CN105169386B - 一种新型通用型基质疫苗佐剂及其制备方法和用途 - Google Patents
一种新型通用型基质疫苗佐剂及其制备方法和用途 Download PDFInfo
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- Medicines Containing Antibodies Or Antigens For Use As Internal Diagnostic Agents (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及一种新型通用型基质疫苗佐剂及其制备方法和用途。该佐剂为合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂,包含合欢皮皂苷、胆固醇和卵磷脂,三者重量比为5~20∶1∶1,是由粒径10~12 nm的正方体和/或球形颗粒组成的300~700 nm片状和/或链状微粒构成。合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂具有显著的免疫佐剂作用,能增强疫苗免疫机体的细胞免疫和体液免疫反应,诱导产生平衡的Th1型和Th2型免疫应答;且可降低疫苗抗原剂量,是抗原量有限或造价昂贵疫苗的理想佐剂,较合欢皮皂苷用量少,溶血性低,安全性好。合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂与各种抗原均有良好的亲和性,是一种新型、通用型疫苗佐剂。生产工艺简单,易于大规模生产。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种新型通用型基质疫苗佐剂及其制备方法和用途。
背景技术
疫苗接种是预防和控制传染性疾病最经济、有效的手段。DNA疫苗、重组疫苗和合成肽疫苗等新型疫苗是近年来发展迅速的一类生物制剂,比常规疫苗具有抗原纯度高、特异性强、安全性好等优势。然而,这些新型疫苗的免疫原性弱,免疫效力低下[Oyston P,Robinso K. The current challenges for vaccine development. J Med Microbiol2012; 61(7): 889–894]。同此,当前疫苗研究正面临一些复杂病原如疟疾、结核、人免疫缺陷病毒等的重要挑战[Leroux–Roels G. Unmet needs in modern vaccinology:Adjuvants to improve the immune response. Vaccine 2010; 28(Supp. 3): C25–36]。佐剂是传统疫苗和当前新型疫苗必不可少的组成成分,不仅能影响机体对疫苗免疫应答的强度,而且能针对特定病原体诱导最有效的免疫应答类型[Mbow ML, De Gregorio E,Valiante NM, et al. New adjuvants for human vaccines. Current Opinion inImmunology 2010; 22(3): 411–416]。目前报道的免疫佐剂种类很多,如油佐剂、弗氏佐剂、微生物及其代谢产物、核酸及其类似物、细胞因子、脂质体等[Dey AK, Srivastava IK.Novel adjuvants and delivery systems for enhancing immune responses inducedby immunogens. Expert Rev Vaccines 2011; 10: 227–51],但由于存在不同程度的毒副作用或安全隐患等一些不可避免的缺陷而难以实际应用[Mbow ML, De Gregorio E,Valiante NM, Rappuoli R. New adjuvants for human vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol2010, 22(3): 411–6; Batista–Duharte A, Lindblad EB, Oviedo–Orta E. Progressin understanding adjuvant immunotoxicity mechanisms. Toxicol Lett 2011; 203(2): 97–105]。铝胶佐剂自1920s使用以来,直至最近由铝盐和TLR4激动剂3–O–去酰基–4’–单磷酰脂质A组成的AS04被批准之前一直是唯一通过FDA批准的人用疫苗佐剂[Marrack P,McKee AS, Munks MW. Towards an understanding of the adjuvant action ofaluminium. Nat Rev Immunol 2009; 9: 287–293]。然而,铝胶佐剂存在一些弊端:① 主要通过诱导Th2型免疫应答产生抗体起保护作用,不能诱生Th1型免疫应答和细胞介导的免疫反应,只适用于以抗体为主要保护性免疫的疫苗(Exley C, Siesjo P, Eriksson H.The immunobiology of aluminium adjuvants: how do they really work TrendsImmunol 2010; 31: 103–109);② 对人免疫缺陷病毒、丙型肝炎病毒、单纯疱疹病毒、流感病毒以及血吸虫病、百日咳和伤寒等多种抗原无佐剂作用[O’Hagan DT, De Gregorio E.The path to a successful vaccine adjuvant- ‘the long and winding road’ . DrugDiscov Today 2009; 14: 541–551];③ 可促进IgE抗体产生,容易诱导机体产生过敏反应;④ 在局部形成肉芽肿,甚至发生局部无菌性脓肿;⑤ 因其理化性质特点,含铝胶的疫苗怕冻,冻后铝胶容易变性;⑥ 对人、畜神经系统可能有影响。因此,铝胶佐剂已远远不能满足新型疫苗发展的要求[Kool M, Fierens K, Lambrecht BN. Alum adjuvant: someof the tricks of the oldest adjuvant. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61(7): 927–934]。寻找安全、有效、新型的免疫佐剂是当前疫苗研究领域的一个热点[Schijns VEJC,Lavelle EC. Trends in vaccine adjuvants. Expert Rev Vaccines 2011; 10(4):539–550]。免疫佐剂研究已被列为疫苗研究的优先领域[Harandi AM, Medaglini D,Shattock RJ. Vaccine adjuvants: A priority for vaccine research. Vaccine2010; 28(12): 2363–2366; Harand AM, Brewe J, Schijn V. Conference Scene:Recent advancements in immunopotentiators for modern vaccines. Immunotherapy2011; 3(11): 1297–301]。
天然药物用于防治疾病具有悠久的历史。当今,FDA批准的药物约30%来源于天然药物。新的具有免疫活性的天然产物的发现日益成为研究重点,尤其在寻找新一代疫苗佐剂方面[Licciardi PV, Underwood JR. Plant-derived medicines: A novel class ofimmunological adjuvants. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11(3): 390-398]。皂苷(saponin)是一类广泛存在于中药和天然药物中的重要免疫活性物质[Ríos JL. Effectsof triterpenes on the immune system. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 128: 1-14]。自1951年发现皂苷能增强机体对口蹄疫疫苗的免疫应答以来,其佐剂作用受到了广泛的关注。研究最多的是南美皂树(Quillaja saponaria Molina)树皮中筛选到具有佐剂活性总皂苷——Quil A及其活性成分QS-21 [Skene CD and Sutton P. Saponin-adjuvantedparticulate vaccines for clinical use. Methods 2006; 40: 53-9]。Quil A和QS-21对外源性抗原既能刺激Th1 免疫应答,又能诱导细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)应答。这一独特的特性使其成为亚单位疫苗、细胞内病原体疫苗及癌症疫苗的理想佐剂[Mbawuike I,Zang Y, Couch RB. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of humans toinactivated influenza vaccine with or without QS21 adjuvant. Vaccine 2007; 25(17): 3263-9]。但Quil A存在严重的缺陷:溶血性强、毒副作用大,可引起局部组织坏死,甚至全身不良反应和中毒[Waite DC, Jacobson EW, Ennis FA, Edelman R, White B,Kammer R, et al. Three double-blind, randomized trials evaluating the safetyand tolerance of different formulations of the saponin adjuvant QS-21.Vaccine 2001; 19: 3957-7.]。目前除了用于为某些绝症设计的疫苗如癌症疫苗和人免疫缺陷病重组疫苗等人用疫苗外,主要限用于口蹄疫疫苗、狂犬病疫苗等兽用疫苗。因此,从天然药物中寻找筛选高效、低毒的皂苷佐剂受到国内外学者高度的关注[Sun HX, Xie Y,Ye YP. Advances in saponin-based adjuvants. Vaccine 2009, 27(12): 1787-1796]。
我们以前的研究表明,合欢皮皂苷(AJS)对卵清蛋白(OVA)和多种商品疫苗(禽流感重组鸡痘病毒载体活疫苗、新城疫活疫苗、猪伪狂犬gE基因缺失活疫苗、猪链球菌疫苗等)均具有显著的佐剂作用,能同时诱生机体对抗原产生Th1和Th2免疫应答反应,其佐剂作用优于Quil A,而溶血性和毒性远远低于后者,是一种理想的疫苗候选佐剂(Sun HX, HeSW, Shi MH.Adjuvant-active fraction from Albizzia julibrissin saponinsimproves immune responses by inducing cytokine and chemokine at the site ofinjection. International Immunopharmacology. 14(12), 2047-2056, 2014.)。合欢皮皂苷可以从豆科( Leguminosae)植物合欢Albizia julibrissin Durazz.、山合欢A. kalkora ( Roxb.) Prain、阔叶合欢A. lebbek、羽状合欢A. lophantha等中提取,是一类由齐墩果烷型苷元与8~10个单糖分子以及1~4分子单萜烯酸(辛二烯酸衍生物)结合而成的三萜皂苷。合欢皮皂苷虽然具有较好的佐剂活性,但其使用剂量相对较大,溶血性较强。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种新型通用型基质疫苗佐剂及其制备方法和用途。
本发明的合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(Albizia saponins-based matrix adjuvant,ASMA)含有合欢皮皂苷、胆固醇和卵磷脂,且三者的重量比为5~20:1:1。
所述的合欢皮皂苷是合欢皮属植物中的皂苷,它可以从豆科( Leguminosae)植物合欢Albizia julibrissin Durazz.、山合欢A. kalkora ( Roxb.) Prain、阔叶合欢A. lebbek、羽状合欢A. lophantha等中提取,是一类由齐墩果烷型苷元、8~10个单糖分子以及1~4单萜烯酸(辛二烯酸衍生物)分子结合而成的三萜皂苷。
所述的卵磷脂为磷脂酰胆碱、大豆卵磷脂或蛋黄卵磷脂。
所述的佐剂是由长度为300~700 nm片状和/或链状微粒构成,该片状或链状微粒由粒径10~12 nm的正方体和/或球形颗粒组成。
上述的合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)的制备方法和步骤如下:
a. 合欢皮皂苷溶液的配制:将合欢皮皂苷溶解于蒸馏水,制成50 mg/ml的溶液,滤过除菌,备用。
b. 胆固醇/卵磷脂溶液的配制:取非离子型表面活性剂,如Mega-10或辛基葡萄糖苷(Octyl glucopyranoside),以双蒸水溶解,制成质量浓度为20%的溶液;然后称取卵磷脂和胆固醇,溶上述溶液中,使每ml含卵磷脂和胆固醇各10 mg,滤过除菌,备用。
c. 按合欢皮皂苷、胆固醇和卵磷脂三者重量比5~20:1:1,取上述合欢皮皂苷溶液与胆固醇/卵磷脂溶液,加入磷酸缓冲液(PBS,pH6.2),使混合溶液含合欢皮皂苷10~40mg/ml、胆固醇2 mg/ml和卵磷脂2 mg/ml,混匀,置于25~50℃恒温水浴1~3 h。
d. 将上述混合溶液以PBS缓冲液(pH6.2)稀释4倍,获得溶液A,转移至截留分子量为8000~12000的透析袋中,以PBS (pH 6.2)透析72 h,期间每6 h更换一次透析液,透析完毕后,收集透析袋中的液体,即得合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂。或采用孔径为0.1 μm超滤膜,以15倍于溶液A体积的PBS缓冲液(pH6.2)进行超滤浓缩,待浓缩至原溶液A体积,收集贮液罐中液体,即得合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂。
合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)可用作疫苗的免疫佐剂。疫苗制剂中合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)典型单剂量可以根据制剂的形式而变化,并根据抗原种类、所需的抗体水平、接种对象的特异性及所需的免疫程序等各种因素进行确定。本发明的疫苗制剂中合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂量以合欢皮皂苷计为0.01μg~1 g /单剂量,优选为0.1~100μg/单剂量。可以一次或多次施用。
本发明的优点
⑴ 合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)具有显著的免疫佐剂作用,能增强疫苗免疫机体的细胞免疫和体液免疫反应,诱导产生平衡的Th1型和Th2型免疫应答。
⑵ 合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)可降低疫苗抗原剂量,是抗原量有限或造价昂贵疫苗的理想佐剂。
⑶ 合欢皮皂苷制成ASMA,用量减少,溶血性降低,安全性提高。
⑷ 合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)与各种抗原均具有良好的亲和性,是一种新型、通用型疫苗佐剂,适用于传统疫苗及DNA疫苗、重组疫苗和合成肽疫苗等新型疫苗。
⑸ 生产工艺简单,易于大规模生产。
附图说明
图1为合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)电子显微镜照片(磷钨酸染色)。合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)是由合欢皮皂苷、胆固醇和卵磷脂三者相互作用,构成一种由直径10~12 nm的正方形、环形亚单位颗粒组成的大小在300~700 nm左右的片状、链状微粒。
图2为合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)对OVA免疫小鼠血清中特异性IgG抗体效价的影响。OVA:卵清蛋白;AJS:合欢皮皂苷;** P < 0.01和*** P < 0.001 vs OVA低剂量(2.5 μg)对照组;## P < 0.01 vs OVA高剂量(25 μg)对照组。
图3为合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)对OVA免疫小鼠血清中特异性IgG1抗体效价的影响。OVA:卵清蛋白;AJS:合欢皮皂苷;** P < 0.01和*** P < 0.001 vs OVA低剂量(2.5 μg)对照组;# P < 0.05和## P < 0.01 vs OVA高剂量(25 μg)对照组。
图4为合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)对OVA免疫小鼠血清中特异性IgG2a抗体效价的影响。OVA:卵清蛋白;AJS:合欢皮皂苷;* P < 0.05和*** P < 0.001 vs OVA低剂量(2.5 μg)对照组;### P < 0.001 vs OVA高剂量(25 μg)对照组。
图5为合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)对OVA免疫小鼠血清中特异性IgG2b抗体效价的影响。OVA:卵清蛋白;AJS:合欢皮皂苷;** P < 0.01和*** P < 0.001 vs OVA低剂量(2.5 μg)对照组;### P < 0.001 vs OVA高剂量(25 μg)对照组。
图6为合合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)对猪口蹄疫灭活疫苗(FMDV)免疫小鼠血清中特异性IgG抗体效价的影响。AJS:合欢皮皂苷;*** P < 0.001 vs FMDV对照组。
图7为合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)对猪口蹄疫灭活疫苗(FMDV)免疫小鼠血清中特异性IgG1抗体效价的影响。AJS:合欢皮皂苷;*** P < 0.001 vs FMDV对照组。
图8为合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)对猪口蹄疫灭活疫苗(FMDV)免疫小鼠血清中特异性IgG2a抗体效价的影响。AJS:合欢皮皂苷;*** P < 0.001 vs FMDV对照组。
图9为合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)对猪口蹄疫灭活疫苗(FMDV)免疫小鼠血清中特异性IgG2b抗体效价的影响。AJS:合欢皮皂苷;*** P < 0.001 vs FMDV对照组。
图10为合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)对猪口蹄疫灭活疫苗(FMDV)免疫小鼠迟发性超敏(DTH)反应的影响。FMDV-W:猪口蹄疫灭活水相疫苗;FMDV-O:猪口蹄疫灭活商品疫苗;AJS:合欢皮皂苷;** P < 0.01和*** P < 0.001 vs FMDV-W对照组和FMDV-O对照组。
具体实施方式
以下通过实例进一步说明本发明,而非限制其范围。
以下百分比浓度均指质量百分比浓度。
实施例1:透析法制备合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)
1. 5%合欢皮皂苷溶液的配制:将合欢皮皂苷溶解于蒸馏水,制成50 mg/ml的溶液,滤过除菌,备用。
2. 1%胆固醇/卵磷脂溶液的配制:取非离子型表面活性剂Mega-10,以双蒸水溶解,制成20%的溶液;然后称取卵磷脂和胆固醇,溶于20% Mega-10水溶液中,使每ml含卵磷脂和胆固醇各10 mg,滤过除菌,备用。
3. 正交试验设计:采用 L9(34)正交表考察处方及工艺条件。正交试验因素和水平设计见表1,试验安排见表2。
表1 正交试验因素水平表
表2 正交试验安排
4. 样品制备 按表3 加入1%胆固醇/卵磷脂溶液和PBS缓冲液,混匀,再加入5%合欢皮皂苷溶液,使合欢皮皂苷、胆固醇、卵磷脂三者的重量比为5~20:1:1,即含合欢皮皂苷10~40 mg/ml、胆固醇2 mg/ml和卵磷脂2 mg/ml,混匀,按表2分别置于25、37或50℃恒温水浴中,磁力搅拌1、2或3 h。
5. 按表2规定的孵育时间,于各时间点取出相应编号的混合溶液,以PBS缓冲液(pH6.2)稀释4倍,转移至截留分子量为8000~12000的透析袋中,以PBS (pH 6.2)透析72h,期间每6 h更换一次透析液。透析完毕后,收集透析袋中的液体,即得。
表3 正交试验样品制备
实施例2:超滤法制备合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)
1. 5%合欢皮皂苷溶液的配制:将合欢皮皂苷溶解于蒸馏水,制成50 mg/ml的溶液,滤过除菌,备用。
2. 1%胆固醇/卵磷脂溶液的配制:取非离子型表面活性剂Mega-10,以双蒸水溶解,制成20%的溶液;然后称取卵磷脂和胆固醇,溶于20% Mega-10水溶液中,使每ml含卵磷脂和胆固醇各10 mg,滤过除菌,备用。
3. 正交试验设计:采用 L9(34)正交表考察处方及工艺条件。正交试验因素和水平设计见表1,试验安排见表2。
4. 样品制备 按表3中的体积放大5倍,加入1%胆固醇/卵磷脂溶液和PBS缓冲液,混匀,再加入5%合欢皮皂苷溶液,使合欢皮皂苷、胆固醇、卵磷脂三者的重量比为5~20:1:1,即含合欢皮皂苷10~40 mg/ml、胆固醇2 mg/ml和卵磷脂2 mg/ml,混匀,按表2分别置于25、37或50℃恒温水浴中,磁力搅拌1、2或3 h。
5. 将表2规定的孵育时间,于各时间点取出相应编号的反应液,以PBS缓冲液(pH6.2)稀释4倍,导入到密理博公司labscale TFF System切向流超滤系统的贮液罐,采用0.1 μm超滤膜(PALL公司),以15倍体积的PBS缓冲液(pH6.2) 进行ASMA超滤浓缩,待浓缩至原体积,收集贮液罐中液体,即得。
实施例3:不同来源卵磷脂制备合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)
1. 5%合欢皮皂苷溶液的配制:将合欢皮皂苷溶解于蒸馏水,制成50 mg/ml的溶液,滤过除菌,备用。
2. 1%胆固醇/卵磷脂溶液的配制:将非离子型表面活性剂Mega-10或辛基葡萄糖苷,配制成20%的水溶液。然后将胆固醇分别与磷脂酰胆碱、大豆卵磷脂或蛋黄卵磷脂溶于20% Mega-10水溶液中,获得三组样品,分别含磷脂酰胆碱和胆固醇各10 mg/ml,含大豆卵磷脂和胆固醇各10 mg/ml,或含黄卵磷脂和胆固醇各10 mg/ml,滤过除菌,备用。
3. 样品制备 取上述3种不同来源卵磷脂制备的1%胆固醇/卵磷脂溶液各0.3 ml,分别加入PBS缓冲液0.6 ml,混匀,再加入5%合欢皮皂苷溶液0.6 ml,使合欢皮皂苷、胆固醇、卵磷脂三者的重量比为10:1:1,即含合欢皮皂苷20 mg/ml、胆固醇2 mg/ml和卵磷脂(磷脂酰胆碱、大豆卵磷脂或蛋黄卵磷脂)2 mg/ml,混匀,分别置于25℃恒温水浴中,磁力搅拌2h。
4. 取出上述3种混合溶液,分别以PBS缓冲液(pH6.2)稀释4倍,转移至截留分子量为8000~12000的透析袋中,以PBS (pH 6.2)透析72 h,期间每6 h更换一次透析液。透析完毕后,分别收集透析袋中的液体,得到3种不同来源卵磷脂制备的欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)。
实施例4:溶血性测定
实验方法:以真空采血管从兔耳静脉采血,加二倍量生理盐水洗涤,2000 r/min离心10min,洗涤3次,红细胞悬浮液用生理盐水稀释成0.5%。取上述合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA),用生理盐水倍比稀释制成皂苷浓度0.98~1000μg/ml的稀释液。在96孔微量板中,每孔加入05%红细胞悬液100 μl及不同浓度的样品稀释液100 μl,每个浓度重复3孔,重复3次。另设生理盐水及蒸馏水分别作为最小和最大的溶血性对照。将微量板置于微量震荡器上,混匀,37℃孵育30 min,1800 r/min离心5 min,取各孔中上清液100μl,用酶标仪在405nm处读取OD值。各组的吸收值减去生理盐水对照组的吸收值表示溶血性,计算引起50%溶血的浓度(HD50)。
实验结果:合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)对兔红细胞的溶血性结果见表4。从表4可见,合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)对0.5%兔红细胞悬液的HD50值均显著高于合欢皮皂苷(AJS),说明AJS制成ASMA,可显著降低溶血性,尤其是脂类混合物与合欢皮皂苷1:5制备的ASMA,其HD50值大于500 μg/ml,溶血性降低100倍以上。
表4 欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)对兔红细胞的溶血性
实施例5:欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)对卵清白蛋白(OVA)的佐剂作用
实验方法:清洁级ICR小鼠35只,随机分成 7组,每组5只。PBS对照组:每只注射磷酸缓冲液(PBS)0.2 ml;OVA低剂量免疫组:每只注射含OVA 2.5 μg的PBS 0.2 ml;OVA高剂量免疫组:每只注射含OVA 25 μg的PBS 0.2 ml;合欢皮皂苷(AJS)对照组:每只注射含100μg AJS和2.5 μg OVA的PBS 0.2 ml;合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA):每只注射含2.5、5、10μg皂苷的ASMA和2.5 μg OVA的PBS 0.2 ml。各组皮下注射免疫2次,第一次免疫和第二次免疫间隔14天。动物分组及免疫程序详见表5。二免后14天,采血,分离血清,采用ELISA方法检测血清中OVA特异性抗体效价。
表5 分组及给药处理
实验结果:合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)对卵清蛋白(OVA)免疫小鼠血清抗原特异性IgG抗体及其亚类效价的影响见图2~5。从图2~5可见,⑴ 与OVA低剂量(2.5 μg)单独免疫组比较,合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)可显著提高免疫小鼠血清中OVA特异性IgG、IgG1、IgG2a和 IgG2b抗体效价,说明ASMA对模式抗原OVA具有显著的佐剂作用,可诱导免疫小鼠对OVA产生平衡的Th1/Th2免疫应答反应;⑵ OVA低剂量(2.5 μg)联合10 μg ASMA免疫小鼠血清中IgG、IgG1、IgG2a和IgG2b抗体效价显著高于OVA高剂量(25 μg)单独免疫组,说明ASMA可显著降低OVA抗原用量;⑶ OVA低剂量(2.5 μg)联合10 μg ASMA与联合100 μg AJS免疫小鼠血清中IgG、IgG1、IgG2a和IgG2b抗体效价无显著差异,说明ASMA可降低AJS佐剂使用剂量。
实施例6:合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)对猪口蹄疫灭活疫苗(FMDV)的佐剂作用
实验方法:清洁级ICR小鼠54,随机分成 9组,每组6只。PBS对照组:每只注射磷酸缓冲液(PBS)0.25 ml; FMDV单独免疫组:每只注射含0.1 头份FMDV的PBS 0.25 ml;Quil A对照组:每只注射含25μgQuil A和0.1 头份的FMDV 的PBS 0.25 ml;合欢皮皂苷(AJS)对照组:每只注射含50μg AJS和0.1头份的FMDV的PBS 0.25 ml;合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)试验组:每只注射含皂苷(5、10、25、50μg)和0.1头份FMDV的PBS 0.25 ml。动物分组及免疫程序详见表6。分别于第1和15天皮下注射免疫小鼠,二免后14天,采血,分离血清,进行猪口蹄疫病毒特异性抗体效价检测。
表6 分组及给药处理
结果结果:合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)能显著提高FMDV免疫小鼠血清中猪口蹄疫病毒特异性IgG、IgG1、IgG2a和IgG2b抗体滴度(图6~9)。说明合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)对猪口蹄疫疫苗具有显著的佐剂作用,可同时诱导免疫小鼠对FMDV产生Th1型和Th2型免疫反应。
实施例7:合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)对猪口蹄疫灭活疫苗免疫小鼠迟发性超敏反应的影响
实验方法:清洁级ICR小鼠40只,随机分成8组,每组5只。PBS对照组:每只注射磷酸缓冲液(PBS)0.25 ml;猪口蹄疫灭活水相疫苗(FMDV-W)免疫组:每只注射含猪口蹄疫灭活水相疫苗0.1头份的PBS 0.25 ml;猪口蹄疫灭活商品疫苗(FMDV-O)免疫组:每只注射含猪口蹄疫灭活商品疫苗0.1头份的PBS 0.25 ml;Quil A对照组:每只注射含25 μg Quil A和0.1头份猪口蹄疫灭活水相疫苗的PBS 0.25 ml;合欢皮皂苷(AJS)对照组:每只注射含50 μg合欢皮皂苷和0.1头份猪口蹄疫灭活水相疫苗的PBS 0.25 ml;合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)试验组:每只注射含皂苷(5、10、25、50 μg)和0.1头份猪口蹄疫灭活水相疫苗的PBS0.25 ml。皮下注射致敏5天后,小鼠左后足垫皮下注射猪口蹄疫病毒抗原0.05 ml进行激发,右后足垫皮下注射等体积PBS作为对照。12小时后,用游标卡尺测量后足垫的厚度(精确到0.01 mm),以左、右后足垫厚度差作为肿胀度(⊿T),评定迟发性超敏反应的强弱。
实验结果:合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)、Quil A和合欢皮皂苷(AJS)均能显著促进免疫小鼠对猪口蹄疫灭活水相疫苗诱导的迟发性超敏反应,而油佐剂对猪口蹄疫灭活水相疫苗免疫小鼠的迟发性超敏反应无显著影响(图10)。说明合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂(ASMA)、Quil A和合欢皮皂苷(AJS)均能显著诱导猪口蹄疫灭活水相疫苗免疫小鼠T细胞介导的免疫反应,对猪口蹄疫灭活水相疫苗免疫小鼠细胞免疫应答具有显著的佐剂作用,而油佐剂对细胞介导的免疫应答反应没有佐剂作用。
综上所述,本发明的合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂具有显著的佐剂作用,能增强疫苗免疫机体的细胞免疫和体液免疫反应,诱导产生平衡的Th1型和Th2型免疫应答。合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂可降低疫苗的抗原剂量,是抗原量有限或造价昂贵疫苗的理想佐剂。与现有技术中已知的合欢皮皂苷佐剂相比,合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂用量少、溶血性低,安全性好。合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂与各种抗原均具有良好的亲和性,是一种新型、通用型疫苗佐剂,适用于传统疫苗及DNA疫苗、重组疫苗和合成肽疫苗等新型疫苗。合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂生产工艺简单,易于大规模生产。因此,本发明的合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂是一种理想的疫苗佐剂。
Claims (8)
1. 一种合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂,其特征在于,该佐剂含有合欢皮皂苷、胆固醇和卵磷脂,且三者的重量比为5~20:1:1;所述的佐剂是由300~700 nm片状和/或链状微粒构成,该片状或链状微粒由粒径10~12 nm的正方体和/或球形颗粒组成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂,其特征在于,所述的合欢皮皂苷是合欢皮属植物中的皂苷,它是齐墩果烷型苷元、8~10个单糖分子以及1~4单萜烯酸分子结合而成的三萜皂苷。
3.根据权利要求1所述的合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂,其特征在于,所述的卵磷脂为磷脂酰胆碱、大豆卵磷脂或蛋黄卵磷脂。
4.制备权利要求1所述的合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂的方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
a. 合欢皮皂苷溶液的配制:将合欢皮皂苷溶解于蒸馏水,制成50 mg/ml的溶液,滤过除菌,获得合欢皮皂苷溶液;
b. 胆固醇/卵磷脂溶液的配制:取非离子型表面活性剂,以双蒸水溶解,制成质量浓度为20%的溶液;再称取卵磷脂和胆固醇,溶于上述溶液中,使每ml溶液含卵磷脂和胆固醇各10 mg,滤过除菌,获得胆固醇/卵磷脂溶液;
c. 按合欢皮皂苷、胆固醇和卵磷脂三者重量比5~20:1:1,取步骤a的合欢皮皂苷溶液与步骤b的胆固醇/卵磷脂溶液,加入pH6.2的PBS缓冲液中,混匀,使合欢皮皂苷10~40 mg/ml、胆固醇2 mg/ml和卵磷脂2 mg/ml,置于25~50℃恒温水浴1~3 h,获得混合溶液;
d. 将上述混合溶液以pH6.2的PBS缓冲液稀释4倍,获得溶液A,转移至截留分子量为8000~12000的透析袋中,以pH 6.2的PBS缓冲液透析72 h,期间每6 h更换一次透析液,透析完毕后,收集透析袋中的液体,获得合欢皮皂苷佐剂;或采用孔径0.1 μm的超滤膜,用体积为溶液A体积15倍的pH6.2的PBS缓冲液进行超滤浓缩,待浓缩至体积与溶液A体积相等时,收集剩余液体,获得合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂。
5.根据权利要求4所述的合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的非离子型表面活性剂为Mega-10或辛基葡萄糖苷。
6.权利要求1-3任一项所述的合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂或权利要求4-5任一项所述的方法获得的合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂在疫苗制剂制备中的用途。
7. 一种疫苗制剂,其特征在于,包含如权利要求1所述的合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂,所述的合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂含量为以合欢皮皂苷计0.01μg~1 g /单剂量。
8. 根据权利要求7所述的疫苗制剂,其特征在于,所述的合欢皮皂苷基质佐剂含量为以合欢皮皂苷计0.1~100μg /单剂量。
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