CN105073120A - 用于预防或治疗神经精神疾病或衰老中的认知功能障碍和情绪紊乱的低聚半乳糖组合物 - Google Patents
用于预防或治疗神经精神疾病或衰老中的认知功能障碍和情绪紊乱的低聚半乳糖组合物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种包含二糖、三糖、四糖和五糖的混合物的低聚半乳糖组合物用于预防或治疗神经精神疾病或衰老中的认知功能障碍和/或情绪紊乱的用途。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于预防或治疗发生在人的神经精神疾病或障碍中的或者衰老中的认知功能障碍和/或情绪紊乱的包含低聚半乳糖(GOS)混合物的组合物。还涉及通过向个体口服施用有效量的包含低聚半乳糖混合物的组合物来预防或治疗发生在神经精神疾病或障碍中的或者衰老中的认知功能障碍和/或情绪紊乱的方法。
背景技术
疾病的预防是指药物组合物的能力,或者是指治疗不仅预防疾病发生如风险因子减低、而且还阻滞其进展并减少其一旦建立的后果(Ref:adaptedfromGlossaryofTermsusedinHealthforAllSeries.WHO,Geneva,1984)。
一级预防针对的是防止最初的发病,而二级和三级预防力图阻滞或妨碍现有的疾病并减少复发的出现和慢性疾病的建立。
认知功能障碍是指智力功能的损失,如思考、记忆和推理,严重程度足以干扰个体的日常活动。这可见于衰老和痴呆患者,特别见于患有阿尔茨海默病的人群。认知功能的损伤可影响思考、集中、构思、推理和记忆的能力。
神经精神疾病或障碍是指引起精神症状的生物体脑疾病或神经系统疾病。它们包括常见于老年患者的焦虑症和抑郁症。
Gryan,JF和Dinan,TG的综述(NatureReview/Neuroscience;13;701-712;(2012))中记载了对无菌动物和暴露于病原菌感染、益生菌或抗生素药物的动物的研究是如何表明肠道菌群对调节焦虑、情绪、认知和疼痛起作用的。
益生菌定义为如果摄取则可为宿主赋予健康益处的活菌。
Bravo,JA等人论证了益生菌鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillusrhamnosus)被小鼠摄取时的抗抑郁和抗焦虑样特性(参见ProcNathAcadSciUSA;108;16050-16055;(2011))。
Burnet,PWJ建议,使用选择性抗菌剂和益生元(prebiotics)来增加肠道固有的乳杆菌和双歧杆菌的菌株的进一步研究可对动物和人的行为和神经生理输出起作用(参见Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA;E175;(2012))。
益生元被定义为不易消化的食品成分,通过选择性刺激结肠中的一种或有限数量的细菌的生长和/或活性而有利地影响宿主,从而使宿主的健康得到改善。低聚半乳糖(GOS)和低聚果糖(FOS)为抵抗哺乳动物胃肠消化酶、并由特殊的结肠细菌发酵的益生元的实例。
现已发现,向哺乳动物如人口服施用包含低聚半乳糖的混合物的组合物可导致与位于胃肠道的神经元的直接相互作用,反过来可导致N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NMDARs)水平的意料之外的增长。具体地,在脑的皮质和海马部中均发现了NMDARNRI蛋白和/或mRNA的水平升高,以及在海马中发现了NMDARNR2A蛋白。这表明包含此类混合物的组合物可有益于预防或治疗发生在神经精神疾病或障碍中的或者衰老中的认知功能障碍和/或情绪紊乱。
还发现口服施用GOS组合物降低了皮质醇的分泌。由于皮质醇响应应激而释放,因此这表明该组合物可减少作为焦虑症和抑郁症症状的皮质醇过度分泌。
该低聚半乳糖的混合物含有二糖(Galβ1-3)-Glc;Gal(β1-3)-Gal;Gal(β1-6)-Gal;Gal(α1-6)-Gal;三糖Gal(β1-6)-Gal(β1-4)-Glc;Gal(β1-3)-Gal(β1-4)-Glc;四糖Gal(β1-6)-Gal(β1-6)-Gal(β1-4)-Glc和五糖Gal(β1-6)-Gal(β1-6)-Gal(β1-6)-Gal(β1-4)-Glc。
该低聚半乳糖的混合物公开于EP1644482,记载了能够产生半乳糖苷酶活性的双歧双岐杆菌(Bifidobacteriumbifidum)的新菌株,该酶活性将乳糖转化为该低聚半乳糖的新混合物。该新混合物已显示出在肠道中具有益生元和抗炎性质。
该低聚半乳糖的混合物以名称Bimuno(注册商标)商业销售,并且可从ClasadoLtd(MiltonKeynes,UK)获得。
发明内容
根据本发明的一个方面,提供一种包含如上所述的低聚半乳糖的混合物的组合物,其用于预防或治疗发生在神经精神疾病或障碍中的或者衰老中的认知功能障碍和/或情绪紊乱。
根据本发明的第二方面,提供如上所述的低聚半乳糖的混合物在制备用于预防或治疗发生在神经精神疾病或障碍中的或者衰老中的认知功能障碍和/或情绪紊乱的药物中的用途。
认知功能障碍可为由衰老、痴呆或精神分裂症引起的认知减退或损伤。神经精神疾病可为抑郁症或焦虑症。焦虑症覆盖了一类常见精神疾病的几种不同形式,常见的精神疾病的特征在于,基于真实或想象的事件对未来的不确定性的过度迷思(rumination)、担忧、不安、忧虑和恐惧,这可能影响生理和心理健康。
还根据本发明的另一方面,提供一种预防或治疗发生在神经精神疾病或障碍中的或者衰老中的认知功能障碍和/或情绪紊乱的方法,所述方法包括向个体如人施用有效量的包含如上所述的低聚半乳糖的混合物的组合物。有效量的低聚半乳糖组合物优选每日以单剂量施用或可选地以间隔几小时如间隔4至12小时、优选间隔6至10小时、最优选间隔8小时的两次分开剂量施用。
优选地,低聚半乳糖的混合物的组合物每日以冻干的粉剂、片剂、胶囊剂、液体制剂如糖浆剂或软锭剂的形式口服施用。
已知为Bimuno的产品包含至少49%的干物质作为低聚半乳糖混合物。组合物的其余部分可包含非活性组分例如葡萄糖、半乳糖、乳糖、阿拉伯胶、麦芽糖糊精和柠檬酸。
粉剂组合物优选在1.65g至20g的粉剂组合物中包含1.35g至9.6g的低聚半乳糖,优选在2.5g至10g的粉剂中包含1.96g至4.9g的低聚半乳糖,最优选在3.0g至5.5g的粉剂中包含2.7g至2.75g的低聚半乳糖。可将组合物添加到饮料(优选热饮)中,或者洒在食品上(例如洒在早餐谷类食品上)。组合物还可作为成分添加到各种食品和饮料中,例如果汁、果汁饮料、水、咖啡、酸奶、谷类食品、面包、蛋糕和饼干等。
可选地,可以以糖浆剂或锭剂(脱水糖浆剂)提供低聚半乳糖,其中非活性组分可包含葡萄糖、半乳糖、乳糖和柠檬酸。糖浆剂的日剂量可为在2.1g至25.29g的糖浆剂组合物中包含1.35g至9.6g的低聚半乳糖,优选在3.0g至12.9g的糖浆剂中包含1.96g至4.9g的低聚半乳糖,最优选在4.1g至7.25g的糖浆剂中包含2.7g至2.75g的低聚半乳糖。
本发明的低聚半乳糖组合物具有抗焦虑性、减少下丘脑-垂体轴的活性(应激激素分泌)并减少脑中的炎症反应。因此,BimunoGOS可有益于焦虑症(如担心、失眠),抑郁症,由细菌脑膜炎、单纯性疱疹脑炎引起的或发生在阿尔茨海默病中的脑部炎症的治疗或预防。BimunoGOS还可改善衰老、痴呆和精神分裂症的认知损伤。此外,GOS组合物可有益于母体感染对发育中的胎儿脑的有害影响。
将参考下列实施例和附图进一步描述本发明。
附图说明
图1A示出大鼠额叶皮质和海马提取物中FOS和GOS对BDNF蛋白水平的作用。
图1B示出大鼠额叶皮质和海马提取物中FOS和GOS对NRI亚单位(subunit)水平的作用。示出蛋白提取物中NRI和β-肌动蛋白免疫反应性的免疫印迹图像。
图2A示出大鼠额叶皮质和海马提取物中FOS和GOS对NR2A亚单位水平的作用。示出蛋白提取物中NR2A亚单位和β-肌动蛋白免疫反应性的免疫印迹图像。
图2B示出大鼠额叶皮质和海马提取物中FOS和GOS对NR2B亚单位水平的作用。示出蛋白提取物中NR2B和β-肌动蛋白免疫反应性的免疫印迹图像。
图3A至3D为口服施用水(A,B)、FOS(C,D)或GOS(E,F)之后大鼠海马中BDNF(A、C、E)和NRI亚单位(B、D、F)mRNA表达的代表性自动放射照片。箭头描绘了表达增加,箭头的头(arrowhead)表示降低的表达。DG=齿状回,CA1和CA3=海马的阿蒙氏角(cornuammons)分区(subfield)。比例尺=200μΜ。
图4A至4D示出齿状回(DG)以及海马的CA1和CA3(阿蒙氏角)分区中FOS和GOS对BDNF、NRI、NR2A和NR2BmRNA水平的作用。
图5示出摄取FOS(A组)、GOS(C组)和安慰剂(B组)之后对健康成人的皮质醇分泌的作用。
图6A示出脂多糖(LPS)注射后对喂水小鼠的运动(locomotor)活动的作用。
图6B示出GOS如何摧毁LPS对运动活动的作用。
图7示出如埋珠试验(marbleburyingtest)所示,对LPS处理后的小鼠的自然挖掘和掩埋行为的作用。
图8示出对LPS处理后对小鼠焦虑行为的作用。延迟(A)=从暗部(应激少)向亮部(应激多)区移动所花费的时间。延迟越长=应激越多/探究行为越少。光下时间(B)=在亮区花费的时间。时间越长=焦虑越少。
图9示出LPS注射24后小时对小鼠额叶皮质中细胞因子水平的作用。
图10示出LPS注射24后小时对小鼠血浆中细胞因子水平的作用。
图11示出BGOS对健康大鼠认知表现的作用。
具体实施方式
实施例1
将冻干粉剂组合物包装在'粘贴包(stick-pack)'中并且每5.5g成品包含:
实施例2
每7.25g成品糖浆剂组合物包含:
实施例3
供给益生元对中枢脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)和N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体亚单位的作用的体内研究。
材料和方法
益生元施用
所有大鼠实验根据英国内政部准则(UKHomeOfficeguidelines)并在批准许可下进行。雄性斯普拉-道来(Sprague-Dawley)大鼠(225-250g)每日口服施用(管饲法(gavage))水、FOS(低聚果糖)(4g/kg)或GOS(低聚半乳糖[Bimuno])(4g/kg)5周(n=8/组)。该给药方案基于先前的研究(Anthony等人;FoodChemToxicol.;44(6);819-26(2006))和示出这些优化的益生元剂量提供最大微生物群生长的试验数据(未示出)。最后一次喂填后24小时处死所有动物,收集躯干血(trunkblood)并取出脑。离心血液以得到血浆,并将额叶皮质和海马从获得的一半脑中切出。将整个脑和分离的部分在干冰上的异戊烷中迅速冷冻并在使用前用血浆储存在-80℃。
BDNF分析
来自所有组的皮质和海马组织在含有蛋白酶抑制剂('Complete-Mini',Roche)的RIPA(放射免疫沉淀测定)缓冲液(1:10w/v,SigmaAldrich,UK)中均质化。蛋白质浓度使用Bradford试剂(Sigma,UK)测定。蛋白质提取物样品在用市售BDNFELISA试剂盒(BDNFEmaximmunoassaysystem,PromegaUK)分析之前,在去离子水中1:5v/v稀释。
免疫印迹
将来自益生元组和对照组的相同浓度的皮质、海马或小脑的蛋白质提取物与上样缓冲液(50mM1,4-二硫苏糖醇和0.025%溴酚蓝)混合,并与分子量标记物(GEHealthcare,Buckinghamshire,UK)通过电泳在预制7.5%SDS/聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(Biorad,UK)上分级,并转印(trans-blotted)至聚二氟乙烯(PVDF)膜(Immobilon-P,Millipore,Watford,UK)上。
将膜用含有0.1%Tween的PBS(磷酸盐缓冲盐水)(PBST)中的5%(w/v)脱脂牛奶封闭45min,接着在含有针对NR1(AB9864,Millipore,UK)、NR2A(AB1555,Millipore,UK)和NR2B(AB15362,Millipore,UK)三个NMDAR亚单位之一的一抗(1:1000稀释)和b-肌动蛋白(Sigma-Aldrich,UK,1:50,000稀释)的温育缓冲液(含2%[w/v]牛奶的PBST)中室温温育1h。接着将膜在PBST洗涤三次10分钟,并在封闭缓冲液中的HRP(辣根过氧化物酶)-偶联的二抗中温育30min。使用ECL-Plus试剂盒(GEHealthcare,Buckinghamshire,UK)、并将膜置于X-射线膜(KodakBioMaxARfilm)上、通过化学荧光使免疫反应性条带(bands)可视化。所有抗体产生期望分子量的单一条带。使用Alphalmager3400测量条带的光密度(OD),并将数据表示为磷酸化:总NMDAR亚单位的OD比,或总NMDAR亚单位:b-肌动蛋白的OD比。
原位杂交组织化学(ISHH)
将冷冻的大鼠脑半球在低温槽上冠状切片(140μm),融解放置于Superfrost-plus玻片(FisherScientific)上并储存在-80℃。将含有额叶皮质的切片如Burnet等人(Mol.Cell.Neurosci.;46;167-75;(2011))所述预处理。
与BDNF(碱基883-927,NM001270630.1)、NR1(碱基746-780,NM008169.1)、NR2A(碱基1642-1676,NM008170.2)或NR2B(碱基1758-1792,NM010350.2)互补的商业合成的(MWG,UK)寡脱氧核糖核苷酸用于现有的ISHH法(Eastwood等人;J.Psychopharmacol.;21;635-644;(2007))。寡脱氧核糖核苷酸探针3'-端用末端过氧核苷转移酶(Promega,UK)标记[35S]-dATP。将探针在杂交缓冲液中稀释,用移液器吸取至组织切片上(1×106cpm/切片),盖上盖玻片,接着在34℃下在衬有滤纸的加盖珀斯佩有机玻璃(Perspex)托盘上温育>16小时,滤纸浸有4×SSC(生理盐水柠檬酸钠)/50%甲酰胺。
杂交后的洗涤包括:2×SSC室温冲洗以除去盖玻片;0.5×SSC,20min(×3)55℃;0.5×SSC30min(×2)室温。将玻片于ddH2O中冲洗、干燥并以14C-微量置于X射线膜(Kodak,BiomaxMS)上7-28天。使用计算机辅助图像分析测量各mRNA的横跨额叶皮质灰质的深度的平均灰质密度(greydensity),并使用14C-微量标准转换为nCi/mg组织。
HPLC分析
皮层组织小碎片(50mg)单独在冰冷的甲醇(l:10w/v)中均质化并以4℃、13200rpm离心10分钟。将上清液(10μΙ)注入惠普1100液相色谱仪(AgilentTechnologies,PaloAlto,CA)并如之前所述进行在线柱前衍生(pre-column,derivatization)(Grant等人;J.Chromatogr.BAnalyt.Technol.Biomed.LifeSci.;844;278-282(2006))。简言之,样品(10μl)在柱分离之前与等体积衍生试剂[0.2ml的甲醇和0.8ml0.4M的硼酸钠缓冲液(pH=9)中的邻苯二甲醛(2mg)和Boc-L-半胱氨酸(2mg)]反应5min。使用保持在30℃的AgilentZorbaxEclipseXDB-C18柱(4.6×150mm,5μm)和与Morikawa等人(J.Chromatogr.B.Biomed.Sci.Appl.;757;119-25(2001))类似的分离方案实现分离。由乙腈(相A)和100mM醋酸钠缓冲液pH=6(相B)组成的流动相以1.4ml/min泵过柱。使用下列梯度体系(min/%B):0/91、35/84、65/84。衍生的氨基酸通过荧光检测(发射:443nm;激发:344nm)检测。使用可靠标准品(authenticstandards)(0.5至1000pmol)构建D-和L-氨基酸(SigmaAldrich,UK)的8点校正曲线,在各情况中发现线性相关系数>0.995。
数据分析
所有数据表示为平均值±标准平均误差(SEM)。用单因素方差分析(one-wayANOVA)、接着事后分析(posthocanalysis)(TukeyHSD)来进行各组之间的统计学比较。
结果
对照和益生元大鼠粪粒中的双歧杆菌
来自FOS-饲养大鼠的粪粒中的双歧杆菌数(表示为log10/g)显著大于对照(9.498+0.025vs9.354+0.055,p<0.05),而来自GOS-饲养动物的双歧杆菌的密度显著大于对照(9.624+0.05vs9.354+0.055,p<0.01)和FOS-饲养大鼠(9.624+0.05vs9.498+0.025,p<0.05)二者。
益生元对大鼠额叶皮质和海马中的BDNF和NR1的作用
额叶皮质提取物中的BDNF蛋白质水平在各组间并无差异(图1A)。然而,FOS施用的大鼠的海马提取物中的BDNF显著高于对照和GOS饲养的动物的。免疫印迹揭示了,与对照和FOS动物相比,GOS-饲养大鼠额叶皮质中含有显著高水平的NR1免疫反应性(图1B)。然而海马的分析揭示了,尽管观察到GOS动物相对于对照的增加趋势(p=0.055),但FOS大鼠比其它组含有显著多的NR1亚单位。
益生元对大鼠额叶皮质和海马中的NR2A和NR2B亚单位的作用
在免疫印迹中,来自GOS-饲养动物的海马(而非皮质)的提取物与其它两组相比含有显著高的NR2A免疫反应性(图2)。NR2B在额叶皮质和海马中的水平不受益生元饲养的影响。
益生元对海马中的BDNF和NR亚单位的mRNA的作用
益生元施用相对于对照增加了海马齿状回中BDNF(图3A、C、E和图4A)和NR1(图3B、D、F)mRNA的丰度。还观察到GOS-饲养大鼠的CA3分区中BDNFmRNA的减少(图3C)。光密度法证实了在益生元大鼠的齿状回中显著较高的BDNF和NR1表达(图4A,B)。GOS施用导致与对照和FOS-饲养动物相比的齿状回和CA1分区中的NR2A(图4C)(而不是NR2B(图4D))mRNA升高。
益生元后的粪便、血浆和脑氨基酸浓度
本研究试验了肠道细菌的升高是否通过升高肠道和循环中的中心D-丙氨酸的量而增加了该D型氨基酸的浓度。GOS饲养大鼠的粪粒中游离D-丙氨酸的浓度显著高于对照和FOS动物,其中FOS施用导致该D型氨基酸的中间水平(表1)。单独的益生元或GOS都提高了包括D-丝氨酸和谷氨酸在内的其它氨基酸。在血浆中,与对照动物相比,D-丙氨酸水平显著高于GOS-饲养大鼠(表1),在FOS-饲养大鼠中观察到微小的、尽管并不显著的(p=0.086)增加。益生元施用并不改变其它循环氨基酸的浓度(表1)。用GOS饲养的大鼠在额叶皮质中与对照相比具有显著高的D丝氨酸浓度(表2),尽管额叶皮质和海马中所有其它氨基酸的水平在益生元饲养后并未改变。皮质D-丝氨酸和NR1蛋白质水平之间存在整体显著相关(皮尔森的r=0.684,p=0.01)。单个组的分析揭示了该相关仅在GOS饲养后显著(GOS:r=0.96,p=0.04;FOS:r=0.68,p=0.32;水:r=0.01,p=0.989)。
表1重复口服水或益生元后大鼠粪粒和血浆中的氨基酸浓度。与水相比*p<0.05;与FOS相比+p<0.05
表2重复口服水或益生元后大鼠皮质和海马中的氨基酸浓度。与水相比*p<0.05
讨论
我们观察到1)与GOS饲养大鼠和对照动物相比,FOS饲养大鼠中较大的海马BDNF水平,尽管BDNFmRNA在FOS和GOS饲养大鼠的齿状回中都增加;2)GOS饲养大鼠的额叶皮质中和益生元饲养动物的海马中升高的NR1蛋白质;3)与其它组相比,GOS饲养大鼠的海马中较高水平的NR2A蛋白质和编码mRNA。基于上述作用模式,显然GOS的作用不基于其益生元特性,而是与GOS混合物中糖类的化学结构相关联。
益生元增加了大鼠中的海马BDNF
用FOS饲养的大鼠中BDNF和编码的蛋白质的升高水平与双歧杆菌属(bifidobacterium)益生元的作用(Bercik等人;NeurogastroenterolMotil.;23;1132-9(2011b);O'Sullivan等人;BenefMicrobes;2(3);199-207(2011))和这些物种在抗菌剂下的选择性增殖(Bercik等人;Gastroenterology;141;599-609(2011a))相一致。因此,相对于GOS饲养大鼠,FOS施用在双歧杆菌密度的适度整体增加下可能已经增大了短双歧杆菌(B.breve)、长双歧杆菌(B.longum)和/或类似的精神性菌株(psychotropicstrains)的定殖(参见结果)。因此,针对这些观察,出乎意料地是,GOS并未改变海马BDNF蛋白质水平,此外并未改变到比FOS的量级大。我们已经阐述了GOS饲养导致了齿状回与海马的CA3区中的BDNFmRNA的相应而相反(reciprocal)的变化。已将齿状回中BDNF基因表达的升高与抗抑郁药作用相关联(Kerman,I.A.;Am.J.Psychiatry;169;1137-40(2012))。因此,GOS施用后BDNFmRNA的类似升高符合肠道细菌的潜在抗抑郁/抗焦虑性质(Bercik等人,2011a)。
GOS施用增加大鼠皮质中的NR1亚单位
与对照和FOS动物相比,GOS饲养大鼠中增加的NR1蛋白质与抗抑郁药氟西汀(血清素摄取抑制剂)的作用相一致或类似。近期的临床研究表明,阻断NMDAR具有抗抑郁效果(Autry等人;Nature;475;91-5;(2011))。从数据来看显然皮质NR1亚单位的升高要求双歧杆菌的好几倍地增加,其发生时没有NR2A和NR2B亚单位水平变化。
总之,GOS施用至大鼠似乎比FOS对NMDAR亚单位具有更深远的影响。即,GOS提高了皮质和海马二者中的NR1蛋白质和/或mRNA,以及海马中的NR2A,而FOS仅提高了海马中的NR1。
与脑健康的相关性
总之,我们的发现与神经精神疾病和衰老中的认知功能障碍和情绪紊乱的预防和/或治疗具有一定的相关性。例如,患有精神分裂症的患者显示包括工作记忆在内的执行能力的难治性缺陷,其中整体涉及NMDAR(Coyle.J.T.;Schizophr.Bull.;38;920-6;(2012))。因此,通过GOS使双歧杆菌和乳杆菌增加是辅助现代药物和心理疗法的重要附属策略。此外,正常衰老期间的认知减退可能通过'预防性'摄入GOS来预防或阻碍,这是因为NMDAR预处理具有神经保护作用(Sorriano等人;J.Neurosci.;26;4509-18;(2006))。
实施例4-人体研究
45名健康志愿者收到了两种益生元(低聚果糖[FOS](组A)或低聚半乳糖[GOS](组C))的任一或安慰剂(组B)(麦芽糖糊精)达3周。在处理前后对唤起的唾液皮质醇取样。在处理的最后一天,参与者完成评价情感重要信息处理的计算机化任务组(theEmotionalTestBattery,ETB;Harmer等人;Am.J.Psychiatry;161;1256-1263;(2004))。
唤起的唾液皮质醇应答在基线处各组间没有显著差异,但与安慰剂和FOS处理相比,在GOS处理后显著降低(重复测量方差分析(repeatedmeasuresANOVA)中的处理组×取样日×取样时间点[F(8,164)=1.20,p=.05]之间的显著交互作用(significantinteraction))。行为数据的分析揭示了,与安慰剂处理相比,在GOS之后对负面vs正面信息的注意力警惕性降低(组×情感×掩蔽条件,[F(2,41)=3.14,p=.05)。在点探测任务中FOS处理组并没有与安慰剂组区别进行。益生元处理对ETB剩余任务没有显著作用。
我们的研究阐明了摄入GOS降低健康志愿者的皮质醇分泌。另外,如通过注意力警惕性所测量的,GOS示出改变正面与负面信息的处理,这被认为在焦虑中起关键作用且受抗焦虑药调整(如,Browning等人;J.Psychopharmacol.;21;684-690;Murphy等人;Int.J.Neuropsychopharmacol.;12;169-179;(2008))。
实施例5
低聚半乳糖的混合物对小鼠中脂多糖(LPS)诱导的疾病行为、疾病后焦虑和改变的细胞因子水平的作用。
材料和方法
动物、益生元施用和LPS注射
所有实验根据英国内政部动物(科学程式)法(Animals(ScientificProcedures)Act(1986))并在内政部准则下进行。将雄性CD1小鼠(25-30g,6-8-周大,HarlanOrlac,UK)每笼安置3只(树脂玻璃笼(plexiglascages)33×15×13cms,L×W×H)并在标准受控实验室条件下保持(12-h光-暗循环,7a.m.开灯,21+/-1℃,湿度50+/-5%)。4-5天对动物设施的适应后,用标准小鼠食物以自由采食方式(adlibitum)饲养小鼠,并单独提供(以重量-匹配、伪随机方式)市售为Bimuno(可从ClasadoLtd.(UK)获得)的1.3%w/v低聚半乳糖的混合物的益生元溶液(下文中称作BGOS),或水,饮用3周。初步研究证实了该BGOS给药方案最佳地增加了小鼠肠道的双歧杆菌和乳杆菌(ClasadoLtd,UK)。为了避免潜在的组间污染,2组饮食组彼此保持远离。3周后,所有动物在LPS注射和行为试验前24h单独接受饮用水。在行为试验前4h通过腹膜内注射向小鼠施加单独的盐水(0.9%)中的LPS(0.75mg/Kg)或盐水的单次注射。因此试验四组(n=15只小鼠/组,每次处理5个不同的笼):1)水-饲养/盐水注射;2)水-饲养/LPS注射;3)BGOS-饲养/盐水注射;和4)BGOS-饲养/LPS注射。重复该实验以提供总计30只小鼠/试验组用于分析。
运动活动(LMA)
运动活动通过LPS处理而减少(Skelly等人,(2013)PLOSOne8:e69123),并因此用作疾病行为的量度。本试验在LPS或盐水注射后4h进行。装置由覆盖有透明树脂玻璃盖(有呼吸用孔)并含有薄层木屑垫(sawdustbedding)的透明树脂玻璃箱(48×27×21cms,L×W×H,PhotoBeamActivityHardwareandSoftware,OpenFieldSanDiegoInstruments)构成。箱的照明设备为大约60lux。轻轻地将各个动物放在箱子的角落并允许2h的自由探索场所。运动活动使用穿过箱子的光束记录并表示为由动物经时造成的中断束的数目。由实验者在试验结束时计数粪粒数并在下一次行为测试之前将动物放回到其原来的笼内休息。
埋珠试验(Marbleburying)
本试验用于筛选抗焦虑和抗抑郁药物并基于小鼠在应激情况下对埋藏目标的天生行为来评价焦虑和强迫性神经官能行为(obsessive-compulsivebehaviour);这如之前所述进行(DeaconR.M.;Nat.Protoc;(2006);1(1));122-124.,Nicolas等人;Eur.J.Pharmacol.;(2006);547;106-115)。LPS处理和相关的LPS诱导的疾病行为,诱导被小鼠埋起来的弹珠数的降低(Njung'e&Handley;Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav.;(1991);38(1);63-67)。埋珠试验在OPS/盐水注射后7h进行。将20颗弹珠放在透明塑料笼中的5-cm木屑垫上(44×28×12cms,L×W×H),5行,每行4个,彼此间距2cms,距离笼子边缘2cms。测试在普通室内照明(~100lux,地板上方1m)下进行,并如前所述(Jacobson,L.等人;Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav.;(2007);15(4);619-626)并使用来自(Deacon,R.,2006)的推荐规范进行。轻轻地将各个动物放在有弹珠的笼子里30min,之后计算至少占表面2/3的被埋弹珠数。
明暗箱
本试验也用于评价焦虑行为并且基于新鲜事物对它们的吸引力和对于光亮的开放场所的恐惧之间相冲突的小鼠面部(Bourin,M.和Hascoet,M.;Eur.J.Pharmacol.(2003);463(1-3);55-65;O'Leary,T.P.等人;J.NeuroscienceMethods;(2012);203;315-324.doi:S0165-0270(11)00594-2l)。焦虑较少的小鼠花更多的时间在恐惧区域即亮部;焦虑较多的小鼠花更多的时间在安全的暗部。本试验中已示出LPS处理增加了焦虑行为(Bassi等人;BasicClin.Pharmacol.Toxicol.;(2012);110(4);359-369)。本试验在LPS/盐水注射后24h进行。
装置由2个涂装的木室组成,一个小的黑色木室(21×16×16cms,L×W×H,含有小开口用于得到亮部,3x2.7cms,W×H),一个大的光亮的木室(46.5×21×21cms,L×W×H)。测试在箱子的亮室内部稍微暗淡的光线50lux下进行并如前所述进行(StrekalovaT.等人;Neuropsychopharmacology;(2004);29;2007-2017)。轻轻地将各个动物放在明暗箱的暗部并使其自由探索整个箱子5min。测量留在暗部的时延、暗部与亮部之间的转换数、以及亮部花费的时间。进入任何室的标准为4只爪都进入。在程序结束时将小鼠与其笼内的伙伴一起放回到其原来的笼内。在各个动物之间用稍微浸有10%酒精的纸巾清洁箱子,从而除去气味限缩但不产生明显的酒精气味。在房间内没有背景噪音,实验者留在房间内以现场评分。如果动物表现出较高的进入亮部的时延、较低的室间转换数和较短的在亮区中的时间,动物被视为更加焦虑,因而受LPS注射的影响。
组织采集
在行为测试后3h于12-1p.m.处死动物。立即取出全脑并迅速冷冻在干冰(Sigma-Aldrich,UK)上的冷异戊烷中,之后储存在-80℃直至进一步的分子分析。将躯干血采集到钾EDTA(乙二胺四乙酸)管中并在5000rpm下旋转15min。分离血浆并于-80℃储存用于进一步的皮质酮分析。在整个研究中从各笼采集粪粒于PBS(磷酸盐缓冲盐水)中的70%甘油中并于-20℃储存用于进一步的细菌计数。
数据分析
使用SPSS软件(19版)分析数据。使用柯尔莫哥洛夫—斯米洛夫检验(Kolmogorov-Smirnovtest)来测试数据常态。以双因素方差分析(2-wayANOVA)评价运动活动,所有其它数据以单因素方差分析(或针对非参数数据的秩和检验(Kruskal-Wallis))、接着以图基事后检验(Tukeypost-hoctest)来评价。所有数据表示为平均值±标准平均误差(standarderrorofthemean,SEM),并将统计显著性的阈值设定为p<0.05。
结果
BGOS对即刻LPS-诱导的疾病行为的作用:运动活动和埋珠试验
水-饲养动物与盐水相比在LPS注射后表现出较低的运动活动(图6A,时间效应,F(5,260)=142.12,ρ<0.0001;LPS注射效应(F(l,52)=3.61,p=0.063;相互作用时间×LPS注射F(5,260)=5.12,p<0.001)。事后检验揭示了在30和40min时间点时水-LPS动物行动的距离明显短于其盐水对应组(二者均为p<0.05)。BGOS摧毁了LPS对自动运动的作用(图6B),因为仍存在时间效应(F(5,260)=113.01,p<0.0001),但没有LPS注射效应(F(l,52)=1.12,p=0.3),也没有相互作用时间×LPS注射(F(5,260)=0.12,p=0.99)。与水-盐水组相比,BGOS并未使盐水动物的运动活动产生任何差别。
在埋珠试验中(图7),LPS对小鼠行为具有显著作用(H(df=3)=13.79,p<0.01),其不会被BGOS反转,因为水(p<0.05)和BGOS(p<0.05)二者-处理的接受了LPS的动物比它们的盐水对应组埋藏的弹珠少。与水-盐水组相比,BGOS并未使盐水动物的埋珠数产生任何差别。
BGOS对延迟的LPS-诱导的焦虑行为的作用:明暗箱
LPS增加了水-饲养动物的焦虑行为(图8)。如对光延迟(图8A,H(df=3)=12.17,p<0.01)和光下时间(图8B,F(3,106)=4.71,p<0.01)的评价,该作用被BGOS摧毁。的确,事后分析揭示了水-LPS动物比其盐水对应组(p<0.01)以及盐水-和BGOS-LPS动物(二者均为p<0.05)表现出显著2倍高的对光延迟。水-LPS动物也比所有其它组表现出显著短的在亮部的时间(p<0.05水-LPSvs.所有组)。然而,在暗部和亮部之间的转换数没有统计学差异(图3C,F(3,110)=1.7,p=0.17)。与水-盐水动物相比,单独的BGOS对接受了盐水的对照小鼠的任何参数都不产生任何差别。
LPS后24hBGOS对免疫参数的作用:额叶皮质和血浆中的细胞因子水平
额叶皮质中,LPS诱导水-动物、而非BGOS动物(图9)的TNF-a、IL-Ιβ和IL-6变化,但不诱导IL-10的变化。事后分析显示,水LPS动物表现出比所有其它组高的TNF-α(p<0.05),较高的IL-1β(p<0.01vs.水-盐水,和vs.BGOS-盐水,p<0.05vs.BGOSLPS),以及较高的IL-6(p<0.05vs.水-盐水)。因此,用BGOS饲养的、接受了盐水或LPS注射的动物的细胞因子水平均与对照的水-盐水对应组类似。
血浆中,LPS诱导了水-动物、而非BGOS动物(图10)的TNF-α的显著变化,然而,各组间的IL-6和IL-10、以及IL-1β没有总体的统计学差异,尽管对于后者而言,与盐水相比,LPS诱导了水动物中非显著性2倍增加。
讨论
目前的研究试验了益生元(BGOS)摄取对小鼠的LPS-诱导的疾病行为、焦虑和细胞因子表达的影响,并且基于BGOS(Bimuno)经免疫系统影响脑功能的推测。我们的两个关键发现是:1)与对照相比,BGOS饲养小鼠在LPS单次注射后未显示自动活动(LMA)不足和焦虑;和2)LPS-诱导的血浆中促炎介质的表达(粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF);趋化因子(C-C基序)配体2(CCL2);IFNY诱导的单核因子、趋化因子(C-X-C基序)配体9(MIG))和脑(TNFa)被BGOS摄取所抑制。总之,我们的数据支持现有观点,即BGOS(Bimuno)在维持脑健康中起到重要作用,并且对免疫应激的应答的改善可巩固该作用。
实施例6
BGOS对健康大鼠认知表现的作用
材料&方法
给予普通斯普拉道来大鼠水或1.3%w/vBGOS的混合物的益生元溶液3周,接着在注意定势转移任务(weeksandthentestedontheattentionalset-shiftingtask,ASST)(参见Bissonette,G.B.等人;BehaviouralBrainResearch;(2013);250;91-101)上使用标准方案进行试验。
结果
图11示出给予BGOS3周的大鼠显示出在作为灵活学习的量度的ASST额外维(extra-dimensional,ED)元素(component)方面改善的表现。如维内相(intradimensionalphase)一样轻松地执行ED元素(ID/ED-变换)暗示了增加的认知灵活性(老年人受损的参数)。图11中,与对照ID相比,#p<0.05,与对照ED相比,*p<0.05。
结论
给予BGOS的大鼠在依赖于通常在精神疾病和衰老中受损的医学前额皮质的任务中显示出改善的认知表现。
Claims (14)
1.一种低聚半乳糖组合物,其包含二糖Gal(β1-3)-Glc;Gal(β1-3)-Gal;Gal(β1-6)-Gal;Gal(al-6)-Gal;三糖Gal(β1-6)-Gal(β1-4)-Glc;Gal(β1-3)-Gal(β1-4)-Glc;四糖Gal(β1-6)-Gal(β1-6)-Gal(β1-4)-Glc和五糖Gal(β1-6)-Gal(β1-6)-Gal(β1-6)-Gal(β1-4)-Glc,用于预防或治疗神经精神疾病或衰老中的认知功能障碍和/或情绪紊乱的用途。
2.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述认知功能障碍为由衰老、痴呆或精神分裂症引起的认知减退或损伤。
3.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述神经精神疾病为抑郁症或焦虑症。
4.根据权利要求1至3任一项所述的组合物,其为粉剂、片剂、胶囊剂、液体制剂如糖浆剂或软锭剂的形式。
5.根据权利要求4所述的组合物,其中当其为粉剂形式时,在1.65g至20g的粉剂组合物中包含1.35至9.6g的低聚半乳糖,优选在2.5g至10g的粉剂中包含1.96g至4.9g的低聚半乳糖,最优选在3.0g至5.5g的粉剂中包含2.7g至2.75g的低聚半乳糖。
6.根据权利要求4所述的组合物,其中当其为糖浆剂形式时,在2.1g至25.29g的糖浆剂组合物中包含1.35g至9.6g的低聚半乳糖,优选在3.0g至12.9g的糖浆剂中包含1.96g至4.9g的低聚半乳糖,最优选在4.1g至7.25g的糖浆剂中包含2.7g至2.75g的低聚半乳糖。
7.一种预防或治疗发生在神经精神疾病中或衰老中的认知功能障碍和/或情绪紊乱的方法,其包含向个体施用有效量的低聚半乳糖组合物,所述低聚半乳糖组合物包含二糖Gal(β1-3)-Glc;Gal(β1-3)-Gal;Gal(β1-6)-Gal;Gal(al-6)-Gal;三糖Gal(β1-6)-Gal(β1-4)-Glc;Gal(β1-3)-Gal(β1-4)-Glc;四糖Gal(β1-6)-Gal(β1-6)-Gal(β1-4)-Glc和五糖Gal(β1-6)-Gal(β1-6)-Gal(β1-6)-Gal(β1-4)-Glc。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述个体为人。
9.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述组合物口服施用。
10.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中每日以单剂量施用所述有效量的低聚半乳糖组合物。
11.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中每日以间隔4至12小时、优选间隔6至10小时、最优选间隔8小时的两次分开剂量施用所述有效量的低聚半乳糖组合物。
12.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述组合物为粉剂、片剂、胶囊剂、液体剂如糖浆剂或软锭剂的形式。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述组合物为粉剂形式,且在1.65g至20g的粉剂组合物中包含1.35至9.6g的低聚半乳糖,优选在2.5g至10g的粉剂中包含1.96g至4.9g的低聚半乳糖,最优选在3.0g至5.5g的粉剂中包含2.7g至2.75g的低聚半乳糖。
14.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述组合物为糖浆剂形式,且在2.1g至25.29g的糖浆剂组合物中包含1.35g至9.6g的低聚半乳糖,优选在3.0g至12.9g的糖浆剂中包含1.96g至4.9g的低聚半乳糖,最优选在4.1g至7.25g的糖浆剂中包含2.7g至2.75g的低聚半乳糖。
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CA2908230C (en) | 2021-04-13 |
US20160045524A1 (en) | 2016-02-18 |
GB201405503D0 (en) | 2014-05-14 |
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