CN104969766A - 一种草莓的种植方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种草莓的种植方法,主要包括如下的步骤:7月进行土壤消毒,8月底进行翻耕,并施足基肥,9月中旬进行定植,10月下旬至11月初,进行扣棚保温,11月至12月,进行追肥。本发明通过盖上地膜后再盖大棚膜,使移栽后的草莓苗在存活前可充分吸收阳光,透气性好,存活率高。本发明可以显著增加草莓的产量,并提高草莓口感及香气,保证草莓的质量。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于农业技术领域,具体涉及一种草莓的种植方法。
背景技术
草莓是一种营养价值和经济价值较高的多年生草本果树,分布范围较广,其果实色泽艳丽,柔软多汁,甜酸适度,营养丰富;故有有“水果皇后”之美誉。同时适合保护地栽培,元旦之前上市,经济效益高。
草莓在我国的现状:我国是世界上草莓野生资源最丰富的国家,很早就开始利用野生草莓,并一直沿用至今;我国的大果草莓栽培始于1915年,但过去未受到过重视,发展缓慢。中国目前草莓生产面积约100万亩,居世界第一。重点草莓产区有辽宁丹东、河北保定、山东烟台、上海郊区、四川双流、江苏连云港等。
影响草莓果实发育的环境因素主要有:
(1)温度。温度低时,从开花到成熟所需时间长,果个大;温度高时,果实发育时间短,果小早熟,没有产量。昼夜温差大,光合产物积累多,呼吸消耗少,形成果个大,果实品质好。
(2)光照。光照充足,光和作用旺盛,同化(将其他物质转化成自身所需物质)率高,碳水化合物向果实供应较多,果实膨大快。果实成熟期如遇阴雨天气,果实中糖分含量和维生素C含量会明显降低,影响果实品质。
(3)土壤水分。草莓鲜果中水分含量一般在88%-93%之间,土壤水分充足,果实膨大快,品质好。水分不足,果实干瘪无光,果个小。其次,在成熟期间低光照、氮肥过量以及果实含糖量低是引起白果病(浆果成熟期不能正常着色)的主要原因。
发明内容
发明目的:针对草莓的特性以及草莓生长所需的适宜的环境,本发明提供了一种草莓的种植方法。
技术方案:本发明提供了一种草莓的种植方法,主要包括如下的步骤:7月进行土壤消毒,8月底进行翻耕,并施足基肥,9月中旬进行定植,10月下旬至11月初,进行扣棚保温,11月至12月,进行追肥。
所述的土壤消毒是利用高温季节的太阳势能,进行土壤消毒,首先清除田间杂草物,喷洒杀菌剂,翻耘后于土表用无破洞的旧农膜严密覆盖,膜下温度提高可达65摄氏度,以达到消毒作用。
所述的翻耕采用深沟窄畦,每畦连沟宽一米左右,沟宽40厘米,沟深30厘米,畦面保持55厘米;畦面做成龟背形,以防畦面积水。
所述施肥,以有机肥为主,每亩施栏肥3000-4000KG、饼肥100KG、复合肥80KG,基肥用量占总施肥量一半以上,基肥要与土壤充分混和,施在15-20厘米土层内。
所述的定植采用单蛙双行三角形种植,行距25-28厘米,株距18-20厘米;每亩种植7000株左右,定植时,将草莓苗根的弓背部朝向畦沟,尽量带土移栽,定植不能过深过浅,以上不埋心,下不露根。
所述的扣棚保温根据植株生长、气温情况进行温度和水分管理;棚温白天保持在25摄氏度,最低不低于20摄氏度,夜温保持5摄氏度以上,当棚内夜间低温在5摄氏度以下时,夜间双重保温,保持夜间小供棚内温度在5摄氏度以上;大棚内适宜湿度为40-60%。
本发明还提供了一种草莓专用的杀菌剂,所述的杀菌剂含有2%氨基寡糖素水剂;0.5%香菇多糖水剂;8%宁南霉素水剂;1.8%辛菌胺醋酸盐水剂;0.5%红糖;20%盐酸吗啉胍·乙酸铜可湿性粉剂。
有益效果:本发明通过盖上地膜后再盖大棚膜,使移栽后的草莓苗在存活前可充分吸收阳光,透气性好,存活率高。本发明可以显著增加草莓的产量,并提高草莓口感及香气,保证草莓的质量。此外,本发明所提供的杀菌剂,特别对草莓容易发生的灰霉病、白粉病、炭疽病、烂根病、烂果病、烂叶病等有明显的抑制作用。用药后草莓叶片烂斑、烂果停止传播。新叶嫩绿肥厚,开花坐果率提高,膨果速度快,抗病能力增强。本品属于水剂不易产生抗药性,对人畜作物都安全。
具体实施方式:
通过以下实施例对本发明所述的草莓种植方法进行详细的说明。
本实施例的具体步骤如下:
1、土壤消毒。
利用7、8月高温季节的太阳势能,进行土壤消毒:首先清除田间杂草物,喷洒杀虫剂和杀菌剂,所述的杀菌剂含有2%氨基寡糖素水剂;0.5%香菇多糖水剂;8%宁南霉素水剂;1.8%辛菌胺醋酸盐水剂;0.5%红糖;20%盐酸吗啉胍·乙酸铜可湿性粉剂。翻耘后于土表用无破洞的旧农膜严密覆盖,膜下温度提高可达65摄氏度,以达到消毒作用。
2、翻耕整地施足基肥
土壤消毒后再进行翻耕、耙耕、施基肥。然后开沟作畦、整地。此项工作应于定植前15天完成。施基肥时要注意以下几点:
(1)基肥量要足,并以有机肥为主。亩施栏肥3000-4000KG、饼肥100KG、复合肥80KG。基肥用量占总施肥量一半以上。
(2)栏肥一定要腐熟。最好用EM原露发酵堆肥。鲜栏肥易引起肥害“烧苗”和芽枯病。
(3)基肥要与土壤充分混和。草莓根系浅,大部分分布在26厘米土层内,因此基肥不能深施,应施在15-20厘米土层内。
整地要求采用深沟窄畦,每畦连沟宽一米左右,沟宽40厘米,沟深30厘米,畦面保持55厘米。畦面做成龟背形,以防畦面积水。
3、定植
大棚草莓定植时期是根据顶花芽分化程度来确定的。一般以50%植株顶花芽分化即为定植适期。我县一般在9月中旬前后为定植期。
采用单蛙双行三角形种植,行距25-28厘米,株距18-20厘米。每亩种植7000株左右,定植时要注意定向种植,将草莓苗根的弓背部朝向畦沟。尽量带土移栽,定植不能过深过浅,以上不埋心,下不露根为好。
4、扣棚前的田间管理
定植后,要立即浇水,第一次浇水量要大,宜浇透,以后每天浇水1-2次。苗成活后只要土壤不干燥就不必浇水,促使根部向下生长。成活后,新叶展开,摘除葡萄茎和枯叶。注意防治病虫害,包括炭疽病、白粉病、红蜘蛛、蚜虫等。
5、扣棚后的温湿度
一般在10月下旬到11月初,当平均气温下降到16摄氏度时,即为扣棚保温的最佳时期。扣棚后,紧接着铺地膜,地膜以全覆盖为宜。
保温开始后,容易生长过旺,要根据植株生长、气温情况进行温度和水分管理。棚温白天保持在25摄氏度,最低不低于20摄氏度,夜温保持5摄氏度以上,当棚内夜间低温在5摄氏度以下时,夜间双重保温,保持夜间小供棚内温度在5摄氏度以上。
大棚内适宜湿度为40-60%,因此,在铺地膜时,对畦沟走道全面覆盖,不留裸地,以阻止地面水分蒸发。结合温度管理,高温时应注意通风换气,即使在寒冷的冬季,也要利用中午气温高时通风换气降温,以减轻病害,促进草莓授粉受精。
6、定植后肥水管理
大棚草莓在施肥方面,除了要施足基肥外,还应适时适量进行追肥。追肥的时间和次数大致如下:第一次追肥,定植后约20天左右,每亩施氮磷钾三元素复合肥20公斤;第二次追肥与第一次追肥相隔约20-25天,每亩施氮磷钾三元复合肥10-15公斤;这二次施肥均可以直接撒于畦面行间,施后轻轻松土并浇水;第三次追肥,当顶果达到拇指大小时(约11月上旬),注意不要在顶花开花时施追肥;第四次追肥,顶果开始采收时进行,约为11月下旬;第五次追肥,顶花序的采收盛期,约为12月中旬。以后各花序果开始采收时酌情进行,一般每隔20天左右施一次。第三次以后追肥一般在地膜覆盖后,施肥和灌水结合进行。液肥的浓度控制在0.35%以内,切忌过浓,以防肥害发生,每亩施液肥量3000公斤,氮、磷、钾配合使用。生产上还采用叶面肥进行根外追肥,草莓叶面肥以绿威18效果较好。
本实施例与常规方法的比较,如下表所示:
| 普通方法 | 本发明的种植方法 | |
| 产量(kg/亩) | 1560 | 1820 |
| 糖分(%) | 8 | 10 |
| 病虫害 | <5% | <2% |
Claims (7)
1.一种草莓的种植方法,其特征在于包括如下步骤:7月进行土壤消毒,8月底进行翻耕,并施足基肥,9月中旬进行定植,10月下旬至11月初,进行扣棚保温,11月至12月,进行追肥。
2.如权利要求1所述的种植方法,其特征在于所述的土壤消毒是利用高温季节的太阳势能,进行土壤消毒,首先清除田间杂草物,喷洒杀菌剂,翻耘后于土表用无破洞的旧农膜严密覆盖,膜下温度提高可达65摄氏度,以达到消毒作用。
3.如权利要求1所述的种植方法,其特征在于所述的翻耕采用深沟窄畦,每畦连沟宽一米左右,沟宽40厘米,沟深30厘米,畦面保持55厘米;畦面做成龟背形,以防畦面积水。
4.如权利要求1所述的种植方法,其特征在于所述施肥,以有机肥为主,每亩施栏肥3000-4000KG、饼肥100KG、复合肥80KG,基肥用量占总施肥量一半以上,基肥要与土壤充分混和,施在15-20厘米土层内。
5.如权利要求1所述的种植方法,其特征在于所述的定植采用单蛙双行三角形种植,行距25-28厘米,株距18-20厘米;
每亩种植7000株左右,定植时,将草莓苗根的弓背部朝向畦沟,尽量带土移栽,定植不能过深过浅,以上不埋心,下不露根。
6.如权利要求1所述的种植方法,其特征在于所述的扣棚保温根据植株生长、气温情况进行温度和水分管理;
棚温白天保持在25摄氏度,最低不低于20摄氏度,夜温保持5摄氏度以上,当棚内夜间低温在5摄氏度以下时,夜间双重保温,保持夜间小供棚内温度在5摄氏度以上;大棚内适宜湿度为40-60%。
7.如权利要求1所述的种植方法,其特征在于所述的杀菌剂含有2%氨基寡糖素水剂;0.5%香菇多糖水剂;8%宁南霉素水剂;1.8%辛菌胺醋酸盐水剂;0.5%红糖;20%盐酸吗啉胍·乙酸铜可湿性粉剂。
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