CN105209754A - 包括冲击吸收装置组合的浮动式装配件上的海上风力涡轮 - Google Patents
包括冲击吸收装置组合的浮动式装配件上的海上风力涡轮 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
-本发明涉及一种浮动式装配件(1)上的海上风力涡轮,组合地包括:-主要浮体(1),其包括基本上圆柱形状的一部分;-圆形混凝土元件(2),其直径大于主要浮体的直径,构成浮体基部上的静止质量和冲击吸收装置;-附加永久压载装置(4),其位于主要浮体的基部;-动态压载箱(3),其包括于主要浮体中并以环状分布于所述浮体的周围。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及海上风力涡轮的领域,特定而言,涉及在锚固到海床上的浮动式支承结构上安装的风力涡轮。本发明设法解决的一个问题是风力涡轮的稳定性使得叶片的平面保持在最佳条件下供应动力的最佳位置。
背景技术
计划用来安装海上多兆瓦风力涡轮的各种浮动式支承结构在许多国家处于发展之中。取决于所考虑的地点的深度,能有若干设计选项。尽管这些设计选项各种各样,根据所用的流体静力扶正力矩的性质,出现了三种主要浮动式支承类别。可以提到下面这些:
-SPAR型浮体,其特征在于细长的几何形状并且包括显著的压载物以便在最大程度上降低整个结构的重心从而提供稳定性,
-TLP(张力腿平台)型支承结构,其具有通过拉紧缆索而锚固到海床上的具体特征,提供结构稳定性,
-半浸没式浮体,其具有更大的水平面惯性力矩,提供充分的扶正力矩用于其稳定性。
在流体静力扶正方面,驳船型浮体将被归类到半浸没式平台,这归因于它们较大的水平面面积,然而,在其显著更紧凑方面,它们不同于半浸没式平台。
然而,在特别地具有较高长细比的海上风力涡轮的领域中,常规浮动式支承结构并非总是适合于转子的操作约束。海上风力涡轮一方面对于其旋转轴线的倾斜度敏感并且另一方面对于机舱的高加速度敏感,因此对于浮动式支承结构的设计的所有工作在于满足至少这两个约束同时避免巨额成本。
发明内容
本发明涉及一种浮动式海上风力涡轮,组合地包括:
-主要浮体,其包括基本上圆柱形状的一部分;
-混凝土圆形元件,其具有大于主要浮体直径Dc的直径Dd,构成浮体基部的静止质量和阻尼装置;
-补充永久压载装置,其布置于主要浮体的基部;
-动态压载箱,其包括在主要浮体中并以环状分布于所述浮体的周围。
根据本发明,直径Dc/吃水深度比范围在1.3与1之间。
裙部的外径Dd可以在浮体直径Dc的1.5倍与2倍之间的范围并且优选地接近1.75。
裙部可以具有朝向其外径减小的厚度。
在主要浮体基部处的永久压载物可以由混凝土或水或二者的组合组成。
缆车锚固系统可以保持风力涡轮就位。
浮动式海上风力涡轮可以具有水平轴线叶片。
浮动式海上风力涡轮可以具有竖直轴线叶片。
附图说明
参考附图,通过在下文中作为非限制性示例给出的优选实施例的描述,本发明的其它特点和优点将会显然,在附图中:
图1示意性地示出了在风力涡轮组件的浮动式支承结构上的风力涡轮组件,
图2示出了圆柱形浮动式支承结构的纵倾随着其半径和吃水深度的演变,
图3示出了直径Dd对于升沉共振频率的影响,
图4示意性地示出了“裙部”的几何形状的截面图,
图5a、图5b和图5c示出了永久压载物和动态压载箱的组成的三个示例,
图6a和图6b示出了压载箱;以及
图7示出了对于5°的目标纵倾角,压载箱的几何形状。
具体实施方式
在图1中,浮动式支承结构由主要浮体1组成,主要浮体1包括圆柱形(圆形)几何形状的至少一部分,阻尼板2,也被称作“裙部”添加到主要浮体1的下部。各种压载装置的组合(永久和动态)包含在这个圆柱形部分中。主要浮体的上部可以具有适合于流体动力学流动的其它外部形状,诸如圆锥形、具有不同直径的圆柱形。流体静力平衡控制所需的永久压载物4布置于浮体底部并且其能由混凝土、海水或任何其它较重固体或液体材料构成。这样的各种材料的质量也分布为满足静态和动态稳定性标准,并且最小化制造成本。若干隔室3布置于永久压载物4上方并且布置于圆柱内的主要浮体1周围上,根据风力涡轮6的操作条件,这些隔室3的体积可以被压载或者未被压载。与风力涡轮的操作有关的空气动力学推力修改平台的纵倾角。压载物3允许校正并且调整这个纵倾角和因此风力涡轮的轴线。平台设有管和泵,允许一定量的液体转移到各个体积,液体的总体积大体上保持恒定。
主要浮体的尺寸使得直径dc/吃水深度比保持在1.3-1的范围,即,与SPAR浮子的细长形状相去甚远。
风力涡轮,无论是水平轴线式(水平轴线风力涡轮HAWT)还是竖直轴线式(竖直轴线风力涡轮VAWT)生成由风引起的水平推力,伴有在风力涡轮的机舱和塔架上的拖曳力。这些力倾向于造成浮动结构倾斜,这将被称作纵倾角变化。支承结构的纵倾角变化可以通过修改液体在压载物中的分布而减小。因此,风力涡轮以最佳方式操作并且避免了各种机械部件的疲劳的任何风险。
大致地,支承风力涡轮的平台的尺寸设定需要满足两个主要约束,即:
-充分浸没的体积以承载风力涡轮、其锚固系统的重量以及其自身重量;
-充分的扶正力矩,便于控制所考虑的风力涡轮的最大空气动力学推力。
考虑低旋转位移,这两个约束可以利用以下关系在数学上表达:
其中
ρ:水密度(Kg/m3),
g:重力(m/s2);
Mtot:结构的总质量(Kg);
浸没体积(m3);
FT:在轮毂处的空气动力学推力(N);
Hhub:轮毂的高度(m);
ZCG:总体结构的重心的竖直位置(m);
ZB:浮心(m);
Dc:浮体的直径(m);
Dd:裙部的直径(m);
C55,lignes:与系泊相关联的纵摇安定性(N.m/rad);
θ:纵倾角(rad)。
图2示出了当圆柱形浮动式支承结构经受与5-MW水平轴线风力涡轮的最大推力相关联的力矩时圆柱形浮动式支承结构的纵倾角随着其半径和其吃水深度的演变。白色区对应于其中浮动式支承结构并不稳定的配置。这种类型的结果因此允许考虑根据所希望的纵倾角而不同的可能配置。
添加裙部的目的是为了将浮动式支承结构的升沉或竖直振荡移动的共振周期转变到主涌浪周期之外(这些涌浪周期通常包含在3s至20s的范围内),波浪能量主要集中在主涌浪周期中,从而减小该结构的竖直位移的振幅并且因此提供风力涡轮转子的最佳操作条件。在圆柱形浮体和两个圆形裙部的情况下,这个升沉共振周期可以通过以下关系来计算:
其使升沉的共振周期TZ与该结构的总质量Mtot(系泊、风力涡轮、浮体)、无限频率相关联的添加水质量madd(∞)和升沉方面的流体静力安定性KHZ相关,其中:
其中Dd是“裙部”的直径。
因此,参数研究在于评估阻尼板(“裙部”)的直径对于升沉共振周期的影响(图3)。
这些结果首先表明添加阻尼板显著地改进了驳船型平台的性能。应当指出的是浮体和裙部的主要尺寸设定参数的相关选择允许将升沉共振周期转变到主涌浪周期之外。
裙部的主要目的在于转变升沉的本征频率,如上文所解释的那样。而且,为了改进浮体的稳定性,将裙部用作永久压载体积是一个很引人关注的构造。实际上,裙部位于浮体下端并且其体积可能较大,特别是考虑其较大的外径。本发明向“裙部”元件添加了永久压载功能。其形状优选地是圆锥形。外径的厚度减小以便不具有不利的流体动力学效果,特别是对于本征频率转变而言。在内径上,厚度显著增加以允许最高可能的压载质量。流体动力学研究表明外径上的最大厚度优选地为0.5m并且大约7.5°的锥角保持可接受的。通过考虑这些约束,优选的裙部几何形状例如在图4中示出。
在代表浪涌峰值周期接近升沉共振周期的北大西洋五年波浪存在下当浮体经历升沉移动时施加的流体动力学压力的压力下,检查混凝土裙部的强度。若需要,裙部可以由其它材料制成,或者其可以被部分地填充混凝土和另一材料,固体或者液体。研究允许估计裙部上的流体动力学应力。从这个输入数据,在有限元分析软件(Abaqus)上执行有限元计算以检查这种混凝土结构的机械强度。关于假定不含钢筋(可能的加强料将倾向于减小混凝土中的应力)的混凝土结构中的应力的结果表明最大冯·米塞斯应力远低于5MPa并且拉应力S11最大为2.4MPa。这些值表明混凝土在牵引以及压缩下保持在弹性域内。因此,在评估的流体动力学压力应力下确保了其机械强度。
永久补充压载物可以包括混凝土、水或任何其它固体或液体材料或者其组合。永久压载物的平均密度必须足以提供浮动式支承结构的流体静力稳定性,考虑到平台的工作体积(主要浮体体积+裙部体积+动态压载物的体积)。
使用材料组合,例如,混凝土+水,允许利用混凝土的密度同时降低成本。两种材料的分布对于所需的动态压载物的量和支承结构的纵摇周期具有影响。实际上,混凝土/水分布的任何变化(一方面)修改支承件的重心并且(另一方面)修改其惯性。
在下文的示例中(图5a、图5b、图5c),我们考虑永久补充压载物仅包括混凝土的情况(情况1)或者混凝土与水的两种组合(情况2和情况3)。在所有这些情况下,裙部由混凝土制成。
在情况5a中,压载物完全由固体材料诸如混凝土制成。在情况5b中,混凝土的部分被液体诸如海水制成的永久压载物替换。最后,在情况5c中,设法最小化混凝土质量同时保持其结构完整性。在这些图中,压载箱布置于永久压载物上方但其中压载箱定位于下部的配置也是可能的。
下表示出了永久压载物的分布对于动态压载物和纵摇本征周期的影响。
所考虑的动态压载为向布置于浮动式支承结构的周围上的箱3填充液体。尺寸设定参数为:限定压载隔室在推力轴线的任一侧上的角度分布的角度α;由l表示的箱宽度和填充高度h(图6a和图6b)。
利用固定主要浮体和裙部几何形状(半径13m,吃水深度20.5m),执行参数研究以便根据角分布α和箱宽度l,知道需要什么水高度来实现目标纵倾角。因此图7示出了对于在1m与4m之间范围的箱宽度l,和在10°与45°之间范围的角度α,在90m高的转子中心,在80吨空气动力学推力存在下,为了获得5°纵倾角所需的水高度he。因此,可以根据选定的标准(液体体积、定倾中心高度等)选择最佳配置。
这些结果表明安装于浮动式支承结构诸如本发明的浮动式支承结构上的HAWT或VAWT风力涡轮可以保持充分稳定,只要具体地选择了主要尺寸设定参数。另一方面,组合地布置于主要浮体中的动态压载物可以保持具有正确的纵倾以最佳地进行能量回收。
由较重材料诸如混凝土或等效材料制成的优化尺寸的裙部、允许根据风力涡轮和环境条件调整浮体基部的较重总质量的永久压载物和用于控制风力涡轮的纵倾角的动态压载物的组合提供在技术和经济方面的许多优点,并且证明完全适合承载高功率风力涡轮的浮动式支承结构。
这种浮动式支承结构的系泊可以包括以120度分布的3个悬链式锚线5。每个线包括通过Y形连接件或吊索而附连到浮动式支承结构上的锚线(导缆器)的两个锚固点的链条。这种类型的连接件允许提供偏航安定性,对于这种类型的支承件而言,偏航安定性固有地较低。
而且,锚线附连点布置于支承件的干舷并且并非像通常的情况那样在吃水深度处。这允许在推力作用于涡轮上的情况下提供纵摇安定性并且减小浮动式支承结构的纵倾。另一方面,纵摇运动可能在特定环境条件下加强。然后发现根据操作条件,在纵倾增益与能允许的最大纵摇之间存在折中。
每根线也可以配备额外点质量,这具有两个主要优点:首先,其避免了在整个链条长度上的压缩应力,其次,这提供了额外偏航安定性并且减小了在圆柱形支承件上有时观察到的偏航/滚转耦合运动。
Claims (8)
1.一种浮动式海上风力涡轮(6),组合地包括:
-主要浮体(1),其包括基本上圆柱形状的一部分;
-混凝土圆形元件(2),其具有大于所述主要浮体(1)的直径Dc的直径Dd,构成所述浮体基部的静止质量和阻尼装置;
-补充永久压载装置(4),其布置于所述主要浮体的基部;
-动态压载箱(3),其包括在所述主要浮体中并以环状分布于所述浮体的所述周围。
2.根据权利要求1所述的浮动式海上风力涡轮,其特征在于,所述直径Dc/吃水深度比范围在1.3与1之间。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的浮动式海上风力涡轮,其特征在于,所述圆形元件的所述外径Dd在所述浮体直径Dc的1.5倍与2倍之间的范围,并且优选地接近1.75。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的浮动式海上风力涡轮,其特征在于,所述圆形元件具有朝向其外径减小的厚度。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的浮动式海上风力涡轮,其特征在于,在所述主要浮体的基部处的永久压载物(4)由混凝土或水或二者的组合组成。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的浮动式海上风力涡轮,其特征在于,缆车锚固系统(5)保持所述风力涡轮就位。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的浮动式海上风力涡轮,其特征在于,所述叶片的轴线是水平的。
8.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的浮动式风力涡轮,其特征在于,所述叶片的轴线是竖直的。
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