to exist, the reaction system will slowly adjust the reflective link to adapt to the extraneous change, and make an adaptive change to form a new stable state, i.e. a habituation process occurs. The working mechanism can provide reference for developing medicines in treatment or health care.

⒋ ⒋ traverse the intermodulation of the lower loop. The lower loop includes the visceral nervous system and the biochemical reaction system (including the endocrine system), which are closely linked and mutually influenced to jointly form the cooperative control of the visceral organs and the endocrine work of the body. Because the two systems are closely related to the health condition of the body, if the specific working process and mechanism of the two systems and the inter-modulation relationship between the two systems can be revealed, the two systems can bring targeted guiding significance to the cause and treatment of various visceral and endocrine abnormal diseases. This aspect is intended to be disclosed in another patent application and is not further described herein.

⒋ ⒋ ⒊ the upper and lower loops interact with each other. The mutual influence and modulation are mainly performed by the following two aspects.

The method includes the steps of enabling neuron activities of upper and lower loops to be mutually influenced. Since the core links of the two control loops are on the brain stem network structure, if the activity of the network structure neurons of one loop is more active, the competition for nutrients (blood oxygen, blood sugar, various neurotransmitters, conditioning materials, synthetic raw materials thereof and the like) can be caused to influence the activity of the network structure neurons of the other loop, and the other loop can be modulated by the modulatory nerve nuclei, so that the work of the other loop is influenced. The modulation and effect of the lower loop on the upper loop, among others, may be seen in the preceding ⒊, ⒎, ⒊ ⒌, and, preferably, ⒊ ⒍ ⒊, ⒊ ⒍ ⒋. The influence of the upper loop on the lower loop is relatively hidden since it involves internal movements of the body and reacts very slowly. For example, when the brain is under tension, the oscillating rhythm of the oscillatory loop of thinking is accelerated, and the activation and the release of neurons in the brain stem network are increased, which may affect the unstable operation of the lower loop, thereby causing negative effects on internal organs and endocrine system. When the neural activity of the thinking system is reduced, for example, deep sleep, the oscillation rhythm of the thinking oscillation loop is very low, and the neuron in the link of the net structure is slow in activity, so that the operation of the lower loop is facilitated, and the internal organs and the endocrine system are recovered.

And bidirectional modulation is carried out through an emotion system. The applicant believes that the emotional system of the brain is directly linked to the internal and external two loops, and receives the information of the two loops extensively, and in turn modulates their work bidirectionally, so as to enable the body to adapt more in harmony and to respond to various changes in the internal and external information. This will be described independently below.

⒋ ⒌ mood system. The applicant has been hesitant to divide the emotional system into an upper loop and a lower loop, because the emotional system can directly receive various external information (including external information such as vision, hearing, smell and the like and intermediate information such as 'events') and various internal information (including visceral working conditions and information of internal biochemical substances, although the mental system of the brain is not 'known'), can obviously influence the mental system and the motion system (such as whiting and creaking in excitement and great increase in action strength in excitement) and can also obviously influence the visceral and endocrine systems (such as increasing heartbeat in excitement, increasing adrenal hormone in fear and being hairy), and later realizes that the organism is just connected with the two loops through the emotional system when the intermodulation of the internal loop and the external loop is analyzed, for coordinating and bi-directionally modulating their operation.

According to the existing anatomical data, the main nucleus of the emotional system is amygdala. The input and output signal projection of the amygdala is as in figure 20. Wherein the input projection comprises: the input of intermediate information from a wide range of cerebral cortex and hippocampus, such as content from verbal or textual information, can be humane or angry; direct input of external sensory information from sense of smell and taste, such as special sense of smell or taste, can make people feel pleasure or nausea; (it seems that visual information cannot directly affect emotion, but content after recognition is needed to affect emotion); input of internal information from the lower loop, primarily projected through the hypothalamus and brainstem, such as abnormalities from internal organs or biochemical material in the body, can be painful or uncomfortable; and fourthly, inputting a signal from the brain stem modulatory nerve nuclei. While the output and modulation of amygdala includes: projecting to a motor cortex and a tattoo to influence the nervous activity of a motor nervous system, such as to enhance the speed or strength of a sport when excited or feared; the projection to the cortex and the hippocampus of the thinking system is adopted to sense and recognize the emotion and influence the nervous activity of the thinking system, such as the thinking is accelerated or the thinking is easy to make mistakes when in excitement; projecting to the hypothalamus, the nucleus solitarius and the dorsal nucleus vagus nerve to influence the activities of the visceral nervous system and the endocrine system, such as accelerated heartbeat during excitation, increased adrenal hormone during fear and creeper; and fourth, the nerve nuclei are projected to the brainstem to influence the activities of a plurality of modulated nerve nuclei and further influence the work of other systems of the brain (the modulated nerve nuclei are considered by the applicant to be part of the emotional system). It can be seen from these input and output relationships and their effects of amygdala that the emotional system, which takes amygdala as the core, is closely related to the inner and outer two information processing loops, and performs coordination and bidirectional modulation on their neural activities, thereby affecting their activities and outputs, so that the body can work in coordination as a whole and better cope with various information changes.

The emotional system also has a process of inputting, learning, memorizing, reflecting and reacting information, the working mechanism of the process is similar to the hippocampus of the thinking system, the emotional information forms a system of learning, memorizing and reflecting between the amygdala and certain cortex, the emotional information firstly forms long-term memory (similar to the hippocampus memory) depending on synaptic plasticity of the amygdala, if the information appears repeatedly, the long-term memory is formed by reconstructing the cortex-dependent synapse, and the emotional response is generated by reflecting the related information input later. Emotional responses are partly congenital animal instincts and partly learnable by learning and habituation, so that different people, due to different information and experiences previously obtained, can produce different emotional responses in the face of the same information (event) input. The applicant believes that: the thinking system of brain has no projection to the visceral nervous system and the endocrine nervous system directly, so the activity of the systems can not be controlled directly, but because the thinking system has projection to the emotional system and can form emotional reaction, and the emotional system has projection to the visceral and the endocrine nervous system and modulates the nervous activity of the systems, the emotional reaction learned and formed by the thinking system mental activity can influence the activity of the visceral and the endocrine nervous systems through the projection, thereby influencing the internal organs and the immune endocrine work of the body, and finally influencing the health and the function of the human body, namely the qigong of China, the yoga of India, the Buddhist sitting of Buddha, the meditation of Western, and the like, and the biological basis of the practice of maintaining the health of the body through 'body building and nourishing'.

With reference to the mechanisms of operation of other neuroreflex systems of the brain, applicants speculate that the neural activity of the emotional system should also require excitation and control of the excitation pulse, and that there also appears to be an excitation pulse oscillation and control loop comprising cholinergic nerve nuclei, but cannot be further described due to the lack of anatomical information.

⒋ ⒍ neurons of different neurotransmitters have different roles in brain information processing. The brain has a number of different neurotransmitters and their membrane receptors, as well as different neurons that release these neurotransmitters, including cholinergic neurons, aminoergic neurons, monoaminergic neurons, and neuropeptide neurons, among others. Many nerve nuclei of the brain often have a plurality of different neurons at the same time and form different nerve projections, and the different nerve projections may be projected to the same brain area or brain nuclei together or projected in a cross way with each other, and the abnormal operation of the neurons of different neurotransmitters sometimes causes the same brain dysfunction or disease, which are easy to cause troubles and misleading for analyzing the information transmission path and the operation mechanism of the brain. According to the transmission characteristics and nerve projection paths of various neurotransmitters and the working mechanisms and control mechanisms of the brain for sensing input, transmission, memory and reflex output of information, the different roles of neurons of different neurotransmitters in brain information processing are analyzed, so that the working mechanisms of the brain can be better analyzed and understood.

⒋ ⒍ function as an amino acid neuron. Its neurotransmitters include glutamic acid (Glu) and aspartic acid (Asp), which are excitatory amino acids, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine (Gly), which are inhibitory amino acids. Amino acids act as neurotransmitters and their transmission channels are easily affected and modulated by other transmitters and are capable of developing synaptic plasticity (STDP plasticity), so the aminoacidonergic neurons are the most basic and dominant neurons of the brain that constitute the channels of information processing. Almost all information transmission and processing pathways of the central nervous system are mainly composed of excitatory amino acid neurons and inhibitory amino acid neurons cooperating with each other, thereby realizing input, transmission, integration, reflection and output of information and forming brain functions of memory, thinking and consciousness. Amino acid-competent neurons also constitute part of the modulatory neural pathway.

⒋ ⒍ capsule for cholinergic neurons. Its neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (ACh). In the central nerve, the gated channel of cholinergic neurotransmitter reacts very fast, the depolarization of a cell membrane does not need to exist in advance, and under the conditions of resting potential and hyperpolarization, once a ligand is combined with a receptor, the gated channel can be directly caused to be opened, calcium ions can rapidly flow in, strong membrane excitation is caused, and most of the gated channels can directly cause the outbreak of action potential. Furthermore, the axonal release of ACh from cholinergic neurons is rapid and transient, and after release, ACh, in addition to binding to receptors, also diffuses out of the synaptic cleft and is rapidly degraded by cholinesterase, i.e., ACh in the synaptic cleft can be rapidly cleared after release. Therefore, the action and stop time of the cholinergic neuron after the action potential bursts is extremely fast and short, the projected posterior neuron can generate strong membrane excitation and burst action potential, the strong and fast transmission characteristic enables the cholinergic neuron to be mainly used for synchronous excitation in central nervous activity, particularly a synchronous pulse oscillation loop is formed, the cholinergic neuron can form pulse emission of a round-trip cycle automatically without the synergistic action of other nerve paths, and the synchronous pulse emission serves as a synchronous excitation signal to control other nervous activity from time sequence, so that the nervous activity of brain information processing can be carried out orderly, and the synchronous pulse plays a time sequence control role similar to a clock signal of an electronic computer and is the most fundamental endogenous source power of various nervous activity of the central nervous system of the brain. If the projected neuron is an amino acid energy nerve, the cholinergic nerve can be quickly and strongly excited and burst an action potential with a high threshold value, so that synaptic plasticity is generated and a memory effect is formed. The transmission properties of cholinergic neurons also make them suitable for the input and transmission of motor output, neuro-muscular junctions, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and partial sensory information, but are generally not applicable to direct channels of information memory processing.

⒋ ⒍ ⒊ monoaminergic neurons. Its neurotransmitter is a biogenic amine containing a monoamine group. Monoaminergic neurons include dopaminergic neurons, 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons, noradrenergic neurons and adrenergic neurons, and histamine. Monoaminergic nerves act by affecting the transmission of other neurotransmitters, and their action is slow and long lasting. The role of monoaminergic neurons is to modulate neural activity. Especially the emotional system, modulates the information processing of the thinking system, the motor nervous system and the visceral nervous system. Wherein: the Noradrenaline (NE) nervosa mainly includes a medullary and a nerve nucleus group of a brain bridge (e.g., locus coeruleus), projects the nervus to a wide area such as a cerebral cortex, a thalamus, a hypothalamus, a limbic system, and the like, and mainly has an inhibitory modulation effect of inhibiting neuronal activity in the projected area. When the action of NE is too strong, it may excessively inhibit the neuronal activity of the thought system, resulting in abnormal decrease in neuronal activity, such as the appearance of depression. The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) nerve mainly exists in nuclei such as superior nucleus in the center of the pons and dorsal nucleus in the midbrain, and is projected to wide areas such as thalamus, cerebral cortex and the like, the projection area is similar to NE, but the effect is mainly enhanced modulation, and the nerve can enhance excitation and integration of the projection area. Depression is likely to occur when 5-HT is too low, and mania is likely to occur when 5-HT is too high. The Dopamine (DA) can cause nerves to exist mainly in the nucleus pulposus (such as substantia nigra) of the midbrain and the diencephalon, and projects to areas such as cerebral cortex, the limbic system and the like, and the effect of the dopamine is mainly enhanced modulation. The histaminergic nerves are mainly present in the tuberoinfusorian nucleus at the posterior hypothalamus, and the ascending is projected to the wide area of the forebrain, and the descending is projected to the brainstem and spinal cord, and the functions of the nerves are mainly modulation of sleep and wakefulness. The so-called potentiating and inhibitory modulation of modulatory neurons is not absolute because the neuronal activity of information processing pathways itself has a phenomenon of mutual inhibition, and amino acid neurons are classified into excitatory and inhibitory ones, and inhibitory modulation of inhibitory neurons corresponds substantially to potentiating modulation of inhibitory excitatory neurons. The complex and intercrossed modulation pathways of the monoaminergic neurons lead the nerve projection pathways of the brain to be very complex, and the complex and mutually influenced modulation effects lead the thinking activity of the brain to generate various complex changes, and generate high brain functions such as emotion, personality, desire, motivation and the like, and also have the phenomena of dreaminess, various psychoses and the like.

⒋ ⒍ ⒋ neuropeptide neurons. Its neurotransmitter is a macromolecular polypeptide, namely neuropeptide (SP). Neuropeptides are of a wide variety. Its action is slow and durable, mainly to regulate the physiological activity of brain's own neurons, and to regulate the internal organs and endocrine functions of the body.

In addition, purine-derived substances, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and the like are also involved in neuronal activity and have an influence on neuronal activity.

⒋ ⒍ ⒌ other cholinergic nerve projections of the brain. Excitatory transmission by cholinergic neurons is characterized by rapidity and great power and is used as a synchronous excitation pulse in central nervous activities. In addition to the presence of mainly brainstem networks which form synchronous pulse oscillation circuits with the thalamus, the hypothalamus and the like, the brain also has other main nuclei which emit cholinergic nerve projections, namely the medial septal nuclei and the oblique zonal nuclei of the septal region of the limbic system, and also the Meynert basal nuclei of the basal forebrain (basal forebrain complex). The relevant signal projection is as in figure 21. The projections and effects of these cholinergic nuclei include: projecting upward cortex, particularly sensory cortex and motor cortex, and cooperatively exciting integrated processing of sensory information and motor information, particularly cooperatively generating synaptic plasticity to form cognitive memory and motor memory; secondly, projecting towards the cingulate gyrus and the hippocampus structure, and carrying out cooperative excitation on the integrated treatment of intermediate information (namely declarative information) of a thinking system, particularly synaptotactic plasticity is generated cooperatively to form hippocampal memory; performing two-way mutual projection with the amygdala and the hypothalamus to mutually modulate the work of each other and cooperatively form emotional memory; fourth, the projection to some nuclei of the midbrain plays an incentive role. On the other hand, these cholinergic nerve nuclei are similarly subjected to neuroregulation by noradrenergic, 5-HT-energetic and dopaminergic genes originating from the locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe nucleus of midbrain, ventral tegmental side of midbrain.

The cholinergic nucleus pulposus of the septal and basal forebrain is in reciprocal connection with the cholinergic nucleus pulposus of the brain stem network structure through the medial tract of the forebrain. Absent more detailed anatomical data, it is unclear to the applicant whether at all, the neural nuclei of the septal and basal forebrain are under the control of the brainstem network, or the brainstem network is under the control of these nuclei? Who is the main? Or work independently of each other only to affect each other? From the perspective of the breadth of control involved in the processing of information throughout the brain, it appears that brainstem networks are of greater importance.

In addition, there is also a short local projection of cholinergic nerves within the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, etc., and it is presumed that the effect is an extension of the received long projection of cholinergic nerves, and the synergistic stimulation effect is also exerted.

⒋ ⒎ the nature and mechanism of operation of the brain. The previous theory holds that: the human brain evolves from low-grade to high-grade with the evolution of the body, when the human brain evolves high-grade neocortex such as the telencephalon, the nerve activity of the neocortex such as the telencephalon is in a dominant position, and the previous parts such as the brain stem reticular structure become subordinate positions under the dominant condition of the cortex, so that the thinking and consciousness of the human brain are considered to be generated by neurons of the telencephalon, and then the activity of other neurons of the low-grade center is controlled. The applicant believes that: these theories are clearly misleading to understanding of the thought, nature of consciousness, and the mechanisms of brain operation, such that the location on the telencephalon where consciousness is produced is never "found". In fact, the central brain system does not have a status of who is the master and the slave, and neurons in various parts of the brain perform neural reflex activities that project and modulate each other, and thinking and consciousness are only the results of these neural activities and the expression reflected on macroscopic behaviors. If the part which is dominant in the nerve activity is to be distinguished, but the part is the brain stem network structure at the bottom layer of the brain, the part is a plurality of pulse oscillation loops which are formed by taking cholinergic nerves of a plurality of nerve nuclei of the brain stem network structure as a core, and the nerve activity of cortex including telencephalon is directly or indirectly stimulated and controlled by generating and distributing excitation pulses, so that the part is the endogenous source motive force of the whole central nerve activity. Based on the foregoing analysis of the composition and operation of the various nervous systems of the brain, applicants have made the following review of the nature of the overall human brain and its mechanism of operation.

⒋ ⒎ preferably look from the overall structure of the brain. The human brain is mainly composed of a plurality of relatively independent and mutually influenced information processing systems such as a thinking nervous system, a motor nervous system, a visceral nervous system, a biochemical nervous system, an emotional nervous system and the like. The overall structure is shown in fig. 22, and the constitution and the neural projection of each information processing system are described in the foregoing. In these systems, cholinergic nerves in the medial, lateral and tegmental networks project from the thalamus, suprathalamus, hypothalamus and hypothalamus to form multiple relatively independent nerve oscillation loops, which generate excitation pulses by issuing action potentials back and forth. The excitation pulses are the source spring of the bottom layer of the whole central nervous activity, excite and control the nervous activity and time sequence of each information processing system, and then the information processing such as information input, output, reflection, memory and the like is carried out by the amino acid energy nerves of the outer layer (especially cortex) of each information processing system, wherein the thinking nervous system and the motor nervous system are crossly projected for processing various external information, the internal organ nervous system and the biochemical nervous system are crossly projected for processing the information of the internal life activity of the organism, and the information processing systems are crossly modulated and influenced by the monoamine energy nerves and the neuropeptide energy nerves of the emotional nervous system and the related modulation nerve groups to form different states such as sleep, waking, tiredness, excitement and the like, and generate the expression of emotion aspects such as motivation, desire, pleasure, fear and the like, thus, a complex information processing organ, namely the brain, is formed.

⒋ ⒎ depend on the higher functions of the brain. Where the thought is an ordered chain of stepwise activation actions of neurons: the cortical interneurons, under the excitation and control of the synchronized impulses of the "attention" control loop of the "midbrain network-thalamus", produce controlled, time-ordered, sequentially stepped, chain-like activation actions, which are the most fundamental form of mental activity, i.e., the essence of thinking at the neuronal level. Consciousness is the brain's self-perception of mental activity: the axon branches of the intermediate neurons performing thinking activities on the joint cortex perform feedback projection to the neurons of the sensory cortex, so that the sensory cortex generates real-time perception on the thinking activities of the joint cortex, which is the essence of consciousness. The biological meaning of feedback projection of the thinking process to the sensory cortex is that the intermediate information generated by the thinking process is projected to a sensory area, the intermediate information is input as new information and is recombined with the original information so as to update and perfect the information structure of the information, but the projection enables the thinking process to be perceived by the sensory cortex, so that people know and 'consciousness' in real time to the thinking process, and the wonderful 'consciousness' is generated. "attention" is the brain's control over the issuance of stimulation pulses for mental activities: the hierarchical projection structure composed of a 'midbrain reticular structure-thalamus-cortex' forms a control mode through a competitive mechanism, so that only a certain part of neurons in the cortex are issued with synchronous excitation pulses at the same time, and the part of neurons can be excited to carry out thinking activity, thereby controlling and switching the 'attention' direction of a thinking system.

⒋ ⒎ ⒊ are seen from the class of neurons. The brain mainly adopts amino acid energy nerves to form a main channel for information processing, adopts cholinergic nerves to generate exciting pulses to excite and control the information processing in a time sequence mode, adopts single (group) aminergic nerves and neuropeptide nerves to carry out various modulations on the information processing, and jointly realizes the joint processing of information. A typical thalamic nucleus, an amino acid-competent neuron, is subjected to various types of neural projections as shown in FIG. 23, which have different meanings for the neuronal activity.

The characteristic of amino acid energy nerves including excitability and inhibition, taking amino acid as a neurotransmitter, enabling transmission channels to be easily influenced and modulated by other transmitters and forming synaptic plasticity (STDP plasticity) enables the amino acid energy neurons to be used for transmitting and integrating various excitation information, is the most basic and main neurons of brain information processing channels and realizes the functions of memory and information integration processing.

The cholinergic transmitter of cholinergic nerve directly acts on a calcium ligand channel, the excitation transmission is fast, strong and short, the posterior neuron can generate strong membrane excitation, the transmission characteristic enables the cholinergic neuron to be mainly used for excitation in central nervous activity, particularly forms an excitation pulse oscillation loop to generate source power of the central nervous activity, and controls other nervous activity in a time sequence by transmitting an excitation signal, so that the central nervous activity can be carried out in order, and the control effect similar to a clock signal of an electronic computer is achieved.

The neurotransmitter and modulator of monoaminergic nerve and other neuropeptide nervoses acts by influencing the transmission process of other neurotransmitters, the action process is slow, the duration is long, the characteristic enables the nerves to play a modulating role mainly in the central nervous system, various modulation is carried out on nerve activity, various complex states and changes are generated on nerve activity, different mental states and expressions of emotion, personality, desire, motivation and the like are generated, and sleepwalking and various psychoses are generated when the modulation is abnormal.

⒋ ⒎ ⒋ from the working link of the central nerve. The brain generally adopts a closed neural loop formed by the back-and-forth projection of 2 to 5-level neurons, and performs certain information processing belonging to the brain in a mode of exciting integration and sending action potentials back and forth. Meanwhile, for a certain neural loop, on one hand, the neurons of certain nodes in the loop receive the projection of other neural loops to realize information input or modulation input, on the other hand, the neurons of certain nodes in the loop also project to other neural loops to realize information output or modulation output, and the 'loop-to-loop' forms a huge neural network, so that powerful brain functions are realized in a simple neural activity mode. The aggregation of a large number of neurons at nodes at the same position in the same type of information channel often forms individual nuclei, and the aggregation of nerve projections between these nodes forms nerve bundles between the individual nuclei. A simplified projection diagram of the neural circuit is shown in fig. 24, in which three neurons project back and forth above and below the projection diagram to form two neural circuits, and the axons and dendrites of adjacent neurons of the two neural circuits form synaptic connections due to the correlation of excitatory activities, so as to form a projection relationship, thereby having functions of sensing, inputting and excitatory integration of each other's activities. The two nerve loops also receive the input of other nerve projections, and the axon output of the two nerve loops also projects and outputs to other nerve loops to form a projection relation of 'loop-to-loop'.

The neural loop projected back and forth only needs to carry out 'own' signal integration processing according to a fixed simple activity mode of the neural loop, and does not need to 'manage' how complex the signal of the whole neural network is, so that the state of the neural activity of the loop is kept stable, and various information can be input and output through the criss-cross mutual projection between the loops. Moreover, although each neuron is only performing simple excitation integration and action potential emission, each neural loop is only performing transmission and reflection of information with the same simple reflex action, but because: the number of the neural loops is extremely large, and the related projection of the neural loops is also extremely large; the neurons have the function of excitation integration, can simultaneously integrate and process the information input of a plurality of other neural loops, and has the function of accurate analog quantity processing; a huge number of synaptic connections can be formed among neurons inside and between neural circuits, and the synapses can generate plasticity of synaptic transmission efficacy due to the temporal relevance of neural activity; fourthly, new nerve projections can be cancelled or formed through synapse reconstruction due to the relevance of the activity degrees of the nerves among the nerve loops, and the number of the nerve projections is large and the nerve projections also have plasticity; fifthly, different neurons are provided, and different neurotransmitters and modulators, different receptors and different ion channels are used for carrying out different nerve actions; therefore, the huge neural network formed by the neural loops can present strong plasticity to receive and memorize various input information, and carry out powerful combined processing on various information through a network structure formed by depending on plasticity connection. The brain processes various complex massive information in a mode of 'loop buckling' and 'infinite extension' by using a huge number of nerve loops.

⒋ ⒎ ⒌ for example, for the thinking nervous system, the mesencephalon reticular structure and the neurons of the thalamus form the bottom loop, and the cholinergic nerves are the main to form the oscillation loop of the synchronous excitation pulse, which receives the modulation of the information input from various sensory inputs and thinking processes, (i.e. the reporter input), and modulates the thalamus upwards; the thalamus and the amino acid energy neuron of the cerebral cortex form an intermediate loop, on one hand, the thalamus and the amino acid energy neuron of the cerebral cortex receive the control of the excitation pulse of a bottom loop, and on the other hand, the thalamus and the amino acid energy neuron control the activity of the cortical neuron by sending out synchronous excitation pulses; the interneurons of the cortex (including sensory cortex ← → combined cortex, combined cortex ← → neurons of motor cortex, all of which are basically amino acid-functional nerves) mutually project to form a huge top-level loop, process various information by reciprocating, and perform feedback modulation on the intermediate loop and the bottom-level loop in a downward direction; the three layers of nerve loops are small in number of bottom layers and large in number of upper layers, are mutually projected and modulated, are in one-to-many diffusion type projection from bottom to top, control the activity of a large number of neurons on the cortex through the activity of a small number of neurons of the mesencephalon reticular structure, and are in many-to-one polymerization type projection from top to bottom, so that the activity state of a large number of neurons on the cortex can be finally fed back to the mesencephalon reticular structure, and an excitation and attention control mechanism of thinking nerve activity is formed. (see section "control mechanism of mental activity ⒊ before). Many of the three neural circuits of the thought system also receive projections from monoaminergic and neuropeptide-ergic nerves from various modulatory nuclei, which in turn are projected by the thought system, and this relationship of projection from each other constitutes a neural circuit between different systems.

Among them, it is particularly worth mentioning: in the top loop, the thinking nervous system is just under the control of the synchronous excitation pulse, and by repeatedly projecting information back and forth in the short nerve loops between the sensory cortex ← → the combined cortex, the combined cortex ← → the combined cortex and the combined cortex ← → the motor cortex, the input memory or the reflection between these short nerve loops is realized to output an information string whose length can be extended almost infinitely, such as: memorize or recite a large section of an article, or make a complex series of actions. The back and forth projection mode is similar to the playing of table tennis, although the ball only moves back and forth between two sides of the table tennis table, the motion trail of the table tennis is different due to the different positions, angles and time of the two sides of the bat, and the table tennis can be repeatedly moved back and forth for unlimited times.

⒋ ⒎ ⒌ in the process of biological evolution, the number of each nerve loop can be increased correspondingly according to the increase of information quantity, and the 'loop-buckled' structure continues to keep mutual projection to form a nearly infinitely extensible nerve network, while in the process of extension, although the nerve loops can continuously adjust the connection structure through synaptic plasticity and synaptic reconstruction, the basic architecture of nerve projection among each nerve nucleus can be kept stable, so that the basic architecture and the working mechanism of the brain can have continuity and stability in the process of biological evolution. Therefore, the basic architecture of the information transmission processing is the same in the human and mouse brains, and the difference is the number of neurons in the nerve tissue of each part. In the work and control mechanism of human brain, it still has the brain stem network structure, basal brain and each thalamus formed in early stage, and the telogen and its neocortex are only in specific information processing, but the telogen volume becomes very large due to the sharp increase of information quantity. The high-level functions of the human brain, such as thinking, consciousness and motivation, are not generated by neurons in a specific part of the telencephalon and then control the activities of other neurons in the lower-level center, but rather are the neural activities of the underlying neural activities, such as the brain stem network structure, and the like, which control the neural activities of the cortex including the telencephalon, and the high-level brain functions are only the result and macroscopic expression of the overall neural activity of the whole central neural network. Just like a single ant only performs some simple instinctive actions, the ant transmits extremely simple information through an antenna, but an ant colony formed by a large number of ants can generate complex advanced behaviors and embody certain motivation and intelligence.

Also because of this structure of mutual projection, it is possible that the same neurological dysfunction or disease is directly related to information processing abnormalities due to the amino acid functional neural dysfunction of its associated information processing neural circuit; or the cholinergic nerve which excites and synchronously controls the nerve loop is abnormally operated, so that the nerve loop cannot normally and orderly work; it is also possible that the various modulation pathways that modulate this neural circuit may be abnormally modulated and function abnormally due to abnormal operation of the monoaminergic or neuropeptide-ergic nerves. In treating these diseases, analysis of this is required to obtain a more appropriate treatment regimen.

⒌ explanation of several phenomena in the brain. The applicant has made an analysis and description of some phenomena of the brain, including brain waves, sleep, dreams, sleepwalking and attention deficit disorders, autism, schizophrenia, brain aging, etc., based on the nature of "thinking", "attention" and "awareness" as set forth above, and the working mechanisms of the brain, particularly the mental "attention" control mechanisms, and has been referred to patent applications previously filed by the applicant, for which the text is omitted: the application number is 2015101775882; an attention switching training device for treating autism, which has the application number of 2015101570632; the application of the tri-calcium and the calcitonin in the preparation of the medicament for delaying the brain aging is 201510236684X; fourth, a method and a device for activating the brain of a dead or dead brain are provided, with application number 2015103518360; and the like attached to the specification of the application.

Claims (8)

1. A memory and thinking simulator based on human brain working mechanism comprises a plurality of signal input channels, each signal input channel comprises a signal input port, an intensity/frequency conversion module and a frequency/position conversion module which are connected in sequence; the method is characterized in that:

the frequency/position conversion module belongs to different input channels of the same input channel, each output end of the frequency/position conversion module is connected to the input end of the cross projection module to be used as an input signal of the cross projection module, cross projection is carried out in the cross module, at each cross point, the input signal is respectively and commonly connected to the excitation input end of one analog neuron through one analog synapse, and the axon output end of each analog neuron is parallelly used as the output end of the cross projection module; each output end of the cross projection module and the combined projection module perform mutual projection, namely the output end of the simulated neuron of the cross projection module is connected to the excitation input end of the simulated neuron of the combined projection module through a simulated synapse, the axon output end of the simulated neuron of the combined projection module is connected to the excitation input end of the simulated neuron of the cross projection module through a simulated synapse, and the hair branch is connected to the excitation input end of the simulated neuron of the cross projection module; the axon output end of the simulated neuron of the combined projection module is simultaneously used as the output end of the combined projection module; each output end of the joint projection module is connected to the output module;

each signal input channel is also provided with an excitation pulse control loop, the output end of the intensity/frequency conversion module of each signal input channel is connected with the excitation signal input end of the excitation pulse control loop through an analog synapse, the output end of each excitation pulse of the excitation pulse control loop is connected with the excitation input end of each analog neuron of the cross projection module and the joint projection module of the corresponding signal input channel through the analog synapse, and the axon output ends of each analog neuron of the cross projection module and the joint projection module are in turn connected with the feedback input end of the corresponding excitation pulse control loop through branches.

2. The human brain working mechanism-based memory and thought simulator of claim 1, wherein: the signal input port is used for receiving an external input signal; the intensity/frequency conversion module is used for converting the input signal into a pulse signal, the frequency of the output pulse signal corresponds to the intensity of the input signal, and the pulse frequency is higher if the signal intensity is higher; the frequency/position conversion module is used for converting the pulse signal into the output of a plurality of output ends, and the output states of the output ends correspond to the high and low of the pulse frequency.

3. The human brain working mechanism-based memory and thought simulator of claim 2, wherein: the output of the signal input port is connected to the input of the intensity/frequency conversion module, the output of the intensity/frequency conversion module is connected to the input of the frequency/position conversion module, and the output of the frequency/position conversion module is connected to the input of the cross projection module.

4. The human brain working mechanism-based memory and thought simulator of claim 1, wherein: each excitation pulse control loop is formed by three analog neurons in an end-to-end connection mode to form a closed-loop neural loop; the excitation input end of the first analog neuron is simultaneously used as the excitation signal input end of the control loop and is connected with the output end of the intensity/frequency conversion module; the axon output end of the second simulated neuron is simultaneously used as the excitation pulse output end of the control loop and is connected to the cross projection module and the joint projection module; and the excitation input end of the third analog neuron is simultaneously used as the feedback input end of the control loop and is connected with the branches of the output ends of the cross projection module and the joint projection module.

5. The human brain working mechanism-based memory and thought simulator of claim 4, wherein: the axon output of the first simulated neuron of any one excitation pulse control loop, which also serves as an inhibitory signal output, is connected to the inhibitory modulation input of the first simulated neuron of the other excitation pulse control loop through an analog fixed synapse.

6. The human brain working mechanism-based memory and thought simulator of claim 4, wherein: the end-to-end connection mode is that the axon output end of each analog neuron is connected with the excitation input end of the former analog neuron through an analog synapse: the axon output end of the first simulated neuron is connected with the excitation input end of the second simulated neuron through the simulated synapse, the axon output end of the second simulated neuron is connected with the excitation input end of the third simulated neuron through the simulated synapse, and the axon output end of the third simulated neuron is connected with the excitation output end of the first simulated neuron through the simulated synapse.

7. The human brain working mechanism-based memory and thought simulator of claim 1, wherein: and the output ends of the cross projection modules of different input channels are also subjected to cross projection again, at each cross point, input signals are respectively and commonly connected to the excitation input end of one analog neuron through one analog synapse, and the axon output end of each analog neuron is also parallelly connected to be used as the other part of output ends of the cross projection modules.

8. The human brain working mechanism-based memory and thought simulator of claim 1, wherein: in the joint projection module, the axon outputs of different analog neurons of the same signal input path are also each connected to the excitation input of one analog neuron through an analog synapse, which in turn is connected to the inhibitory modulation inputs of these different analog neurons through analog synapses, respectively.

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