CN105246735B - 具有带有继电器控制电路的智能插塞的电动车辆配套设备 - Google Patents

具有带有继电器控制电路的智能插塞的电动车辆配套设备 Download PDF

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CN105246735B
CN105246735B CN201480025073.4A CN201480025073A CN105246735B CN 105246735 B CN105246735 B CN 105246735B CN 201480025073 A CN201480025073 A CN 201480025073A CN 105246735 B CN105246735 B CN 105246735B
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zero
relay
crossing detector
signal
current
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CN105246735A (zh
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M.哈桑-阿里
J.拉森
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TE Connectivity Corp
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Tyco Electronics Corp
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60L3/00Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/04Cutting off the power supply under fault conditions
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B60L3/0046Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to electric energy storage systems, e.g. batteries or capacitors
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60L53/00Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/10Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by the energy transfer between the charging station and the vehicle
    • B60L53/14Conductive energy transfer
    • B60L53/16Connectors, e.g. plugs or sockets, specially adapted for charging electric vehicles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60L53/00Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/10Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by the energy transfer between the charging station and the vehicle
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    • B60L53/18Cables specially adapted for charging electric vehicles
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/60Monitoring or controlling charging stations
    • B60L53/65Monitoring or controlling charging stations involving identification of vehicles or their battery types
    • HELECTRICITY
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    • HELECTRICITY
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    • H01H47/00Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current
    • H01H47/02Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current for modifying the operation of the relay
    • H01H47/04Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current for modifying the operation of the relay for holding armature in attracted position, e.g. when initial energising circuit is interrupted; for maintaining armature in attracted position, e.g. with reduced energising current
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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    • H01H47/02Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current for modifying the operation of the relay
    • H01H47/04Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current for modifying the operation of the relay for holding armature in attracted position, e.g. when initial energising circuit is interrupted; for maintaining armature in attracted position, e.g. with reduced energising current
    • H01H47/10Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current for modifying the operation of the relay for holding armature in attracted position, e.g. when initial energising circuit is interrupted; for maintaining armature in attracted position, e.g. with reduced energising current by switching-in or -out impedance external to the relay winding
    • HELECTRICITY
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    • H01H47/00Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current
    • H01H47/22Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current for supplying energising current for relay coil
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60L2240/00Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/10Vehicle control parameters
    • B60L2240/36Temperature of vehicle components or parts
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/52Drive Train control parameters related to converters
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L2240/00Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40Drive Train control parameters
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60L2270/00Problem solutions or means not otherwise provided for
    • B60L2270/20Inrush current reduction, i.e. avoiding high currents when connecting the battery
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    • H01H83/00Protective switches, e.g. circuit-breaking switches, or protective relays operated by abnormal electrical conditions otherwise than solely by excess current
    • H01H83/20Protective switches, e.g. circuit-breaking switches, or protective relays operated by abnormal electrical conditions otherwise than solely by excess current operated by excess current as well as by some other abnormal electrical condition
    • HELECTRICITY
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    • H01H9/00Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/54Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switching device and for which no provision exists elsewhere
    • H01H9/56Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switching device and for which no provision exists elsewhere for ensuring operation of the switch at a predetermined point in the ac cycle
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

用于将电动车辆联接到电源的智能插塞(120)包括:包括触头(264)的继电器(206),该继电器构造成以接通状态操作以允许电力被供给到电动车辆,以及以断开状态操作以禁止电力被供给到电动车辆。该智能插塞另外包括联接到继电器的微控制器(MCU)(200),该微控制器输出控制信号(148)以使继电器在接通状态下操作。该智能插塞另外包括联接到继电器的零交点检测器(ZCD)(202),该ZCD在电力的电压大致为零时输出接通信号至继电器,并且在电力的电流大致为零时输出断路信号至继电器。

Description

具有带有继电器控制电路的智能插塞的电动车辆配套设备
技术领域
本文主题一般地涉及具有智能插塞的电动车辆配套设备,该智能插塞带有用于操作继电器的控制电路。
背景技术
继电器用于不同类型的应用。一个应用是汽车应用,用于将电动车辆连接到外部电源。在操作中,继电器被激励以允许将充电电流输送到电动车辆。继电器然后被去激励,以阻止充电电流被输送到电动车辆。
在输送较高水平电流的电路中,诸如用以对电动车辆充电的电路,在继电器中的触头从去激励状态(本文中称为断开触头)重定位到激励状态(本文中称为闭合触头)时,会在继电器内部产生电弧。由于继电器是机电装置,继电器在操作期间表现出力学性能。由此,当继电器被激励时,触头在处于最终位置(即闭合位置)之前会暂时性地振动或者颤动。虽然在颤动事件期间触头之间的距离可能小于十个微米,但继电器中的残余电压产生较大电场,导致电弧。
电弧会具有较高的能量。如果电弧具有足够高的能量,电弧可以损伤和/或污染继电器中的触头。而且,在有些情况下电弧可以导致产生足够的热,而将触头焊接在一起。例如,电弧可以将触头焊接在一起,使得触头不能分离以将继电器与之相连的电路断开。机械阻尼装置可用以减少颤动。但是,该机械阻尼装置不可能完全地消除颤动。
发明内容
该问题通过如本文公开的用于将电动车辆联接到电源的智能插塞解决,该智能插塞具有继电器控制电路,且该继电器控制电路可操作为激励和去激励控制较大电流的继电器,而同时降低会损害继电器中的触头的过大电弧。智能插塞包括具有触头的继电器。继电器构造成以接通状态操作以允许电力被供给到电动车辆,以及以断开状态操作以禁止电力被供给到电动车辆。智能插塞另外包括联接到继电器的微控制器(MCU),该微控制器输出控制信号以使继电器在接通状态下操作。智能插塞另外包括联接到继电器的零交点检测器(ZCD),在电力的电压大致为零时,该ZCD输出接通信号到继电器,而在电力的电流大致为零时,该ZCD输出断路信号至继电器。
附图说明
图1例示了根据(EVSE系统的)示例性实施方式形成的电动车辆充电设备(EVSE)。
图2是根据图1中所示的EVSE系统的示例性实施方式形成的智能插塞的示意图。图3是智能插塞的根据示例性实施方式形成的零交点检测器(ZCD)的示意图。
图4是用于零交点检测器的根据示例性实施方式产生的电压波形和电流波形。
图5是根据示例性实施方式形成的线圈驱动器的示意图。
具体实施方式
图1例示了根据示例性实施方式形成的电动车辆充电设备(EVSE)系统100。EVSE系统100构造成允许电动车辆102联接到电源104,或者从电源104断开。在操作中,在联接构造中,EVSE系统100允许电动车辆102经由来源于电源的电力充电,而在断开构造中,EVSE系统100允许电动车辆102从电源104电气地断开。
EVSE系统100一般地包括电缆110,电缆110具有第一端112和反向的第二端114。EVSE系统100另外包括联接到电缆第一端112的智能插塞120,和联接到电缆第二端114的管口(nozzle)122。
智能插塞120可以实施为充电电路中断装置(CCID)150,其构造成将电动车辆102连接到电源104。在操作中,CCID 150控制从电源104传输到电动车辆102的电流,由此控制电动车辆102的充电。在示例性实施方式中,智能插塞另外包括连接器152,以允许智能插塞120以及由此的电动车辆102插接到北美洲使用的标准AC电源插座154。连接器152因此构造成满足由国家电气制造商协会NEMA(the National Electrical Manufacturer'sAssociation,NEMA)建立的规范。例如,在一个实施方式中,连接器152是(NEMA-5)插塞。智能插塞120可以构造用于连接到其它类型的系统,诸如在其它国家使用的系统以及符合其它标准的系统。
在另一实施方式中,智能插塞120构造为电缆充电装置(In-Cable ChargingDevice,ICCD)(未示出),用以允许智能插塞120被插接到欧洲式电源插座。在本示例中,连接器152可以构造为电刷辫(pigtail),其中充电器与电缆110整合。电刷辫可关联有温度传感器。
另外参考图2,图2是智能插塞120的示意图。电缆110包括多个导体130(见图2)。例如,电缆110可以包括电导体132、中性导体134和接地136。在各种实施方式中,导体130是美国标准线规14尺寸(size fourteen American Wire Gauge,AWG 14),允许电缆110以110V和/或220V的电压供给直到16安培(A)至电动车辆102。应该了解到,电缆110可以包括多于三个导体130。而且,应该了解到,各个导体130的电线大小可以大于AWG14。电缆110还可以包括各种通讯线路140(见图2),用于在智能插塞120和管口122和/或电动车辆102之间传输信息。通讯线路140可以包括例如用于传输指示信号142的通讯线路、用于传输接近检测信号144的通讯线路,和/或用于传输管口温度信号146的通讯线路。通讯线路140可以例如是AWG20,用以允许指示信号142、接近检测信号144和温度信号146从电动车辆102传输到智能插塞120,和/或从智能插塞120传输且由电动车辆102接收。
在操作中,接近检测信号144用以判定管口122被插接到电动车辆102的时刻。更具体地,当管口122最初联接到电动车辆102时,产生接近检测信号144。智能插塞120产生指示信号142,并且当电动车辆102准备好充电时,指示信号142将这种状态指示给智能插塞120,以开始充电操作。指示信号142还指示在充电操作期间可以从电源104供给到电动车辆102的最大电流。在各种实施方式中,微控制器单元(MCU)200基于来源于指示信号142和接近检测信号144的输入来判定管口122被接到电动车辆102且准备好要开始充电操作。更具体地,MCU 200在从指示信号142和接近检测信号144接收到输入时,将继电器控制信号148输出到继电器206(见图2)。在示例性实施方式中,智能插塞120使用继电器206来开始切换操作,但是,在替代实施方式中,可以使用其它类型的切换装置。切换装置可以更一般地称为开关206。
温度可以在两个位置处被感测到。该两个位置可以包括例如MCU 200内的温度,其可以使用嵌入在MCU 200中的内部温度传感器来感测到。而且,管口122的温度可以使用嵌入在管口122中的温度传感器146感测到。系统的在其它位置处的其它部件的温度可以被感测到,并用以控制操作。在操作中,输送到电动车辆102的最大充电电流可以响应于MCU 200和/或管口122中的上升温度而降低。例如,MCU 200可以被程序化为具有第一温度阈值,该第一温度阈值可以是最高工作温度。如果超过第一温度阈值,则MCU 200可以使得输送到电动车辆102的充电电流降低。如果输送到电动车辆102的电流的降低不导致管口122的操作温度的相关降低,则MCU 200可以通过使得继电器206断开而将电动车辆102从电源104断开。而且,如果使得继电器206断开不导致管口122的操作温度的相关降低,则MCU 200可以激励警报器。该警报器可以实施为视觉和/或听觉的指示器。
电缆110另外包括绝缘材料(未示出),以允许电缆110抵抗恶劣操作条件,同时保持高的机械灵活性和耐受性。电缆110另外包括由例如柔性热塑性弹性体(TPE)制成的柔性蒙皮或者护套(未示出),以允许电缆110抵抗每天多次挠曲。
管口122构造成联接到电动车辆102,并且因此提供了在电源104和电动车辆102之间的电气通路。在示例性实施方式中,管口122构造成符合电动车辆的汽车工程师学会标准(The Society of Automotive Engineers,SAE)。因此,管口122可以制成为符合SAE J1772标准,例如。在替代实施方式中,管口122可以构造成符合其它标准,诸如,世界其它地方的标准,诸如IEC。
在各种实施方式中,智能插塞120包括MCU 200、零交点检测器(ZCD)202、过电流装置(OCD)204和继电器206,这些部件一起用以允许电动车辆102经由电源104被充电,均如图1中所示。术语“微控制器”可以包括任何基于处理器或者基于微处理器的计算机,包括使用精简指令系统计算机(RISC)、专用集成电路(ASICs)、现场可编程门阵列(FPGAs)、逻辑电路和能够执行本文所述功能的任何其它电路或处理器的系统。上述示例仅是示例性的,由此不旨在以任何方式限制术语“微控制器”的定义和/或含义。关于MCU 200、ZCD202、OCD 204和继电器206的详细说明在下面更详细地解释。
总体上,智能插塞120还可以包括保护装置210,用于限制从电源104供给到电动车辆102的交流电流和/或交流电压。保护装置210可以包括至少一个熔断器212,用以在交流电流超过最大工作电流并经过与故障电流相对应的一段时间以后限制供给到电动车辆102的交流电流。在各种实施方式中,最大工作电流可以是例如16A。而且,如果交流电流超过例如1KA 10msec,则保护装置210可以激励以停止将电流供给到电动车辆102。保护装置210还可以包括具有负温度系数(NTC)的热敏电阻214,以便热敏电阻的阻抗与温度升高成比例地降低。在操作中,通过起始地以较高阻抗操作且该高阻抗被逐渐地降低以控制输送到电动车辆102的冲击电流,热敏电阻214减轻输送到电动车辆102的冲击电流。保护装置210可以进一步包括静电放电(ESD)电路216,以通过将交流电压箝位在较低电压水平、例如小于15V而吸收ESD能量。
智能插塞120另外包括分离电源220,用于对智能插塞120中的各种工作部件供电。在操作中,电源220构造成产生具有例如+12V、-12V幅值的主电源信号。电源220另外构造成产生具有例如-12V、+12V的幅值的接地信号。在操作中,接地信号与主电源信号并行地产生。电源220进一步构造成产生多个辅助功率信号。辅助功率信号可以包括例如供给到MCU200的3.3V信号以及供给到智能插塞的模拟前端(AFE)222的10.0V信号。AFE 222一般地包括位于MCU 200和继电器206之间的各种部件。AFE 222还可以包括位于MCU 200和通讯线路140之间的各种部件。
智能插塞120另外包括构造成产生电信号232的电流滤波器/增益装置230,电流滤波器/增益装置230构造成产生适合MCU 200、ZCD 202和OCD204使用的电信号232。例如,如上所述,电导体132输送的电流可以接近16A。但是,将16A信号供给到MCU 200、ZCD 202和OCD 204会导致对这些部件中的一者或全部部件的损伤。在操作中,电流滤波器/增益装置230因此构造成感测电导体132中的电流,并输出电信号232,该电信号232的电流水平能够由MCU 200、ZCD 202和OCD 204使用。
在各种实施方式中,电流滤波器/增益装置230可以包括同样作用为滤波器的低噪声偏离放大器(未示出)和/或电流传感电阻器(未示出)。更具体地,电流滤波器/增益装置230可以包括具有例如(1mOhm)的值的电流传感电阻器,以降低功率耗损。可选地,继电器的接触电阻可以用作电流传感电阻器。放大器选择为使得放大器中的内部偏差和噪音明显小于电流传感电阻器两端的最低电压。而且,放大器的增益选择为使得放大器的整个工作范围是在0A和20A RNS之间。结果,电流传感电阻器两端的电压被放大和滤波,以产生输入到MCU 200的电信号232。智能插塞120另外包括电压衰减器装置240,电压衰减器装置240构造成产生适于由MCU 200、ZCD 202和OCD 204使用的电压信号242。例如,如上所述,由电导体132输送的电压可以接近110V/220V。但是,将110V或者220V信号供给到MCU 200、ZCD202和OCD 204会导致对这些部件中一者或全部部件的损伤。在操作中,电压衰减器装置240因此构造成感测电导体132中的电压,并输出电压信号242,所述电压信号242的电压被从电导体132中的电压水平按比例缩小,并且还被电容性隔离并且水平偏移。电压衰减器装置240可以测量线路132和中间位置134之间的和/或在接地136和中间位置134之间的和/或在接地136和线路132之间的电压差。继电器206可以基于来自电压衰减器装置240的输入操作。电压衰减器装置240可以测量继电器206上游和/或下游的电压差。
继电器206构造成在接通状态或者断开状态下操作。在各种实施方式中,继电器206包括电子锁存电路260、一个或者更多个线圈驱动器262和继电器触头264。在所示的实施方式中,继电器触头264关联于中间位置、线路和接地中的每一个,但是在其它实施方式中,继电器触头264可以仅仅被包括以用于线路和中间位置。在接通状态下,触头264接通,以允许电力被从电源104供给到电动车辆102。更具体地,锁存电路260输出信号以致动线圈驱动器262,从而导致触头264接通。可选地,设有两个线圈驱动器262,包括用以驱动与线路和中间位置关联的触头264的一个线圈驱动器262,以及用以驱动与接地关联的触头264的另一个线圈驱动器262。具有多个线圈驱动器允许触头264被单独地驱动。在其它替代实施方式中,可以设置三个线圈驱动器262,每个线圈驱动器用于线路、中间位置和接地中各一个。替代地,单个线圈驱动器262可以驱动线路、中间位置和接地。而且,继电器206另外构造成以断开状态操作,例如触头264断开以禁止电力被供给到电动车辆102。更具体地,当锁存电路260输出的信号被停用或者停止时,线圈驱动器262被去致动,以导致触头264断路。
在操作中,继电器206利用两个信号来起动断开状态和接通状态之间的或者在接通状态和断开状态之间的切换操作。该两个信号包括由MCU 200提供的继电器控制信号148、和由ZCD 202提供的ZCD输出信号250。
在一个实施方式中,继电器控制信号148可以基于操作者的手动输入产生。例如,当操作者期望使继电器206在接通状态下操作时,操作者可以压下按钮,或者以其它方式提供指示至MCU 200,以产生继电器控制信号148。继电器控制信号148然后被传输到继电器206,以起动触头264的接通。在另一实施方式中,继电器控制信号148由MCU 200自动地产生,如上所述。例如,继电器控制信号148可以在邻近探测装置信号144指示电动车辆102被连接到电源104、且指示信号142在MCU 200处被接收到时产生。
但是,如上所述,继电器206中的触头264不接通或者断开,除非接收到两个信号,例如继电器控制信号148和由ZCD 202提供的ZCD输出信号250。由此,虽然MCU 200可以将继电器控制信号148传输到继电器206以起动触头264的断开和接通,但在从ZCD 202接收到ZCD输出信号250之前继电器206并不使触头264物理地断开或接通。
图3是可用以产生ZCD输出信号250的ZCD 202的示例性实施方式的示意图。图4是可以输入到ZCD 202且由ZCD 202利用而产生ZCD输出信号250的示例性电压波形302和示例性电流波形304的图形图像300。如图4所示,x轴306表示电压和电流波形302和304的角度,y轴308表示电压和电流波形302和304的幅度。因此,应该了解到,当电压波形302与x轴306相交时,本文称为交点350、352,电压波形302的幅度为零。而且,应该了解到,当电流波形304与x轴306相交于354、356时,电流波形304的幅度为零。
在操作中,ZCD 202使用电压波形302和电流波形304感测电流和电压,并且检测电压波形302和电流波形304中的跨零点350、352、354、356,以产生ZCD输出信号250,如以下更详细地描述的。
在各种实施方式中,ZCD 202包括正电压ZCD 310、负电压ZCD 312、正电流ZCD 314和负电流ZCD 316。正电压ZCD 310或者正电流ZCD 314可以称为正循环,而负电压ZCD 312或者负电流ZCD 316可以称为负循环。ZCD 310、ZCD 312和ZCD 316均作用为具有基准电平设定为零的比较器,并且可以使用例如运算放大器来实行。在操作中,ZCD 310和312用以结合继电器控制信号148来接通继电器触头264。而且,ZCD 314和316结合继电器控制信号148使用以断开继电器触头264。例如,当电压波形302的幅度为正且已在继电器206处接收到继电器控制信号148以接通触头264时,ZCD 310检测电压波形302的过零并输出继电器接通信号320,继电器接通信号320协同继电器控制信号148导致继电器触头264接通。当电压波形302的幅度为负且已经在继电器206处接收到继电器控制信号148时,ZCD 312检测电压波形302的过零并输出继电器接通信号322,继电器接通信号322协同继电器控制信号148导致继电器触头264接通。由此,ZCD 310和ZCD312协作以分别产生信号320或者322,以在MCU 200输出继电器控制信号148以接通触头264时使触头264接通。
而且,当电流波形304的幅度为正,并且已经在继电器206处接收到继电器控制信号148以使触头264断路时,ZCD 314检测电流波形304的过零并输出继电器断路信号324,继电器断路信号324协同继电器控制信号148导致继电器触头264断路。当电流波形304的幅度为负并且ZCD 316检测到过零时,ZCD 316输出继电器断路信号326,继电器断路信号326协同继电器控制信号148导致继电器触头264断路。由此,ZCD 314和ZCD 316操作以分别产生信号324和326,使得在MCU 200输出信号以断开触头264时使得触头264断路。因此,应该了解到,任何信号320、322、324和/或326可以表示输入到继电器206且结合继电器控制信号148使用以断路和/或接通继电器触头264的ZCD输出信号250。
ZCD 202的操作参考图4更详细地说明。如上所述,继电器触头264基于使用ZCD310和312监测的电压波形302而接通,并且基于使用ZCD 314和316监测的电流波形304而断路。因此,假定在时刻T1,操作者将管口122联接到电动车辆102。如上所述,将管口122联接到电动车辆102激励接近检测信号144和/或指示信号142,该信号然后被传输到MCU 200。在响应中,MCU 200在时刻T1输出继电器控制信号148至继电器206。在本示例中,因为在电压波形302为正时,MCU 200指令继电器触头264接通并且T1发生,因此ZCD 310被用以检测电压波形302为近似零伏的时刻,本文中称为跨零点,标记为350。当ZCD 310检测到跨零点350时,ZCD 310输出信号320至继电器206。响应于继电器206接收到的信号320和继电器控制信号148,继电器触头264被接通。
作为另一示例,假定操作者在时刻T2将管口122联接到电动车辆102,以起动电动车辆102的充电。在本示例中,因为在电压波形302为负时MCU200指令继电器触头264接通并且时刻T2发生,因此ZCD 312用以检测电压波形302通过跨零点352的时刻。一旦ZCD 312检测到跨零点352,则ZCD 312输出信号322至继电器206。响应于继电器206接收到信号322和继电器控制信号148,继电器触头264接通。而且,假定操作者在时刻T3将管口122从电动车辆102断开,以结束电动车辆102的充电。如上所述,将管口102从电动车辆102断开使得接近检测信号144去激励。在响应中,MCU 200在时刻T3将继电器控制信号148输送到继电器206。在本示例中,因为在电流波形304为正时MCU 200指令继电器触头264断路并且发生T3,因此ZCD 314用以检测波形304近似为零安培的时刻,本文中称为跨零点,标记为354。当ZCD 314检测跨零点354时,ZCD 314输出信号324至继电器206。响应于继电器206接收到信号324和继电器控制信号148,继电器触头264被断路。
另外,假定操作者在时刻T4将管口122从电动车辆断开。在本示例中,因为在电流波形304为负时MCU 200指令继电器触头264使触头264断路并且发生T4,因此ZCD 316被用以检测波形304通过跨零点356的时刻。一旦ZCD 316检测到跨零点356,则ZCD 316输出信号326至继电器206。响应于继电器206接收到信号326和继电器控制信号148,触头264被断路。
再次参考图3,如上所述,EVSE系统100另外包括OCD 204。在操作中OCD 204构造成在检测到电流过载状态时基本即时地解脱或者断路继电器触头264。更具体地,OCD 204包括正循环阈值检测器330和负循环阈值检测器332。在操作中,正循环阈值检测器330判定/监测电流波形304的正循环。当正循环阈值检测器330判定存在电流过载状态时,正循环阈值检测器330输出信号334至继电器触头264,以导致继电器触头264断路。而且,当负循环阈值检测器332判定存在电流过载状态时,负循环阈值检测器332输出信号336至继电器触头264,以导致继电器触头264断路。
由此,在操作中,ZCD 202用以在被选择以降低通过触头264的破坏性电流和/或电压瞬态的时刻切换继电器206。例如,当将继电器206切换成其中触头264接通的接通状态时,切换被定时(timed),以便触头264在近似零电压、即电压波形302的过零处接通。另外,当继电器206切换到断路状态时,继电器触头264在电流波形304的近似过零处断路。另外,当发生很高的电流瞬态(>100A)时,OCD 204基本即时地将继电器206切换到断路状态,以便继电器切换时间被最小化。图5是图2所示的线圈驱动器262的示意图。线圈驱动器262包括开关Q1和开关Q2。在各种实施方式中,开关Q1可以使用P通道(P-channel)金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor,MOSFET)实施,并且开关Q2可以使用N通道MOSFET实施。线圈驱动器262另外包括开关Q3和开关Q4。在各种实施方式中,开关Q3和Q4均可以使用NPN双极型结型晶体管(BJT)。线圈驱动器262另外包括二极管D、联接到Q1的栅极(G)的电阻器R1、联接到Q1两端的电阻器R2、联接在Q1的漏极(D)和Q4的集电极(C)之间的电阻器R3,以及联接到Q4的发射极(E)的电阻器R4。线圈驱动器262另外包括联接到Q1的栅极的电容器C1、其中具有电枢(未示出)的线圈400、以及联接到线圈400两端的电容器C2。在各种实施方式中,线圈驱动器262用作电流镜(current mirror)。电流镜是一电路,该电路构造成通过控制一个有源器件、诸如Q4中的电流来复制通过另一有源器件、诸如Q3的电流。
在操作中,线圈驱动器262操作以断路和接通线圈400,导致继电器触头264断开和接通。Q3作为线圈400的驱动器操作,并且用Q3和Q4之间的电流镜控制。线圈驱动器262起始地具有流过电路的高电流,以牵拉电枢以闭合。线圈驱动器262的电流随后降低,实现低功耗。通过使用电流镜,电流的控制与线圈400的阻抗无关。因而,线圈400的阻抗的温度影响不会影响系统的其它方面,诸如零故障检验操作。电流镜以高电流操作,来起始地接通触头264。电流镜以低电流操作,来将触头264保持在接通状态。电流镜确保电流值不随着温度或者从继电器至继电器的变动而改变,这可控制继电器的接通时间。
在操作中,控制信号410被输入到开关Q1和Q2。控制信号410还被输入到开关Q3。由此,控制信号410用以导通开关Q1和Q3。在各种实施方式中,控制信号410来源于锁存电路260。控制信号410经由二极管D输入到开关Q1。开关Q1的起始激励导致R2的短路。电流通路的后侧由此起始地流过R3、Q4和R4,而不流过R2。电流通路由此起始地具有高电流,该高电流在Q3中在电流镜上以某一比率反射,以驱动触头264接通。在触头264接通之后,Q1去激励,R2形成路径的一部分,即,阻抗现在是R2+R3。另外,镜分支中的电流降低,且因此通过线圈400的电流也降低至足以将触头264保持在接通位置的水平。当控制信号410从1变为0时,Q2去激励,以阻断电流通过线圈400,导致继电器触头264断路。
随着电流Icoil流过线圈400,线圈400产生磁场强度,该磁场强度牵拉线圈400中的电枢,以接通或者断路继电器触头264。当继电器触头264需要例如经由过电流状态断路时,期望迅速地降低线圈400中的电流,且由此迅速使继电器触头264断开。电容器C2用以控制线圈电流的衰减,以便它打破衰减速度和反冲电压之间的平衡。
因此应认识到,在操作中,继电器206消耗电力。当继电器206操作以起动触头264的接通时,继电器206会要求明显量的电流以牵拉电枢来对接触头264。但是,一旦触头264接通,通过线圈400的电流可降低。由此,继电器206在两个电压下操作,本文中称为用以使触头264接通的接通电压(make voltage)和用以将触头264保持在闭合位置的通过电压(let voltage)。因此,因为通过电压小于接通电压,通过线圈400的电流也小于起始地接通触头264需要的通过线圈400的电流。因此,当检测到故障时,触头264可以更迅速地断路,因为延时是降低的线圈电流的函数。在操作中,Q2允许电流Icoil流过线圈400。但是,当Q2去激励时,电流Icoil变化为零,这会导致线圈400两端电压的明显增大。因此,C2用以产生围绕线圈400的局部谐振,以便于控制线圈400中的电流Icoil衰减的速度。因此,C2被选择成提供在电流衰减速度和线圈400两端间电压之间的平衡。
应理解,以上描述旨在是例示性的,而不是局限性的。例如,上述实施方式(和/或其方面)可以彼此组合使用。另外,在不偏离本发明范围的情况下,可进行许多修改以使特定情况或材料适于本发明的教导。本文所述各种部件的尺寸、材料类型、定向以及各种部件的数目和位置旨在限定一些实施方式的参数,决不是限制性的,而仅是示例性实施方式。在阅读上述说明的情况下,在权利要求的精神和范围内的许多其它实施方式和修改对于本领域技术人员将是明显的。因此,本发明范围应参考所附权利要求书以及这些权利要求所授权的完整等效范围来确定。

Claims (8)

1.一种智能插塞(120),用于将电动车辆(102)联接到电源(104),所述智能插塞包括:
继电器(206),所述继电器(206)包括触头(264),并且构造成在接通状态下操作以允许电力被供给到电动车辆、以及在断开状态下操作以禁止电力被供给到电动车辆;
微控制器(200),所述微控制器联接到所述继电器,并且输出控制信号(148)以在所述接通状态下操作继电器,其中,所述微控制器(200)构造成接收指示信号(142)和接近检测信号(144),所述控制信号(148)基于所述指示信号和所述接近检测信号中的至少一个产生;和
零交点检测器(202),所述零交点检测器联接到所述继电器且提供零交点检测器输出信号,所述零交点检测器输出信号为接通信号或断路信号,并且在电力的电压大致为零时输出所述接通信号至所述继电器,并且在电力的电流大致为零时输出所述断路信号至所述继电器;
其中继电器利用微控制器提供的控制信号和由零交点检测器提供的零交点检测器输出信号来起动断开状态和接通状态之间或接通状态和断开状态之间的切换操作。
2.根据权利要求1所述的智能插塞(120),其中,所述零交点检测器(202)包括构造成输出所述接通信号的负电压零交点检测器(312)和正电压零交点检测器(310)。
3.根据权利要求1所述的智能插塞(120),其中,所述零交点检测器(202)包括构造成输出所述断路信号的负电流零交点检测器(316)和正电流零交点检测器(314)。
4.根据权利要求1所述的智能插塞(120),其中,所述零交点检测器(202)包括:
正电压零交点检测器(310),所述正电压零交点检测器构造成在电压波形为正时输出第一接通信号(320);和
负电压零交点检测器(312),所述负电压零交点检测器构造成在电压波形为负时输出第二接通信号(322)。
5.根据权利要求1所述的智能插塞(120),其中,所述零交点检测器(202)包括:
正电流零交点检测器(314),所述正电流零交点检测器构造成在电流波形为正时输出第一断路信号(324);和
负电流零交点检测器(316),所述负电流零交点检测器构造成在电流波形为负时输出第二断路信号(326)。
6.根据权利要求1所述的智能插塞(120),进一步包括构造成降低输入到零交点检测器(202)的操作电压的电压衰减器(240)。
7.根据权利要求1所述的智能插塞,进一步包括:
过电流装置(204);和
电流滤波器(230),所述电流滤波器联接到所述过电流装置的输入。
8.根据权利要求1所述的智能插塞(120),其中,所述继电器(206)进一步包括线圈(400),所述触头(264)联接到所述线圈,所述继电器具有控制所述线圈的电流镜,所述电流镜以高电流操作以起始地接通所述触头,所述电流镜以低电流操作以将所述触头保持在接通状态;
电容器(C2)跨所述线圈联接。
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