CN105154363B - A kind of silicate bacteria culture medium and its preparation method and application - Google Patents
A kind of silicate bacteria culture medium and its preparation method and application Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of silicate bacteria culture mediums and its preparation method and application, carbon nitrogen source (fermentation substrate) of the culture medium using chicken manure as culture medium, using crushing straw as bacterial strain adsorbent, it is compared with production cost with ordinary culture medium growing state, the results show that it is 1.47 × 10 that culture medium using the present invention, which carries out culture viable count maximum production,9Cfu/ml shortens 12h compared to ordinary culture medium incubation time, and biomass promotes 24.5 times, 9.12 times of cost reduction.It follows that a kind of silicate bacteria culture medium provided by the invention can significantly improve thalline yield while ensureing silicate bacteria biomass, shortens fermentation period, and production cost is greatly reduced, technical support is provided for the popularization and application of microbial-bacterial fertilizer.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of culture mediums, more particularly to a kind of cheap substrate for silicate bacteria Zengjing Granule.
The invention belongs to field of microbial culture technology.
Background technology
Potassium be one of crop growth essential nutrient element (ChokriHafsi, Ahmed Debez, ChedlyAbdelly,
2014,Potassium deficiency in plants:effects and signaling cascades[J]
.ActaPhysiologiaePlantarum,36(5):1055-1070.), photosynthesis of plant, carbohydrate metabolism,
The processes such as protein synthesis have participation, are an important nutrition members for promoting crop growth and influencing its yield and quality
Element.(Sun Desi, Yin Jianmei, Chen Ye, Cao Fei potassium minerals crystal structure are metabolized Aspergillus Niger Growth and the dissolution of potassium and silicon influences
[J] Scientia Agricultura Sinicas, 2014,03:The potassium for having 503-513.) but in the soil 95% is the form of mineral K, is largely deposited
It is among potassium feldspar and mica, the quick-acting potassium being absorbed and utilized for crop is no more than full potassium 2% (history silently, Liu Jingyang, Korea Spro
Its people, Yang Endong, Sun Leni, the physiological activity and growth-promoting effect [J] Chinese soils of Tang Xin sunlight Cotton rhizosphere potassium bacteriums with
Fertilizer, 2012,04:87-90.), which results in the universal potassium deficiencys in China arable land, in agricultural production always to the demand of potash fertilizer
It is high.As the consumption big country of potash fertilizer, China's potash fertilizer consumption accounts for about global 14.7%, but since yield is smaller
Domestic demand can not be met, so agricultural supply relies primarily on external import.
Show that the invalid potassium of solidification that silicate bacteria can will be present in soil is converted into available potassium according to correlative study, if
It can be widely applied, solve crops potassium deficiency phenomenon, reducing the wound of import cost, mitigation using chemical fertilizer to environment
Evil etc. will have huge meaning.But although silicate bacteria shows good dive in terms of bio-feritlizer preparation
Power, but since the culture cost of raw material is excessively high, the price in fermentation production process will be the several times of common chemical fertilizer, high
High price, which becomes, limits its major reason promoted and applied.How a kind of cheap and easy to get fermentation raw material is found to reduce
Production cost is to solve the problems, such as this key point.
China's livestock and poultry breeding industry obtains larger development in recent years, produces to scale, standardization, industrialization sum aggregate
The paces of reduction transformation gradually accelerate (the feces of livestock and poultry resource structures distribution of Lin Yuan, Ma Ji, Qin Fu China and forecast of development [J]
Chinese agronomy notification, 2012,32:1-5.).Booming livestock and poultry breeding industry while providing abundant food for people its support
The waste for growing middle generation also causes great pollution to environment, such as it is improper conduct oneself well to set soil, water quality and air can be caused raw
State environmental pollution, and constitute a threat to (Huo Shuhao, Dong Renjie, Pang Changle, Zhang Wanqin, Cui Fengjie, Zou to animal and human health
It is refined, realization [J] the China biogas of Qian Jingya animal husbandry wastes decrement and recycling, 2014,05:29-32+51.).But
Be waste be although environmental contaminants, but itself containing abundant nutriment (Ramasamy Rajesh Kumar,
Bong Ju Park,Jae Young Cho.2013.Application and environmental risks of
livestock manure[J].Journal of the Korean Society for Applied Biological
Chemistry,56(5):497-503.), suitable growing environment can be provided for microorganism.Reasonable employment waste can not only be used for sending out
Ferment hotbed produces beneficial microbe can solve pollution problem by biodegradation again, not only waste be made to turn waste into wealth, and realize that it is surplus
Partial valence value can also save the resource for being largely used to curb environmental pollution.
In consideration of it, the present invention tests the fermentation condition to silicate bacteria using " chicken manure " as fermentation substrate by response surface
It is studied, it is thin to reduce silicate to provide a kind of cheap substrate can be used in silicate bacteria Zengjing Granule
The production cost of bacterium simultaneously improves thalline output, and technical support is provided to further decrease microbial-bacterial fertilizer production prices.
Invention content
Technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a kind of cheap trainings can be used in silicate bacteria Zengjing Granule
Base and its preparation method and application, carbon nitrogen source (fermentation substrate) of the culture medium using chicken manure as culture medium are supported, crushing straw is made
For bacterial strain adsorbent, can be realized while ensureing silicate bacteria biomass reduces fermentation costs this purpose.
In order to achieve the above object, present invention employs following technological means:
A kind of silicate bacteria culture medium provided by the invention, it is characterised in that the culture medium is prepared by following steps
It obtains:
(1) it weighs chicken manure and crushing straw to be uniformly mixed in container, the weight ratio of wherein chicken manure and crushing straw is
1-3:1;
(2) it is 19-31 to use the carbon-nitrogen ratio of starch regulating step (1) mixture:1, with Fe (OH)3For pH conditioners, Fe
(OH)3Additive amount be 0-2.0% (w/w);
(3) water content of regulating step (2) mixture is 50-70% (w/w);
(4) 120 DEG C sterilizing 20-30min to get.
In the present invention, it is preferred to, the weight ratio of the chicken manure and crushing straw is 2:1.
In the present invention, it is preferred to, the water content of regulating step (2) mixture is 60% (w/w).
In the present invention, it is preferred to, it is 19 to adjust mixture carbon-nitrogen ratio using starch:1.
In the present invention, it is preferred to, Fe (OH)3Additive amount be 0.5% (w/w).
Further, the answering in cultivating silicate bacteria the invention also provides the culture medium described in any of the above item
With.
Further, the present invention proposes a kind of method of culture silicate bacteria, including by silicate bacteria seed
The culture medium that liquid is inoculated in described in any of the above item is cultivated, incubation time 8-28h, and cultivation temperature is 20-40 DEG C.
In the present invention, it is preferred to, the silicate bacteria is Plantibacter sp.WZW03, is deposited in China
Type Tissue Collection, in Wuhan University, microbial preservation number is CCTCC NO.M 2014569, preservation date for address
For on November 18th, 2014.
In the present invention, it is preferred to, the incubation time is 20.36h, and cultivation temperature is 29.87 DEG C.
In the present invention, it is preferred to, the weight ratio of chicken manure and crushing straw is 2 in the culture medium:1, use starch tune
It is 19 to save mixture carbon-nitrogen ratio:1, Fe (OH)3Additive amount be 0.5% (w/w), adjust mixture water content be 60% (w/
w)。
Silicate bacteria Plantibacter sp.WZW03 are that the present inventor isolates one plant of silicon from root system of plant soil
Hydrochlorate bacterium can obviously increase watermelon children it has been investigated that it can secrete heteroauxin with stronger ability of dissolving potassium after
The underground part dry weight of seedling, fibrous root number, root length etc., and colonization ability is good, to promoting root growth, optimization root structure all
There is apparent effect.(bacterial strain has been documented in application No. is 201410798227.5, entitled " to detach the unwrapping wire obtained
Campylobacter bacteria WZW03 bacterial strains and its in the application in terms of alleviating continuous cropping obstacle of watermelon " patent application in.) but although WZW03 exists
Good potentiality are shown in terms of bio-feritlizer preparation, but since the culture cost of raw material is excessively high, in fermenting and producing mistake
Price in journey will be the several times of common chemical fertilizer, and fancy price, which becomes, limits its major reason promoted and applied.And
The it is proposed of the present invention provides a kind of fermentation raw material cheap and easy to get for the culture of the bacterium, greatly reduces production cost.
Bacterial strain silicate bacteria with plant growth-promoting function of the present inventor to be obtained from the rhizosphere soil of plant
Plantibacter sp.WZW03 are (referred to as " WZW03 ") bacterial strain to be optimized, and culture medium uses low value fermentation method, with 20g chicken manures
As the carbon nitrogen source of culture medium, 10g crushing straws are uniformly mixed in 250ml triangular flasks as bacterial strain adsorbent, use starch
It is 25 to adjust carbon-nitrogen ratio:1, with Fe (OH)3For pH conditioners, additive amount is 1.0% (w/w), finally adjusts mixture water content
To 60% (w/w), 120 DEG C of sterilizing 20-30min.Then seed liquor is inoculated in by the inoculum concentration of 2% (v/v) in culture medium, and
Based on this culture medium, the carbon-nitrogen ratio of chicken manure culture medium, incubation time, cultivation temperature, pH conditioners additive amount four are studied
Influence of the kind factor to biomass.Culture medium composition is optimized using Responds Surface Methodology, it is best with experiment of single factor
Horizontal section carries out response surface experimental design to four factors as basic point, former according to the center combination design of Box-Behnken
Reason, four setting incubation time, cultivation temperature, carbon-nitrogen ratio, pH conditioners factors are made as independent variable with microbial growth population
For response, the experiment of four factors, three horizontal respone surface analysis is carried out, and carried out to test data by Design-Expert softwares
Regression analysis determines chicken manure culture medium optimization formula.Result of study is shown, final true after single factor test and response surface experiments
Determining culture medium final optimization pass result is:Incubation time 20.36h, 29.87 DEG C of cultivation temperature, carbon-nitrogen ratio 19:1,Fe(OH)3Addition
Measure 0.5% (w/w).After being fermented with this optimal conditions, viable count maximum production is 1.47 × 109Cfu/ml, verified base
Originally meet response surface predicted value.(Chen Yuru, Yang Qi silver potassium decomposing silicate bacterias are cultivated known to Chen Yuru et al. results of study
Research [J] Nanjing Normal University's journals (natural science edition) of base and condition of culture, 2001,03:88-92.), the silicic acid after optimizing
Salt bacteria culture media maximum viable bacteria yield is 1.06 × 109Cfu/ml, in comparison, culture medium of the present invention are above carried in viable bacteria yield
33.96% has been risen, there is preferable biological yield.To examine the dominance of cheap substrate, the present invention to exist silicate bacteria
Growing state on the cheap substrate and ordinary culture medium of the present invention is compared, the results show that bacterial strain is honest and clean after optimization
After cultivating 20h on valence culture medium, viable count reaches maximum value 1.47 × 109Reach after cfu/ml, ordinary culture medium culture 32h
Maximum viable count reaches 6 × 107Cfu/ml, incubation time shorten 12h, and biomass improves 24.5 times, according to market price meter
It calculates, often produces 1.47 × 1011Cfu, it is 0.1323 yuan that ordinary culture medium, which is spent, and cheap substrate only needs 0.0145 yuan, cost
9.12 times are reduced, Productive statistics are greatly saved.
In conclusion the present invention provides a kind of cheap substrates for silicate bacteria culture, while utilizing response
Face method is optimized to the composition of cheap substrate and to the condition of culture of Plantibacter sp.WZW03 bacterial strains, is determined most
Excellent formula composition is incubation time 20.36h, 29.87 DEG C of cultivation temperature, carbon-nitrogen ratio 19:1,Fe(OH)30.5% (w/ of additive amount
W), its verified rear maximum biological yield is 1.47 × 109Cfu/ml, compared to the ordinary culture medium of WZW03 bacterial strains, the present invention
Cheap substrate can significantly improve thalline yield, shorten fermentation period, production cost be greatly reduced, be bio-bacterial manure industrialization
Using offer important referential data.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is that single factor test optimizes section;
Fig. 2 is response surface stereoscopic analysis figure;
Fig. 3 is that different culture media biomass compares figure.
Specific implementation mode
The present invention is further described with reference to specific embodiments and the drawings, the advantages and features of the present invention will be with
Description and it is apparent.But examples are merely exemplary, and it is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way.Art technology
Personnel should be understood that without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention can be to the details and form of technical solution of the present invention
It modifies or replaces, but these modifications and replacement are each fallen in protection scope of the present invention.
Optimization and application of the embodiment 1 for the cheap substrate of silicate bacteria culture
1 materials and methods
1.1 strain
The silicate bacteria with plant growth-promoting function is obtained from the rhizosphere soil of plant:Plantibacter
Sp.WZW03 (referred to as " WZW03 "), the bacterial strain are deposited in China typical culture collection center, and address is micro- in Wuhan University
Biological deposits number are CCTCC NO.M 2014569, and the deposit date is on November 18th, 2014, which has been documented in application number
It is 201410798227.5, entitled " the actinomyces bacterium WZW03 bacterial strains and its alleviating watermelon continuous cropping that separation obtains
In the patent application of application in terms of obstacle ", by Qiqihar University's screening and preservation.
1.2 culture medium
LB liquid medium:Peptone 10.00g, yeast extract 5.00g, NaCl 8.00g, distilled water are settled to
1000.00ml。
Bacterial Plate culture medium:Sucrose 0.50g, CaCO30.10g, Na2HPO40.50g, FeCl30.05g, MgSO4
0.50g, potassium feldspar 0.10g, agar 20.00g, distilled water are settled to 1000.00ml.
1.3 chicken manure culture medium single factor test Optimum Experiments
1.3.1 seed liquor culture
Preservation strain WZW03 is crossed to Bacterial Plate culture medium, cultivates under the conditions of 30 DEG C and is activated for 24 hours.It will live
Inoculation is in LB liquid medium after change, in 30 DEG C, 120r/min shake cultures for 24 hours, obtain seed liquor.
1.3.2 the preparation of chicken manure inexpensive fermentation culture medium (i.e. silicate bacteria culture medium of the invention)
Culture medium uses low value fermentation method, and using 20g chicken manures as the carbon nitrogen source of culture medium, 10g crushing straws are as bacterial strain
Adsorbent is uniformly mixed in 250ml triangular flasks, and it is 25 to adjust carbon-nitrogen ratio using starch:1, with Fe (OH)3For pH conditioners,
Fe(OH)3Additive amount is 1.0% (w/w), adjusts mixture water content to 60% (w/w), 120 DEG C of sterilizing 30min.It then will kind
Sub- liquid is inoculated in by the inoculum concentration of 2% (v/v) in the culture medium, and based on this culture medium, studies chicken manure inexpensive fermentation
The carbon-nitrogen ratio of culture medium, incubation time, cultivation temperature, influence of the pH conditioner additive amount four factors to biomass.
1.3.3 each single factor test optimization
Setting 8h, 16h, 20h, for 24 hours, five sections 28h incubation time is optimized, under 30 DEG C of condition of culture with
Different time intervals carry out fermented and cultured, measure biomass, screen optimal incubation time section.
20 DEG C, 25 DEG C, 30 DEG C, 35 DEG C, 40 DEG C of five sections are selected when being optimized to cultivation temperature, keep carbon-nitrogen ratio
It is constant with pH conditioner additive amounts, it is cultivated after different sections connect bacterium under optimal incubation time, obtains most suitable culture temperature
Spend section.
It is 19 that section is selected in carbon-nitrogen ratio optimization:1,22:1,25:1,28:1,31:1, carbon-nitrogen ratio adjusting is carried out using starch,
It keeps pH conditioner additive amounts constant, bacterium culture is connect under optimal incubation time and optimal cultivation temperature, determines optimal carbon-nitrogen ratio
Section.
PH conditioner additive amounts optimization select 0.0% (w/w), 0.5% (w/w), 1.0% (w/w), 1.5% (w/w),
2.0% section (w/w) five, cultivates culture medium with Optimal Temperature, time, carbon-nitrogen ratio, screens optimal pH conditioners and adds
Dosage section.
1.3.2 biomass estimation
100ml sterile waters are added into the chicken manure culture medium after fermentation to shake in the shaking table of 120r/min, extract 20min
Gradient dilution afterwards takes 0.1ml dilutions to be coated on strain cultures, and at 30 DEG C, culture for 24 hours, calculates viable count (cfu/ml), if
Three groups parallel.
1.4 Responds Surface Methodology Optimal Mediums
Culture medium composition is optimized using Responds Surface Methodology, as basic point with experiment of single factor optimum level section
Response surface experimental design is carried out to four factors, according to the center combination design principle of Box-Behnken, setting incubation time,
Four cultivation temperature, carbon-nitrogen ratio, pH conditioners factors are worth as independent variable with microbial growth population in response, carry out four
Three horizontal respone surface analysis of factor is tested, and carries out regression analysis to test data by Design-Expert softwares, determines chicken
The optimization formula of excrement inexpensive fermentation culture medium.
2 results and analysis
2.1 fermentation medium experiment of single factor interpretations of result
Each single factor test optimum level section is screened.Chicken manure cheap substrate after fermentation is extracted, to leaching
Extract carries out gradient dilution, and coating culture calculates viable count (Fig. 1).The results show that in incubation time optimization, bacterial strain passes through
Its biomass reaches maximum value after 20h cultures, and then biomass starts drastically to decline.It is carried out at 25 DEG C of bacterial strain in temperature optimization
Biomass reaches maximum when fermentation, and culture biomass is respectively less than 25 DEG C at a temperature of other.The culture medium carbon in carbon-nitrogen ratio optimization
Nitrogen ratio is 22:Biomass reaches maximum value when 1, and Fe (OH) in the optimization of pH conditioner additive amounts3When additive amount is 1% (w/w)
Biomass reaches maximum value, thereby determines that four factors optimum interval is respectively cultivation temperature 16-24h, 25 DEG C of cultivation temperature, training
Support base carbon-nitrogen ratio 22:1,Fe(OH)3Additive amount 1% (w/w).
2.2 response surface experimental results and analysis
2.2.1 quadratic regression model fitting and variance analysis
Each factor optimum level section (table 1) can determine by single factor experiment, point passes through centered on each optimum point
Box-Behnken carries out response surface experimental design (table to four carbon-nitrogen ratio, incubation time, cultivation temperature, pH conditioners factors
2)。
1 factor level table of table
2 central combination design of table
Regression analysis is carried out to center combination design result using Design-Expert response surface analysis software, by returning
Fitting is returned to establish using biomass as the regression equation of response:
Viable count
(cfu/ml)=7.846E+008+3.950E+007A+2.429E+008B-6.307E+007C-1.502E+00 8D+
2.026E+008AB-1.900E+008AC+3.715E+008AD+1.508E+008BC-3.108E+008BD+4.340E+
008CD-3.142E+008A2-2.153E+008B2-1.687E+008C2-2.995E+007D2
Variance analysis (table 3) is carried out to the multinomial fitting regression equation of data, the regression line equation block mold is extremely notable
(P<0.01) it, loses and intends item not significantly (P>0.05), it can thus be appreciated that regression model and the degree of fitting of data are good, the recurrence can be used
Equation determines that best medium forms.Wherein cultivation temperature influences extremely significantly (P to clump count<0.01), pH conditioners additive amount
Significantly (P is influenced on clump count<0.05), the influence of incubation time and culture medium carbon-nitrogen ratio to clump count is not notable.In interaction phase
In, pH conditioners additive amount and incubation time and culture medium carbon-nitrogen ratio reciprocal effect extremely significantly (P<0.01), cultivation temperature and pH
Conditioner additive amount reciprocal effect significantly (P<0.05).The influence of incubation time extremely significantly (P in quadratic term<0.01), culture temperature
The influence of degree is notable (P<0.05).
3 response surface variance analysis of table
2.2.2 response surface analysis and optimal medium composition
It is met with a response surface analysis figure (Fig. 2) by regression equation, investigates the shape of be fitted corresponding surface.It can from figure
There is certain reciprocation between each factor to find out, is not simple linear relationship on response influence.Pass through
Design-Expert softwares analyze equation, as a result show incubation time 20.36h, 29.87 DEG C of cultivation temperature, carbon-nitrogen ratio
19:1、Fe(OH)3Additive amount 0.5% (w/w), stable point, i.e. viable count maximum point present in regression equation, this pole are
1.42×109cfu/ml.The condition then optimized with response surface experiments carries out strain fermentation, and viable count is respectively 1.40 ×
109、1.50×109、1.50×109Cfu/ml, average value are 1.47 × 109Cfu/ml has preferable fitness with predicted value,
Demonstrate the feasibility of model.
The comparison of the chicken manure inexpensive fermentation culture medium and ordinary culture medium of 2.3 present invention
2.3.1 technological parameter compares
By after optimization chicken manure inexpensive fermentation culture medium (referred to as " cheap substrate ") and ordinary culture medium (Chen Yuru, poplar
Open research [J] Nanjing Normal University's journals (natural science edition) of silver-colored potassium decomposings silicate bacteria culture medium and condition of culture, 2001,
03:It 88-92.) is compared and makes growth curve.The use of the WZW03 of cheap substrate culture is as shown in Figure 3 to prolong in 0-4h
Demurrage, strain growth was slower at this time.4-20h strain growths enter logarithmic phase, and biomass is constantly promoted, and 4-8h biomass carries
Lifting speed is most fast, reaches maximum biomass 1.47 × 10 after culture to 20h9Cfu/ml then enters decline phase.Use common training
When foster base is cultivated, WZW03 bacterial strain lag phases are 0-16h, logarithmic phase are entered in 16-24h, 24-32h biomass is opposite
Stabilization reaches maximum biomass 6 × 10 in 32h7Cfu/ml enters decline phase later.WZW03 is grown in two kinds of culture mediums
Speed is:Cheap substrate>Ordinary culture medium.Compared to the WZW03 bacterial strains of ordinary culture medium culture, trained using cheap substrate
Its lag phase time can significantly be shortened by supporting, and promote the logarithmic phase time, and 12h reaches maximum biomass in advance, shortens fermentation period.
2.3.2 biomass and production cost compare
WZW03 is cultivated using cheap substrate, and biomass is measured using the sterile flooding coated plates of 100ml after fermentation,
Its total biomass reaches maximum 1.47 × 10 in 20h9Cfu/ml, total biomass are 1.47 × 1011Cfu, according to market price
It is 0.0145 yuan to calculate culture medium cost.And after 100ml ordinary culture medium cultures, reach in 32h maximum biomass 6 ×
107Cfu/ml, total biomass are 6 × 109Cfu, cost are 0.0054 yuan.From biomass and production cost, cheap substrate
The total biomass of production is 24.5 times of ordinary culture medium, often produces 1.47 × 1011Cfu fermentation mediums need to spend 0.0145
Member, and ordinary culture medium then needs to spend 0.1323 yuan, cost expenses are 9.12 times of cheap substrate.
Claims (5)
1. a kind of silicate bacteria culture medium, it is characterised in that the culture medium is prepared by following steps:
(1) it weighs chicken manure and crushing straw to be uniformly mixed in container, wherein the weight ratio of chicken manure and crushing straw is 2:1;
(2) it is 19 to use the carbon-nitrogen ratio of starch regulating step (1) mixture:1, with Fe (OH)3For pH conditioners, Fe (OH)3Add
Dosage is 0.5%;
(3) water content of regulating step (2) mixture is 50-70%;
(4) 120 DEG C sterilizing 20-30min to get;
Wherein, the silicate bacteria is Plantibacter sp.WZW03, is deposited in China typical culture collection
The heart, in Wuhan University, microbial preservation number is CCTCC NO.M 2014569 for address, and the deposit date is November 18 in 2014
Day.
2. silicate bacteria culture medium as described in claim 1, it is characterised in that the water content of regulating step (2) mixture is
60%.
3. application of the culture medium as claimed in claim 1 or 2 in cultivating silicate bacteria, the silicate bacteria are
Plantibacter sp.WZW03, are deposited in China typical culture collection center, and address is protected in Wuhan University, microorganism
Tibetan number is CCTCC NO.M 2014569, and the deposit date is on November 18th, 2014.
4. a kind of method of culture silicate bacteria, it is characterised in that silicate bacteria seed liquor is inoculated in claims 1 or 2
The culture medium is cultivated, incubation time 8-28h, and cultivation temperature is 20-40 DEG C;
The silicate bacteria is Plantibacter sp.WZW03, is deposited in China typical culture collection center, address
In Wuhan University, microbial preservation number is CCTCC NO.M 2014569, and the deposit date is on November 18th, 2014.
5. method as claimed in claim 4, it is characterised in that the incubation time is 20.36h hours, and cultivation temperature is
29.87℃。
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